NUMBER AND ALGEBRA [310

marks]

Consider the three planes

∏1 : 2x − y + z = 4
∏2 : x − 2y + 3z = 5
∏3 : −9x + 3y − 2z = 32

1a. Show that the three planes do not intersect. [4 marks]

1b. Verify that the point P(1, − 2, 0) lies on both ∏1 and ∏2 . [1 mark]

∏ ∏
1c. Find a vector equation of L, the line of intersection of ∏1 and ∏2 . [4 marks]

∏
1d. Find the distance between L and ∏3 . [6 marks]

1 n
3 Z+
2. Consider the expansion of (8x3 − 1 )n where n ∈ Z+ . Determine all [5 marks]
2x
possible values of n for which the expansion has a non-zero constant term.

2 2
3. Consider integers a and b such that a 2 + b 2 is exactly divisible by 4. [6 marks]
Prove by contradiction that a and b cannot both be odd.

2
 Consider the complex numbers z1 = 1 + bi and z2 =(1 − b2 )−2bi, where
b ∈ R, b ≠ 0.

4a. Find an expression for z1 z2 in terms of b . [3 marks]

4b. Hence, given that arg(z1 z2 )= π , find the value of b . [3 marks]

4

Z O Z
 In the following Argand diagram, the points Z1 , O and Z2 are the vertices of
triangle Z1 OZ2 described anticlockwise.

The point Z1 represents the complex number z1 = r1 eiα , where r1 > 0. The point
Z2 represents the complex number z2 = r2 eiθ , where r2 > 0.
Angles α, θ are measured anticlockwise from the positive direction of the real axis
such that 0 ≤ α, θ < 2π and 0 < α − θ < π.

5a. Show that z1 z2 ∗ = r1 r2 ei ( α−θ ) where z2 ∗ is the complex conjugate of z2 . [2 marks]

5b. Given that Re(z1 z2 ∗ )= 0, show that Z1 OZ2 is a right-angled triangle. [2 marks]
 In parts (c), (d) and (e), consider the case where Z1 OZ2 is an equilateral triangle.

5c. Express z1 in terms of z2 . [2 marks]

5d. Hence show that z1 2 + z2 2 = z1 z2 . [4 marks]

2 C
 Let z1 and z2 be the distinct roots of the equation z 2 + az + b = 0 where z ∈ C
and a, b ∈ R.

5e. Use the result from part (c)(ii) to show that a 2 − 3b = 0. [5 marks]

+ az + 12 = 0, where z ∈ C and a ∈ R.
5f. Consider the equation z 2 [3 marks]
Given that 0 < α − θ < π, deduce that only one equilateral triangle Z1 OZ2 can
be formed from the point O and the roots of this equation.

3
6. Prove by contradiction that the equation 2x3 + 6x + 1 = 0 has no [5 marks]
integer roots.

d
 dy
Consider the differential equation x2 d = y 2 − 2x2 for x > 0 and y > 2x. It is
x
given that y = 3 when x = 1.

7a. Use Euler’s method, with a step length of 0. 1, to find an approximate [4 marks]
value of y when x = 1. 5.

7b. Use the substitution y = vx to show that x dd vx = v2 − v − 2. [3 marks]

8 + 4
7c. By solving the differential equation, show that y 8x+ x4 [10 marks]
= 4−x3
.

= 1. 5
7d. Find the actual value of y when x = 1. 5. [1 mark]

7e. Using the graph of y 8x+ x4 [1 mark]

= 4−x3
, suggest a reason why the approximation
given by Euler’s method in part (a) is not a good estimate to the actual value of y
at x = 1. 5.

Mary, three female friends, and her brother, Peter, attend the theatre. In the
theatre there is a row of 10 empty seats. For the first half of the show, they decide
to sit next to each other in this row.

8a. Find the number of ways these five people can be seated in this row. [3 marks]

10
 For the second half of the show, they return to the same row of 10 empty seats.
The four girls decide to sit at least one seat apart from Peter. The four girls do not
have to sit next to each other.

8b. Find the number of ways these five people can now be seated in this [4 marks]
row.

The population, P , of a particular species of marsupial on a small remote island

can be modelled by the logistic differential equation
dP = kP (1 − P
)
dt N
where t is the time measured in years and k, N are positive constants.
The constant N represents the maximum population of this species of marsupial
that the island can sustain indefinitely.

9a. In the context of the population model, interpret the meaning of d P . [1 mark]
dt

d2
9b. Show that d2 P = k2 P (1 − P
)(1 − 2NP ). [4 marks]
dt2 N

9c. Hence show that the population of marsupials will increase at its [5 marks]
maximum rate when P = N 2 . Justify your answer.
9d. Hence determine the maximum value of d P in terms of k and N . [2 marks]
dt
 Let P0 be the initial population of marsupials.

