Note: 

Product, addition and subtraction of any two or more numbers has the same
remainder when divided by any natural number, as the corresponding product, addition and
subtraction of their remainders.

Take a number N = . Now let us find the remainder when N is divided by 5.

One approach is that we first calculate the value of N = i.e. which is equal to 197.
And then dividing this number by 5 to get the remainder = 2.

Replacing numbers with their corresponding remainders we get, . Since 12 is

greater than 5, we divided 12 by 5 again to get the final remainder = 2.

Question: What is the remainder when  divided by 17.

Extension of Fermat theorem

For any two positive natural numbers N and P, if they are co-prime to each other then remainder
obtained when is divided by P is also 1, where ϕ(P) is the euler of P and M is any positive
integers.

Example 2: Find the remainder when is divided by 17.

bserve that 11 and 17 are co-prime to each other, and Euler of 17 = 16.
Also, 705 = 44×16 +1 so we can write
Or = =
Applying Fermat theorem, →R(1)
and 11 divided by 17 the remainder obtained is 11 only.
Therefore, the final remainder obtained when
is divided by 17 is 1×11 = 11.

Mathematically, the Euler number of a number z denoted by the symbol E(z) is calculated as
explained below.

where P, Q and R are the different prime factors of z.

The Euler number of a number z means the number of natural numbers which are less than z and
are co-prime to z.
Fermat theorem
Example 1:Find the remainder 25^6 when is divided by 9.
Observe that Euler of 9, ϕ(9)=6