Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Astm G41

    Uploaded by

    林坤緯
    46 views5 pages

    Original Title

    ASTM G41

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    46 views5 pages

    Astm G41

    Uploaded by

    林坤緯

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 5
    ip Designation: G 41 ~ 90 (Reapproved 2000) Standard Practice for Determining Cracking Susceptibility of Metals Exposed Under Stress to a Hot Salt Environment’ ‘Tis suns ise ee esate ni iy linge destin inte yeur af rge _Shytone incase of bob eae rion A nantes npr st eo at el ace eon) tts ating sie at ve eae 1. Scope 1.1 This practice covers procedures for testing metals for cmbritlement and cracking susceptibility when exposed under sires to 2 hot salt envizonment. This practice can be used for testing all meals for which service conitions dictate the need for such information. The test procedures desribe herein ate generally applicable to all metal alloys; required adjustments in ‘environmental variables (temperature, stress) to characterize a given materials system should be made. This pracice describes the environmental conditions and degroo of contol recuied, and suggests mears for obisiaing this desired contra. 112 This practice can be used both for aly screening for Aeiermination of relative suseepebiity to embritement and ‘racking, and forthe determination of timeemperatire-sress Uhreshold levels for onset of embritlement and cracking. However, etain specimen types are more suitable For each of ‘hese two types of characterization Nor: |—Tht patie wae sll tthe pofanor fhe expose test No dete desorption coneming poprsoon tod rae of Specimen types ifr Hower, the epircn sale dsgn mn) be te tht uses the sine Qype of sear eonureed fa serie oding ‘Situations Stands describing pomipal per of ses conenon mot ‘nea their prpation, and ana, elas Practices © 30, G3 and Gn 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all ofthe safety concerns, if any, associated ‘with tis wie. i be the responsibilty of the wer of this slondard to extablish appro priate safety nd healih practices and determine the applica bility of regalaury liniations prior wo use. (or more specific safety hazard statements see Section 8.) 2. Referenced Documents 2.1 ASTM Standards D IAI Pracice for the Preparation of Substitute Ocean Water? 1193 Specitication for Reagent Water? G1 Practice for Preparing. Cleaning. and Evaluating Cor. "ns rock ater en 9 ASTM Cen on Corin of Meal an eee raps of Sette Oo See ‘Coie Clg wl Cerin Faia ‘Grater wpoved arch 3 199. Rotited Nay 1990 Crema pbtohd G13 Lat pen to 4 ana Book of APH Senn ok of S74, Yd PONE 0 ar Ht Sein, 26 nS rosion Test Specimens! G30 Practice for Making and Using U-Bend Stress- Corrosion Test Specimens! G38 Practice for Making snd Using C-Ring Stress Corrosion Test Specimens! 39 Prectce for Preparation and Use of Bent-Bear Stress. Corrosion Test Specimens! 649 Practice for Preparation and Use of Dirost Tension ‘Suess-Costsion Test Specimens* 3. Summary of Practice 3.1 The hot salt test consists of exposing a sessed, sat- coated test specimen to elevated temperate for various predetermined lengths of time, depending oa the ally, sitess level, temperature, ard selected damage crierion (that i embrittlement, ercking, oF rupture, oes combination thereo. Exposures are normally carried out in laboratory ovens of frnaces with associated loading equipment for stressing af specimens. 3.2 The ovens are provided with facilis to circulate ait at \atious low rates and ambient presse. However, for certain specific applications, alow and pressure may be sdjusted to ‘obtain information on metal behavior in simulated service environments. Exposure temperatures and stress levels are jeneraly selected onthe basis of mechanical property data for 8 given alloy, or of expected service eonitions or bath 4. Signticanee and Use 4.1 The hot salt test applied to mols is wilized as a sevondary design consideration indicetor, as eracking hasbeen ‘shown fo occur in laboratory tests silating possible service conditions. Although limited evidence exist linking this phe- ‘nomenon to actual service failures, cracking under stress in & hot salt environment should be recognized as a potential design contellng factor. ‘42 The hot salt test is not © be misconsirued ae being elated to the siess corrosion cracking of materials in other environments. I is considered solely a8 test in an environ- ‘ment that might be encountered in service 43 Because hot salt cracking under stess is considered a secondary design consideration and service failures have not been attrbuted solely to this phenomenon, manufécturing “dunt Baok of ASTM Saar, 0302 Ghoat racesses will be optimized or alloying changes will be made ‘nly ater considertion is given to primary desig factor sch a5 crecp resistance of a given high temperature alloy. The ‘teflnes ofthe ts es rather in limiting eaximusm operating temperatures and stress levels or categorizing diffrent alloys as to suscepibility, o bot, if tis found tht fot salt damage ‘may accelerate failure by creep fatigue, or rapture 44 Finally, the test doesnot lend itself othe uization of pre-racked specimens becuse cracking ceinitiaes al ay sallmetal-ai interface, resulting generally in many small, ‘racks which extend independently, For this reason, specimens ‘hat ae recommended for siltation in routine testing are of the smooth specimen category. 