JENNY ROSE S. AGUILA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Course Instructor
 Lesson 5.6:
The Linear correlation:
Pearson r
 Learning outcomes
• To know the characteristics of Pearson r.
• To solve problems dealing with linear correlations.
• To understand the limitations of linear correlations.
Product-moment correlation coefficient
or Pearson r is a statistical tool that can
determine the linear association between two
distributions or groups. This tool can only
establish the strength of association or
correlation but can never justify any causal
relation that may appear or seem obvious.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 σ 𝑥𝑦
− 𝑥ҧ 𝑦ത
𝑟= 𝑁
𝑆𝐷𝑥 𝑆𝐷𝑦
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 The Pearson r value may provide three
possible scenarios.

1. If the value of 𝑟 is + then it is a positive

correlation.
2. If it is – then it is a negative correlation.
3. If 𝑟’s value is around “0” then it means that
almost no linear correlation was found.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 Remember:
Pearson 𝑟 does not generate a
value less than -1 or more than +1.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
Example of correlation

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Lecturer II
 Is there is a correlation between hours of study and grades of
students?
Student Hours of Study (x) Grade (Y)
A 15 2.75
B 35 1.25
C 05 3.00
σ 𝒙𝒚 D 20 2.50
− 𝒙ഥ 𝒚ഥ
𝒓= 𝑵 E 30 1.50
𝑺𝑫𝒙 𝑺𝑫𝒚 F 40 1.00
G 20 2.25
H 25 1.75
I 25 2.00
J 08 3.00
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 basic Pearson r requirements
1. Random selection of participants.
2. Traits being measured must not depart
significantly from normality
3. The measurements on both distributions must be
in the form of interval data.
4. Comparing only two groups.
5. The goal is to determine the linear correlation
between two groups.
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 Is there is a correlation between hours of study and grades of
students?
Student Hours of Study (x) Grade (Y)
A 15 2.75
B 35 1.25
C 05 3.00
σ 𝒙𝒚 D 20 2.50
− 𝒙ഥ 𝒚ഥ
𝒓= 𝑵 E 30 1.50
𝑺𝑫𝒙 𝑺𝑫𝒚 F 40 1.00
G 20 2.25
H 25 1.75
I 25 2.00
J 08 3.00
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
GUILFORD’S INTERPRETATION FOR R VALUES
R value Interpretation
Less than .20 Negligible relationship
.20 – .39 Low relationship
.40 – .69 Moderate relationship
.70 – .89 High relationship
.90 – 1.00 Very high relationship

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
1. Does it mean that better grades can be
achieved by spending more time studying?
2. Does it mean that spending more time
studying is a by-product of better grades?
3. Does it mean that another factor
influenced better grades and study habits?

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
Correlation does not imply
causation

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
End of Lesson 5.6

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Lecturer II
 Lesson 5.7:
The Least-Squares Regression Line

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
 Learning outcomes
• Define Linear Regression
• Define Scatter plot
• Compute for Least Square Regression Line

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Lecturer II
 regression analysis
Not only can connect and associate some
observable patterns, it also permits us finally
make basic predictions.

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Lecturer II
 Bivariate Scatter Plot
A bivariate simply means that we can
graphically represent two variables (𝑥 and 𝑦)
in a scatter plot wherein each point in a
scatter plot represent a pair of scores.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
 Is there is a correlation between hours of study and grades of
Hours of Grade
students?
Student
Study (x) (Y)
A 15 2.75
B 35 1.25
C 05 3.00
D 20 2.50
E 30 1.50
F 40 1.00
G 20 2.25
H 25 1.75
I 25 2.00
J 08 3.00

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
 1. The equation of the best fit line

𝒚 = 𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃
2. The slope of the line 3. The y-intercept of the line
𝒏 σ 𝒙𝒚 − (σ 𝒙)(σ 𝒚) σ 𝒚 − 𝒎(σ 𝒙)
𝒎= 𝟐 𝟐
𝒃=
𝒏 σ𝒙 − σ𝒙 𝒏
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
 Is there is a correlation between hours of study and grades of
Hours of Grade
students?
Student
Study (x) (Y)
A 15 2.75
B 35 1.25
C 05 3.00
D 20 2.50
E 30 1.50
F 40 1.00
G 20 2.25
H 25 1.75
I 25 2.00
J 08 3.00

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
 Predict the grade of students
who spent the following weekly
study hours: 37, 22, and 8.

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II
CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.
Lecturer II
End of Lesson 5.7

CLARISSA N. MIRANDA, LPT, M.A.Ed.

Lecturer II