How Children Develop Canadian 5th Edition

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Description:
How Children Develop continues to be the topically arranged textbook that teachers and
researchers trust for the most up to date perspectives on the field of child development. The
book has also been fully adapted for a Canadian audience with special attention to Canadian
research and topics of special relevance, offering Canadian readers an organic and engaging
reading experience. This edition is also more interactive than ever before with a full suite of
media for students to learn and practice the material in the LaunchPad course space. In addition
to the full eBook, students have access to the book's celebrated video program, the
LearningCurve adaptive quizzing system with a personalized study plan, and other activities.

1. About this Book

2. Cover Page
3. LaunchPad for How Children Develop, Canadian Sixth Edition
4. Halftitle Page
5. Title Page
6. Dedication
7. Copyright Page
8. About the Authors
9. Brief Contents
10. Contents
11. Preface
12. Chapter 1 An Introduction to Child Development
13. Reasons to Learn About Child Development
14. Raising Children
15. Choosing Social Policies
16. Understanding Human Nature
17. Box 1.1 A Closer Look: The Romanian Adoption Study
18. Historical Foundations of the Study of Child Development
19. Early Philosophers’ Views of Children’s Development
20. Social Reform Movements
21. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
22. Enduring Themes in Child Development
23. 1. Nature and Nurture: How Do Nature and Nurture Together Shape Development?
24. 2. The Active Child: How Do Children Shape Their Own Development?
25. 3. Continuity/Discontinuity: In What Ways Is Development Continuous, and in What
Ways Is It Discontinuous?
26. 4. Mechanisms of Change: How Does Change Occur?
27. 5. The Sociocultural Context: How Does the Sociocultural Context Influence
Development?
28. 6. Individual Differences: How Do Children Become So Different from One Another?
29. 7. Research and Children’s Welfare: How Can Research Promote Children’s Well-
Being?
30. Box 1.2 Individual Differences: Can Children Learn to Be More Intelligent?
31. Methods for Studying Child Development
32. The Scientific Method
33. Contexts for Gathering Data About Children
34. Correlation and Causation
35. Research Designs for Examining Children’s Development
36. Ethical Issues in Child-Development Research
37. Chapter Summary
38. Test Yourself
39. Critical Thinking Questions
40. Key Terms
41. Answers to Test Yourself
42. Chapter 2 Prenatal Development and the Newborn Period
43. Prenatal Development
44. Box 2.1 A Closer Look: Beng Beginnings
45. Conception
46. Box 2.2 Individual Differences: Do Girls Outnumber Boys?
47. Developmental Processes
48. Early Development
49. An Illustrated Summary of Prenatal Development
50. Fetal Experience and Behaviour
51. Fetal Learning
52. Hazards to Prenatal Development
53. Teratogens
54. Box 2.3 Applications: Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
55. Maternal Factors
56. The Birth Experience
57. Diversity of Childbirth Practices
58. The Newborn Infant
59. State of Arousal
60. Negative Outcomes at Birth
61. Chapter Summary
62. Test Yourself
63. Critical Thinking Questions
64. Key Terms
65. Answers to Test Yourself
66. Chapter 3 Biology and Behaviour
67. Nature and Nurture
68. Genetic and Environmental Forces
69. 1. Parents’ Genotype–Child’s Genotype
70. 2. Child’s Genotype–Child’s Phenotype
71. 3. Child’s Environment–Child’s Phenotype
72. Box 3.1 Applications: Genetic Testing
73. 4. Child’s Phenotype–Child’s Environment
74. 5. Child’s Environment–Child’s Genotype
75. Behaviour Genetics
76. Quantitative Genetics Research Designs
77. Heritability
78. Molecular Genetics Research Designs
79. Box 3.2 Individual Differences: Genetically Transmitted Developmental Disorders