5. Interferences 5.1 Hot salt cracking under sess 8 often considered hhydrogen-eleted phenomenon, and the source of hydrogen isa comtsion reaction involving moisture, available iter from the hydrated salt, rappel as Mud inclusions in nonydrated sit cr fiom humidity im the tet atmosphere if absent in the salt crystals. Because of this fet, considerable variation in test resulls can be obtained, simply fem the method of salt ‘deposition on the test specimen, evea when effective controls to otber test variables ae realized, Eforts should be made 19 andardize the salt deposition technigues and to contol oF ‘monitor humidity in order to achieve desied test vay. 5.2 The effects of cycling time at temperature 1 achieve a given total cumulative exposure have been shown to have a ‘igniicat effet om test ests, with shorter cycle duration and. _zeater cycle frequency generally resulting in less damage for ihe sume cumulative posure time. For this reason, selection between continuous and eyelic exposure, duration, and f= ‘quency of ecling, and heating and cooling rates mus be made with the end purpose ofthe test in ind. 5.3 Variations in heat to heat or product forms, or bat, have been shown to have a significant eMect on darmage thresholds determined from experimental esting. This effect may be more pronounced than is observed in more conventional sess Comosion testing of the aqueous type. For this reason, i 8 lmmporiant to obtain and document othe fullest extent possible all certified analyses and tests associated withthe material 0 be ‘ested and associated fabrication and treatment histories Iter stitial concenttion levels, chemical contaminants, and ther ‘momechanical processing should be included inthe documen tation (se Section 12). 54 Details tegarding general surface preparation and use of bentcbeam strest-corasion specimens are outlined in Pracice 39, Procedures for making and using direct tension sree comosion specimens is described in Practice G49. Howeves, because ofthe highly localized nature af onset of atack atthe surface in ot salt exposure testing, it is desirable to charac \erize as fully as posible the surface condition of tbe material [fan a-reeeved surface condition isto be investigated, efforts should be made to ascertain the slate of residual stress a5, regards the material surface. Both magnitude and algebraic sign (lension or compression) of residual stress should be ‘determined and reported if possible. Chemical milling ean be ‘smployed in final surface preparation in order o avoid exta- cous surface effects. However, care should be taken to ensure tha proper chemical milling techniques are employed, and that hydrogen uptake does not occur during the surface preparation. 6. Apparatus 6.1 Apparates for Salt Coating—A conventional air brash shoul be used for spraying the specimens © accomplish the saltcoating procedure. This will generally provide a thin ‘uniform salt deposition of the desired density. 162 Apparatus for Conducting Exposure Test: 62.1 Apparatus required for conducting the exposure test ‘éeperés on the selection ofthe specimen type tobe used. Ifa constant-eflestion type specimen is uiized for which no extemal loading requirement exists, conventional laboratory ‘ovens are suitable for conducting the exposure test. Provision for controlling or monitoring inlet sir humidity is recom mended ‘621.1 Specimen Holders suitable for applying sress to ‘onstant-defltion type specimens shouldbe made of the same (0 a similar alloy asthe material to be tested in order to avoid {galvanic effects. The requirement forthe use of a fixture 10 ‘apply stoss can be avoided when testing shoot materials by uilizing a self-saessed specimen design.> 6.21.2 Racks suitable for supporting specimens inthe oven, ‘and for wansfeting specimens should be made ofthe same or 4 similar alloy as the material to be tested. Opencireuit ‘ondtions should be maintained, although galvanic effects are ‘considered to be highly localized on the surface. (622 Is consiantceflection ‘ype specimen is uilized, cae ‘must be taken to either avoid or take into account diferences in thermal expansion between test specimen and test fixture ‘Thermal expansion diferences ean substatally change the stress level appliod at ambient temperature when specimens are Dated to te test temperature 623 If a constan-lond: type specimen is ta be uilized, ‘provision muit be made to combine both eating and loading ‘equipment. Vericalube resisance-wound. furnaces ean be uulized with dead-weigh leading or conventional crep frame ‘equipment for low and high loading conditions, respectively (Note 2), Direct induction or resistance heating ofthe specimen ‘tel 8 not recommended [None 2—When sing veri tabe amass care must be taken to ‘oid a hirney eflxt trough the fens, which coud rel in ‘excessive afew and even epertursdsriuton along he secinen Engh Sealing at both emis wl allow contl ef a ow and improve ‘enpearue Gsituten witin de Kamae, 7. Reagents and Materials 7A Reagent grade sals shall be uscd when preparing Solutions from which the salt coating is derived. Sodiam éhlorde (NaCl) shouldbe used fo routine testing. Othe salts, that may be encountered in service can be used for specialized applicetions. Synthebic tes wster (Nate 3), should be used for characterizing alloys for use in marine environments None 3 te fo he contd on scien with st depots ern for tute ocean water souanne sal he repre It Sconce wih Secfeaton 0 U1 See °A Siem Conn Text fr Seu Stet Mata Muara evarh end enn 3 NeW anaey 185 1822 dh oat 12 Purity of Woter—Unless otherwise indicted, references to water shall be understood to mean Type IV water prepared In accordance with Specification D 1193. 8. Hazards 8.1 Shatierproof glasses with side shiekls should be worn when handling and examining stressed samples. Generally the equied safety equipment i similar to that used for conducting ‘outing mechanical tests. 2 Appropriate heat-reistin! equipment, for example, loves, may be requted when exposing test semples to high serperatures 9. Calibration and Standardization 9.1 When conducting elevated temperature exposure tests, determination of the temperature profile within the oven oF Fumace should be made, including temperature sampling along, the width, dep, and height of the hot zone to ensure that temperatures within all locations of specimen exposure are Within presesibed limits. Deviation fiom the desired test temperatire should not be more thin 2% of the absolute temperature, 31.1 Temperature control of the exposure test shall be accomplished by determining true specimen ternperature. This can be done by means of alixing a thermocouple of appropri- te sensivity forthe temperature rang tobe investigated onto ‘consol specimen either by spotvelding or mechanical fastening. In ether instance i must be determined that the ‘echrique of thermocouple fastening does not introduce any rerierence elects. 9. The degree of control required on the applied stress of vest specimen depends on the nature and purpose ofthe test When determining threshold values of time-temperature-stress for onset of embritlement or cracking for a given alloy 28 8 secondary design consideration, consol should be more stin- igen than that for indication of trends or determination of ‘relative material susceptibilities. 9.2.1 In determining tresbold values for onset of embritle- ment or cracking, constan-load type specimens, for which the level of applied stess can be more tightly controlled, ae recommended. Deviation from the desired target stress level should not be more than 2 %, 9.2.2 When utilizing constan-deflection type specimens for the determination of behavior tends oc felaive material susceptibilities, specimen geometry shouldbe limited such that contol of the aplied stess level can be maintained within 10% of the dated stres level 93 Munidity Coniol--For routine testing, ative contrel of hhumiity isnot considered mandatory. Most testing is accom plished using embient laboratory si. However, daly monitor- Ing and recording of humidity should be made and humidity considered as a petentil cause of dst scatie. In tests for ascertaining the effects of humidity on cracking behavior, moisture levels can be adjusted by mining various ratios of strated and dry aie to oven or furnace air inlet. Sampling of dew point at oven oF fumace inlet will allow determination of humidity of the ar at embient conditions. 9.4 Airfow—Care must be taken to prevent aiflow veloc ties beyond that achieved in recitculting ovens (30 10 120 ‘nmin (100 to 400 fUmin). Variation in this factor have been shown to produce oiferences in test resus. If alow is an ‘experimental variable to be investigated, 11 should be con- ‘wolled and monitored, 10, Procedure 10.1 Cleaning of Specimens—Before salt costing, thor ‘oughly clean the specimens to remove all deateation mark- ings, grease, oil, or other hydrocarbon contaminants. Speck mens may be cleaned in variety of cleaning media, but end the cleaning procedure witha hot and cold wate rinse. De not «lean the specimens with chlorinated hydrocarbons such as Wichloroethylene because these compounds can cherisor, and decompose ale heating, which wil affect exposure test, results. Information contained ia Practice G1 on clearing methods may be ulizad were appeopriaie 10.2 Salt Coating of Specimens 102.1 Sak coat the specimens in such a manner as to provide many small separate pacticles. This Is best accorn- plished by preparing salt solution for spraying the specimens. ‘The concentration ofthe salt solution should provide a reason- seat epost for each spray-drying cycle. The 3.5% salt soluion has been shown to produce very suisfoctory results and, because ofits widespread use in ober tet, is arbitrarily ‘elected as a baseline for the test deseribed herein. 