9e. By solving the logistic differential equation, show that its solution can be [7 marks]
expressed in the form

kt = ln P
P0
( N − P0
N −P
).

10 3
9f. After 10 years, the population of marsupials is 3P0 . It is known that [2 marks]
N = 4P0 .
Find the value of k for this population model.

Consider the set of six-digit positive integers that can be formed from the digits
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.
Find the total number of six-digit positive integers that can be formed such that

10a. the digits are distinct. [2 marks]

10b. the digits are distinct and are in increasing order. [2 marks]
 This question asks you to explore some properties of polygonal numbers
and to determine and prove interesting results involving these numbers.

A polygonal number is an integer which can be represented as a series of dots

arranged in the shape of a regular polygon. Triangular numbers, square numbers
and pentagonal numbers are examples of polygonal numbers.
For example, a triangular number is a number that can be arranged in the shape
of an equilateral triangle. The first five triangular numbers are 1, 3, 6, 10 and 15.
The following table illustrates the first five triangular, square and pentagonal
numbers respectively. In each case the first polygonal number is one represented
by a single dot.

For an r-sided regular polygon, where r ∈ Z+ , r ≥ 3, the nth polygonal number

Pr (n) is given by
( r−2 ) n2− ( r−4 ) n
Pr (n)= 2 , where n ∈ Z+ .
( 4−2 ) n2− ( 4−4 ) n
Hence, for square numbers, P4 (n)= 2 = n2 .

11a. n ( n+1 ) [2 marks]

For triangular numbers, verify that P3 (n)= 2 .

351
11b. The number 351 is a triangular number. Determine which one it is. [2 marks]

11c. Show that P3 (n)+P3 (n + 1)≡ (n + 1)2 . [2 marks]

11d. State, in words, what the identity given in part (b)(i) shows for two [1 mark]
consecutive triangular numbers.

=4
11e. For n = 4, sketch a diagram clearly showing your answer to part (b)(ii). [1 mark]

11f. Show that 8P3 (n)+1 is the square of an odd number for all n ∈ Z+ . [3 marks]
 The nth pentagonal number can be represented by the arithmetic series
P5 (n)= 1 + 4 + 7 + … +(3n − 2).

11g. n ( 3n−1 ) [3 marks]

Hence show that P5 (n)= 2 for n ∈ Z+ .
11h. By using a suitable table of values or otherwise, determine the smallest [5 marks]
positive integer, greater than 1, that is both a triangular number and a
pentagonal number.

( )
11i. A polygonal number, Pr (n), can be represented by the series [8 marks]
n
Σ
m=1(1 +(m − 1)(r − 2)) where r ∈ Z+ , r ≥ 3.
( r−2 ) n2− ( r−4 ) n
Use mathematical induction to prove that Pr (n)= 2 where n ∈ Z+ .
 This question asks you to explore cubic polynomials of the form
(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for x ∈ R and corresponding cubic equations
with one real root and two complex roots of the form
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 ) = 0 for z ∈ C.

In parts (a), (b) and (c), let r = 1, a = 4 and b = 1.

Consider the equation (z − 1)(z 2 − 8z + 17)= 0 for z ∈ C.

12a. Given that 1 and 4 + i are roots of the equation, write down the third [1 mark]
root.

12b. Verify that the mean of the two complex roots is 4. [1 mark]

2 R
 Consider the function f(x)=(x − 1)(x2 − 8x + 17) for x ∈ R.

12c. Show that the line y = x − 1 is tangent to the curve y = f(x) at the [4 marks]
point A(4, 3).

= ( ) A
12d. Sketch the curve y = f(x) and the tangent to the curve at point A, [2 marks]
clearly showing where the tangent crosses the x-axis.

2 2 2 R
 Consider the function g(x)=(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for x ∈ R where
r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0.

12e. Show that g'(x)= 2(x − r)(x − a)+x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 . [2 marks]

= ( )
12f. Hence, or otherwise, prove that the tangent to the curve y = g(x) at the [6 marks]
point A(a, g(a)) intersects the x-axis at the point R(r, 0).

The equation (z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a 2 + b2 )= 0 for z ∈ C has roots r and a ± bi

where r, a ∈ R and b ∈ R, b > 0.

12g. Deduce from part (d)(i) that the complex roots of the equation [1 mark]
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 )= 0 can be expressed as a ± i√g'(a).

( ) ( )
 On the Cartesian plane, the points C1 (a, √g'(a)) and C2 (a, − √g'(a))
represent the real and imaginary parts of the complex roots of the equation
(z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a2 + b2 )= 0.