80. Environmental Effects
81. Brain Development
82. The Neuron
83. The Cortex
84. Box 3.3 A Closer Look: Mapping the Mind
85. Developmental Processes
86. The Importance of Experience
87. The Body: Physical Growth and Development
88. Growth and Maturation
89. Nutritional Behaviour
90. Box 3.4 A Closer Look: Poverty and Health Disparities
91. Vaccines
92. Chapter Summary
93. Test Yourself
94. Critical Thinking Questions
95. Key Terms
96. Answers to Test Yourself
97. Chapter 4 Theories of Cognitive Development
98. Piaget’s Theory
99. View of Children’s Nature
100. Central Developmental Issues
101. Box 4.1 Applications: Educational Applications of Piaget’s Theory
102. Piaget’s Legacy
103. Information-Processing Theories
104. View of Children’s Nature
105. Central Developmental Issues
106. The Development of Problem Solving
107. Box 4.2 Applications: Educational Applications of Information-Processing
Theories
108. Core-Knowledge Theories
109. View of Children’s Nature
110. Central Developmental Issue: Nativism Versus Constructivism
111. Box 4.3 Applications: Educational Applications of Core-Knowledge Theories
112. Sociocultural Theories
113. View of Children’s Nature: Vygotsky’s Theory
114. Central Developmental Issues
115. Box 4.4 Applications: Educational Applications of Sociocultural Theories
116. Dynamic-Systems Theories
117. View of Children’s Nature
118. Central Developmental Issues
119. Box 4.5 Applications: Educational Applications of Dynamic-Systems Theories
120. Chapter Summary
121. Test Yourself
122. Critical Thinking Questions
123. Key Terms
124. Answers to Test Yourself
125. Chapter 5 Perception, Action, and Learning in Infancy
126. Perception
127. Vision
128. Box 5.1 A Closer Look: Infants’ Face Perception
129. Box 5.2 A Closer Look: Picture Perception
130. Auditory Perception
131. Taste and Smell
132. Touch
133. Intermodal Perception
134. Motor Development
135. Reflexes
136. Motor Milestones
137. Modern Views of Motor Development
138. Box 5.3 A Closer Look: “The Case of the Disappearing Reflex”
139. The Expanding World of the Infant
140. Box 5.4 A Closer Look: “Gangway—I’m Coming Down”
141. Learning and Memory
142. Habituation
143. Statistical Learning
144. Classical Conditioning
145. Instrumental Conditioning
146. Observational Learning/Imitation
147. Rational Learning
148. Active Learning
149. Memory
150. Chapter Summary
151. Test Yourself
152. Critical Thinking Questions
153. Key Terms
154. Answers to Test Yourself
155. Chapter 6 Development of Language and Symbol Use
156. Language Development
157. The Components of Language
158. What Is Required for Language?
159. Box 6.1 Applications: Two Languages Are Better Than One
160. The Process of Language Acquisition
161. Speech Perception
162. Word Segmentation
163. Preparation for Production
164. First Words
165. Box 6.2 Individual Differences: Language Development and Socioeconomic
Status
166. Box 6.3 Applications: iBabies: Technology and Language Learning
167. Putting Words Together
168. Conversational Skills
169. Later Development
170. Theoretical Issues in Language Development
171. Chomsky and the Nativist View
172. Box 6.4 A Closer Look: “I Just Can’t Talk Without My Hands”: What Gestures
Tell Us About Language
173. Ongoing Debates in Language Development
174. Box 6.5 Individual Differences: Developmental Language Disorders
175. Nonlinguistic Symbols and Development
176. Using Symbols as Information
177. Drawing and Writing
178. Chapter Summary
179. Test Yourself
180. Critical Thinking Questions
181. Key Terms
182. Answers to Test Yourself
183. Chapter 7 Conceptual Development
184. Understanding Who or What
185. Dividing Objects into Categories
186. Understanding Oneself and Other People
187. Box 7.1 Individual Differences: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
(ASD)