10.22 Spray the specimens withthe prpared Soltion by a means that provides atomization of te solution and uniform coverage of the test specimen. A conventional airbrush will provide satisfactory resulls. Spray specimens horizontally to minimize run-off prior to drying. Specimens are normally sprayed on the suriace(s) that is oF wil be stressed in tension ‘during the exposure. Spray cotstant-flection type specimeas after stesing so that salt deposits do not spl of during the ‘Hressing operation. Afier spraying, dry the specimens hhumidty- and temperaure-contrlled atmosphere, Tempera- ture selection forthe drying cycle should be based on te salt composition utilized. Generally, higher drying temperatures will result in less wate entrapment within tbe crystal. Desired ‘alt densities can be accomplished by repetitive spray-irying ceyeles. Salt densitics in the range from 0.155 to 135 g/m'(0.1 4 100 myn) are reasonable minimum and maximurn levels, respectively (Note 4), For routine testing and materials screen. ing, utlze a salt coating of 15.5 g/m?(10 men). ors Cracking iter t same eetices onthe sae of 4 tea epcimen sau of th fac, the diem and ste ofa tsler can play «gna ce whe ieee of emking ad he {ie to ser pre: Larger ak pret may eatin fer cack Inating wich yn un, afet tne to sen rape. I he sa ‘ination would be ine appcaton of «hice ate ype of lt ccatng svc ny ot produc ching win be at ston at as bad is expnation thatthe rethod of application ad coting dey Tims were ected. Els shoal be made t decumemalt fi ‘sygeatance ab hela 1 eed the dees in ede fly chatcerie Goat 103 Exposure 103.1 After salt coating, expose the specimens to the Aesired test temperature for @ predetermined exposure time The temperature range of investigation i Fm 230 19 S40°C (430 10 1000°F). Most of the testing is aovomplished at the expected service temperature. If the specimens are of the constan-deflecion type, inset them inte the laboratory even, Which should be at rest temperature before insetion (Note 3) Remove the specimens fiom the oven and allow to ait c09l to ambient ermperatare before examination of recycling, 10.3.2 If the specimens are of the constnt-load type, place ‘hem inthe test furnace, seal For necessary atmosphere cont, and ring to test temperature before looding. Begin the duration of the exposure test following specimen leading Unlood the specimens following the desired exposure time feral (if less than time to rupture is desired) and allow 10 cool with Fumace power off and end seals removed price to ‘examination or recyeling, Keep the time for heat-up and «cool-down as shor as possible and note asa potential source of ata scat, Nore S—when utizing const dfsion type specimens fr vated temerative esting, execs cation cree tha acevo Ieuzation of the specenens dows ot occur Thi cn be deemed By xpoate f corte specimens (goer ct sak contd) ng wih he ‘et specimens and examin of onl speaver a expe inking and observing whether or not permancet efomaton ot te ‘pesmen has ocired. Sst evel of coal pels ae expe an aka be determined by measure of ese wg Xray chee Both of thee metinds have ben shown 1b eect melee se 104 Esposure Duretion—Detemine the exposare duration by the inherent resistance ofthe alloy tested, the specimen configuration and dimensions, and the desired criterion to be sed 2s the damage indicator For instance, the time to ‘complete rupture of the specimen will always be longer than the time for initiation of cracking, which in tara will be longer than time for embritiement ofthe material to oceur. All tree factors may he used 25 criteria for failure. However, embritl: ‘ment and eraeking are considered more appropriate from 3 esign consideration standpoint. Appropriate exposure periods ‘can be determined by trial and eror aa given test emperatare ‘by high inital loadings, which will result in shorter exposure times to failure or darmage. Subsequent tests can be conducted ‘at lower stress levels for longer exposure times. Exposure times can aso be determined fom expectel verve conditions if simulation of service application is desired. Interpretation of Results 1. The intexpretaion of resuls wil vary withthe type of specimen utilized. Generally, cracks wil not be visible on Specimens afer exposure ifthe exposure hes been terminated rior to stress rupture. Honever, if specimens are subsequently ‘ested in tension or bending at room temperature following the exposure tet, damage will become evident either by elonea tion and a general reduction in failure load (compared to control specimens othich were not salt coated), or by the decrease in strength and elongation and the appearance of ‘wumerous smal racks in the vicinity ofthe primay Fracture of ‘he test specimens. The former indicator is generally observed in slow strain-rate testing prior to time for actu cracking to ‘ceur, By stepwise reduction of exposure duration, tempera. ture, or stress, or a combination thereof, tareskolds can be

    You might also like