The following diagram shows a particular curve of the form

y =(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + 16) and the tangent to the curve at the point
A(a, 80). The curve and the tangent both intersect the x-axis at the point
R(−2, 0). The points C1 and C2 are also shown.

12h. Use this diagram to determine the roots of the corresponding equation [4 marks]
of the form (z − r)(z 2 − 2az + a 2 + 16)= 0 for z ∈ C.

C
12i. State the coordinates of C2 . [1 mark]

Consider the curve y = (x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a 2 + b 2 ) for a ≠ r, b > 0. The points

A(a, g(a)) and R(r, 0) are as defined in part (d)(ii). The curve has a point of
inflexion at point P.

12j. Show that the x-coordinate of P is 13 (2a + r). [2 marks]

You are not required to demonstrate a change in concavity.

12k. Hence describe numerically the horizontal position of point P relative to [1 mark]
the horizontal positions of the points R and A.

= >0
 Consider the special case where a = r and b > 0.

12l. Sketch the curve y =(x − r)(x2 − 2ax + a2 + b2 ) for a = r = 1 and [2 marks]
b = 2.

12m. For a = r and b > 0, state in terms of r, the coordinates of points P and [1 mark]
A.
 This question asks you to investigate conditions for the existence of
complex roots of polynomial equations of degree 3 and 4.

The cubic equation x3 + px2 + qx + r = 0, where p, q, r ∈ R, has roots α, β

and γ.

13a. By expanding (x − α)(x − β)(x − γ) show that: [3 marks]

p = −(α + β + γ)
q = αβ + βγ + γα
r = −αβγ.

2 2 2 2
13b. Show that p2 − 2q = α2 + β 2 + γ 2 . [3 marks]

13c. Hence show that (α − β)2 + (β − γ)2 + (γ − α)2 = 2p2 − 6q. [3 marks]

2
13d. Given that p2 < 3q, deduce that α, β and γ cannot all be real. [2 marks]

Consider the equation x3 − 7x2 + qx + 1 = 0, where q ∈ R.

13e. Using the result from part (c), show that when q = 17, this equation has [2 marks]
at least one complex root.

2
 Noah believes that if p2 ≥ 3q then α, β and γ are all real.

13f. By varying the value of q in the equation x3 − 7x2 + qx + 1 = 0, [2 marks]

determine the smallest positive integer value of q required to show that Noah is
incorrect.

13g. Explain why the equation will have at least one real root for all values of [1 mark]
q.

4
 Now consider polynomial equations of degree 4.
The equation x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0, where p, q, r, s ∈ R, has roots
α, β, γ and δ.
In a similar way to the cubic equation, it can be shown that:
p = −(α + β + γ + δ)
q = αβ + αγ + αδ + βγ + βδ + γδ
r = −(αβγ + αβδ + αγδ + βγδ)
s = αβγδ.

13h. Find an expression for α2 + β 2 + γ 2 + δ 2 in terms of p and q. [3 marks]

13i. Hence state a condition in terms of p and q that would imply [1 mark]
x4 + px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has at least one complex root.
13j. Use your result from part (f)(ii) to show that the equation [1 mark]
x4 − 2x3 + 3x2 − 4x + 5 = 0 has at least one complex root.

The equation x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 = 0, has one integer root.

13k. State what the result in part (f)(ii) tells us when considering this [1 mark]
equation x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 = 0.

13l. Write down the integer root of this equation. [1 mark]

4 3 2
13m. By writing x4 − 9x3 + 24x2 + 22x − 12 as a product of one linear and [4 marks]
one cubic factor, prove that the equation has at least one complex root.
14a. Prove by mathematical induction that [7 marks]
dn (x2 ex )=[x2
d xn
+ 2nx + n(n − 1)]ex for n ∈ Z+ .

2
14b. Hence or otherwise, determine the Maclaurin series of f(x)= x2 ex in [3 marks]
ascending powers of x, up to and including the term in x4 .

14c. lim 3
[4 marks]
Hence or otherwise, determine the value of x→0[ ].
( x2ex−x2 )
x9

3
 3
Consider the equation (z − 1) = i, z ∈ C. The roots of this equation are ω1 , ω2
and ω3 , where Im(ω2 )> 0 and Im(ω3 )< 0.

ω1 = 1 + ei 6 is a root of this equation. [2 marks]

π
15a. Verify that

15b. Find ω2 and ω3 , expressing these in the form a + eiθ , where a ∈ R and [4 marks]
θ > 0.

A B C
 The roots ω1 , ω2 and ω3 are represented by the points A, B and C respectively on
an Argand diagram.