188. Box 7.2 Individual Differences: Imaginary Companions
189. Knowledge of Living Things
190. Understanding Why, Where, When, and How Many
191. Causality
192. Box 7.3 A Closer Look: Magical Thinking and Fantasy
193. Space
194. Box 7.4 Individual Differences: Development of Spatial Concepts in Blind and
Visually Impaired People
195. Time
196. Number
197. Relations Among Understanding of Space, Time, and Number
198. Chapter Summary
199. Test Yourself
200. Critical Thinking Questions
201. Key Terms
202. Answers to Test Yourself
203. Chapter 8 Intelligence and Academic Achievement
204. What Is Intelligence?
205. Intelligence as a Single Trait
206. Intelligence as a Few Basic Abilities
207. Intelligence as Numerous Cognitive Processes
208. A Proposed Resolution
209. Measuring Intelligence
210. The Contents of Intelligence Tests
211. The Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
212. Continuity of IQ Scores
213. IQ Scores as Predictors of Important Outcomes
214. Other Predictors of Success
215. Genes, Environment, and the Development of Intelligence
216. Qualities of the Child
217. Influence of the Immediate Environment
218. Influence of Society
219. Box 8.1 Applications: Highly Successful Early Interventions: Better
Beginnings, Better Futures (BBBF) and the Carolina Abecedarian Project
220. Alternative Perspectives on Intelligence
221. Gardner’s Theory
222. Sternberg’s Theory
223. Acquisition of Academic Skills: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics
224. Reading
225. Box 8.2 Individual Differences: Dyslexia
226. Writing
227. Mathematics
228. Box 8.3 Applications: Mathematics Disabilities
229. Chapter Summary
230. Test Yourself
231. Critical Thinking Questions
232. Key Terms
233. Answers to Test Yourself
234. Chapter 9 Theories of Social Development
235. Psychoanalytic Theories
236. Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development
237. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development
238. Current Perspectives
239. Learning Theories
240. Watson’s Behaviourism
241. Skinner’s Operant Conditioning
242. Social-Learning Theory
243. Box 9.1 A Closer Look: Bandura and Bobo
244. Current Perspectives
245. Theories of Social Cognition
246. Selman’s Stage Theory of Role Taking
247. Dodge’s Information-Processing Theory of Social Problem Solving
248. Dweck’s Theory of Self-Attributions and Achievement Motivation
249. Current Perspectives
250. Box 9.2 A Closer Look: Developmental Social Neuroscience
251. Ecological Theories
252. Ethological and Evolutionary Theories
253. The Bioecological Model
254. Box 9.3 Individual Differences: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
255. Current Perspectives
256. Chapter Summary
257. Test Yourself
258. Critical Thinking Questions
259. Key Terms
260. Answers to Test Yourself
261. Chapter 10 Emotional Development
262. The Development of Emotions
263. Theories on the Nature and Emergence of Emotion
264. The Emergence of Emotions
265. Box 10.1 A Closer Look: Basic Emotional Expressions in Infants
266. Understanding Emotions
267. Identifying the Emotions of Others
268. Box 10.2 A Closer Look: Emotional Intelligence
269. Understanding Real and False Emotions
270. Emotion Regulation
271. The Development of Emotion Regulation
272. The Relation of Emotion Regulation to Social Competence and Adjustment
273. The Role of Family in Emotional Development
274. Parents’ Expression of Emotion
275. Parents’ Socialization of Children’s Emotional Responses
276. Temperament
277. Measuring Temperament
278. Determinants of Temperament
279. How Temperament Fits with Environment
280. Mental Health, Stress, and Internalizing Mental Disorders
281. Stress
282. Box 10.3 Applications: Toxic Stress and Adverse Childhood Experiences
283. Internalizing Mental Disorders
284. Box 10.4 Individual Differences: Gender Differences in Adolescent Depression
285. Chapter Summary
286. Test Yourself
287. Critical Thinking Questions
288. Key Terms
289. Answers to Test Yourself
290. Chapter 11 Attachment to Others and Development of the Self
291. The Caregiver–Child Attachment Relationship
292. Attachment Theory
293. Measurement of Attachment Security
294. Box 11.1 A Closer Look: Does Childcare Interfere With Attachment?
295. Sources of Individual Differences in Attachment Styles
296. Box 11.2 Applications: Interventions to Improve Attachment
297. Attachment and Social-Emotional Development
298. The Self
299. Self-Concept
300. Box 11.3 Individual Differences: Development of Self-Awareness Among
Autistic Children
301. Self-Esteem
302. Box 11.4 A Closer Look: Is Too Much Praise Bad for Self-Esteem?
303. Identity
304. Chapter Summary
305. Test Yourself
306. Critical Thinking Questions
307. Key Terms
308. Answers to Test Yourself
309. Chapter 12 The Family
310. Family Structure
311. Changes in Family Structure in Canada
312. Box 12.1 Individual Differences: Teenagers as Parents
313. Same-Sex Parents
314. Divorced Parents
315. Stepparents
316. Family Dynamics
317. Parenting
318. Box 12.2 Applications: Should Parents Spank Their Children?
319. Differences in Mothers’ and Fathers’ Interactions with Their Children
320. The Child’s Influence on Parenting
321. Sibling Relationships
322. Child Maltreatment
323. Risks for Maltreatment
324. Consequences of Maltreatment
325. Box 12.3 Applications: Preventing Child Maltreatment
326. Family Socioeconomic Context
327. Cultural Contexts
328. Economic Contexts
329. Box 12.4 A Closer Look: Homelessness
330. Parents’ Work Contexts
331. Box 12.5 Applications: Family-Leave Policies
332. Childcare Contexts
333. Chapter Summary
334. Test Yourself
335. Critical Thinking Questions
336. Key Terms
337. Answers to Test Yourself
338. Chapter 13 Peer Relationships
339. Play
340. Box 13.1 Individual Differences: The Development of Children’s Social Play
341. Friendships
342. Children’s Choice of Friends
343. Box 13.2 Individual Differences: Culture and Children’s Peer Experience
344. Developmental Changes in Friendship
345. The Role of Technology in Friendships
346. Effects of Friendships on Psychological Functioning and Behaviour
347. Box 13.3 A Closer Look: Cyberbullying
348. Gender Differences in the Functions of Friendships
349. Status in the Peer Group
350. Measurement of Peer Status
351. Box 13.4 Applications: Fostering Children’s Peer Acceptance
352. Cross-Cultural Similarities and Differences in Factors Related to Peer Status
353. The Role of Parents in Children’s Peer Relationships
354. Box 13.5 A Closer Look: Parents’ Strategies for Shaping Peer Relationships
355. Relations Between Attachment and Competence with Peers
356. Quality of Ongoing Parent–Child Interactions and Peer Relationships
357. Chapter Summary
358. Test Yourself
359. Critical Thinking Questions
360. Key Terms
361. Answers to Test Yourself
362. Chapter 14 Moral Development
363. Moral Judgment
364. Piaget’s Theory of Moral Judgment
365. Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Reasoning
366. Social Domain Theory of Moral Development
367. The Development of Conscience
368. Prosocial Behaviour
369. The Development of Prosocial Behaviour
370. The Origins of Individual Differences in Prosocial Behaviour
371. Box 14.1 A Closer Look: Cultural Contributions to Children’s Prosocial
Tendencies
372. Box 14.2 Applications: School-Based Interventions for Promoting Prosocial
Behaviour
373. Antisocial Behaviour
374. The Development of Antisocial Behaviours
375. Box 14.3 A Closer Look: Oppositional Defiant Disorder and Conduct Disorder
376. The Origins of Aggression and Antisocial Behaviour
377. Interventions for Aggressive and Antisocial Children
378. Box 14.4 Applications: Positive Youth Development and Service Learning
379. Chapter Summary
380. Test Yourself
381. Critical Thinking Questions
382. Key Terms
383. Answers to Test Yourself
384. Chapter 15 Gender Development
385. Sex and Gender
386. Box 15.1 A Closer Look: Challenges to the Gender Binary
387. Comparisons of Girls and Boys
388. Theoretical Approaches to Gender Development
389. Biological Influences
390. Cognitive and Motivational Influences
391. Box 15.2 Applications: Where are Spongesally Squarepants and Curious
Jane?
392. Cultural Influences
393. Milestones in Gender Development
394. Infancy and Toddlerhood
395. Preschool Years
396. Middle Childhood
397. Adolescence
398. Patterns of Gender Development
399. Physical Growth: Prenatal Development Through Adolescence
400. Cognitive Abilities and Academic Achievement
401. Interpersonal Goals and Communication
402. Aggressive Behaviour
403. Box 15.3 Applications: Sexual Harassment and Dating Violence
404. Chapter Summary
405. Test Yourself
406. Critical Thinking Questions
407. Key Terms
408. Answers to Test Yourself
409. Chapter 16 Conclusions
410. Theme 1: Nature and Nurture: All Interactions, All the Time
411. Nature and Nurture Begin Interacting Before Birth
412. Infants’ Nature Elicits Nurture
413. Timing Matters
414. Nature Does Not Reveal Itself All at Once
415. Everything Influences Everything
416. Theme 2: Children Play Active Roles in Their Own Development
417. Self-Initiated Activity
418. Active Interpretation of Experience
419. Self-Regulation
420. Eliciting Reactions from Other People
421. Theme 3: Development Is Both Continuous and Discontinuous
422. Continuity/Discontinuity of Individual Differences
423. Continuity/Discontinuity of Overall Development: The Question of Stages
424. Theme 4: Mechanisms of Developmental Change
425. Biological Change Mechanisms
426. Behavioural Change Mechanisms
427. Cognitive Change Mechanisms
428. Change Mechanisms Work Together
429. Theme 5: The Sociocultural Context Shapes Development
430. Growing Up in Societies with Different Practices and Values
431. Growing Up in Different Times and Places
432. Growing Up in Different Circumstances Within a Society
433. Theme 6: Individual Differences
434. Breadth of Individual Differences at a Given Time
435. Stability Over Time
436. Predicting Future Individual Differences on Other Dimensions
437. Determinants of Individual Differences
438. Theme 7: Child-Development Research Can Improve Children’s Lives
439. Implications for Parenting
440. Implications for Education
441. Implications for Helping Children at Risk
442. Improving Social Policy
443. Chapter Summary
444. Test Yourself
445. Critical Thinking Questions
446. Answers to Test Yourself
447. Glossary
448. References
449. Name Index
450. Subject Index
451. LearningCurve Study Smarter with LearningCurve!
452. Backcover