15c. Plot the points A, B and C on an Argand diagram. [4 marks]

AC
15d. Find AC. [3 marks]

3
Consider the equation (z − 1) = iz 3 , z ∈ C.

15e. By using de Moivre’s theorem, show that α 1 [3 marks]

= i
π is a root of this
1−e 6
equation.

Re( )
15f. Determine the value of Re(α). [6 marks]

1
Q
 1
Consider the expression − √1 − x where a ∈ Q, a ≠ 0.
√1+ax
The binomial expansion of this expression, in ascending powers of x, as far as the
term in x2 is 4bx + bx2 , where b ∈ Q .

16a. Find the value of a and the value of b . [6 marks]

16b. State the restriction which must be placed on x for this expansion to be [1 mark]
valid.

2− −12
 x2−x−12 15
Consider the function f(x)= 2x−15
, x ∈ R, x ≠ 2 .

Find the coordinates where the graph of f crosses the

17a. x-axis. [2 marks]

17b. y-axis. [1 mark]

17c. Write down the equation of the vertical asymptote of the graph of f . [1 mark]

= +
17d. The oblique asymptote of the graph of f can be written as y = ax + b [4 marks]
where a, b ∈ Q .
Find the value of a and the value of b .

−30 ≤ ≤ 30
17e. Sketch the graph of f for −30 ≤ x ≤ 30, clearly indicating the points of [3 marks]
intersection with each axis and any asymptotes.

17f. Express 1 [3 marks]

in partial fractions.
f (x)
17g. 3 [4 marks]
∫
1
Hence find the exact value of 0
f (x)
d x, expressing your answer as
a single logarithm.

In this question you will explore some of the properties of special

functions f and g and their relationship with the trigonometric functions,
sine and cosine.

ez+e−z ez−e−z
Functions f and g are defined as f(z)= 2 and g(z)= 2 , where z ∈ C.
Consider t and u, such that t, u ∈ R.

18a. Verify that d2 u [2 marks]

u = f(t) satisfies the differential equation d t2
= u.
18b. Show that (f(t))2 + (g(t))2 = f(2t). [3 marks]

Using eiu = cos u + i sin u, find expressions, in terms of sin u and cos u, for

18c. f(iu). [3 marks]

(i )
18d. g(iu). [2 marks]

18e. Hence find, and simplify, an expression for (f(iu))2 + (g(iu))2 . [2 marks]

2 2 2 2
18f. Show that (f(t))2 − (g(t))2 = (f(iu))2 − (g(iu))2 . [4 marks]

cos sin
 The functions cos x and sin x are known as circular functions as the general point
(cos θ, sin θ) defines points on the unit circle with equation x2 + y 2 = 1.
The functions f(x) and g(x) are known as hyperbolic functions, as the general
point ( f(θ), g(θ) ) defines points on a curve known as a hyperbola with equation
x2 − y 2 = 1. This hyperbola has two asymptotes.

18g. Sketch the graph of x2 − y 2 = 1, stating the coordinates of any axis [4 marks]
intercepts and the equation of each asymptote.

2 2
18h. The hyperbola with equation x2 − y 2 = 1 can be rotated to coincide [5 marks]
with the curve defined by xy = k, k ∈ R.
Find the possible values of k.

( )= √1 + > −1
 Let f(x)= √1 + x for x > −1.

19a. Show that f 1 [3 marks]

''(x)= − 3
.
4√ ( 1+x )
19b. Use mathematical induction to prove that [9 marks]
1
1 n−1 ( 2n−3 ) ! 2 −n
f ( n ) (x)= (− 4
) ( n−2 ) !
(1 + x) for n ∈ Z, n ≥ 2.

( )= emx , ∈Q
19c. Let g(x)= emx , m ∈ Q. [8 marks]
Consider the function h defined by h(x)= f(x)×g(x) for x > −1.
It is given that the x2 term in the Maclaurin series for h(x) has a coefficient of 74 .

Find the possible values of m .

4 3 2 C
20. Consider the quartic equation z 4+ 4z 3 + 8z 2 + 80z + 400 = 0, z ∈ C. [8 marks]
Two of the roots of this equation are a + bi and b + ai , where a, b ∈ Z.
Find the possible values of a .
 A farmer has six sheep pens, arranged in a grid with three rows and two columns
as shown in the following diagram.

Five sheep called Amber, Brownie, Curly, Daisy and Eden are to be placed in the
pens. Each pen is large enough to hold all of the sheep. Amber and Brownie are
known to fight.
Find the number of ways of placing the sheep in the pens in each of the following
cases:

21a. Each pen is large enough to contain five sheep. Amber and Brownie [4 marks]
must not be placed in the same pen.
 21b. Each pen may only contain one sheep. Amber and Brownie must not be [4 marks]
placed in pens which share a boundary.

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