Quarter 4 — MAPEH Reviewer

Philippine Festivals

Sinulog Festival

Description
- Cebu City
- An annual religious festival
- Appealing music, colourful costumes/props, street dances
- In honour of the Santo Niño de Cebu (PHLs’ most famous historic relic)
- Said to attract 1-2 mil visitors
- Occurs both the day before and the festival day itself.
- Week-long celebration
- Procession of the replica image in the streets of the city
- Fluvial procession of the replica in Mactan Channel
- Held on the third sunday of January

Origin of the festival

- The relic was given Ferdinand Magellan to Rajah Humabon, leader of cebu in 1521
- The word “Sinulog” comes from the Cebuano word “Sulog” which means “like the movement of water
currents.”
- The name is further emphasised with the forward backward step characteristic of the dance steps.
- The first Sinulog Parade was orchestrated by David Odilao Jr., Regional Director of the Ministry of
Sports and Youth Development (MYSD) in 1980
- Dancers and parade committee members came from seven schools and universities
- This event gave birth to the festival itself as the mayor of Cebu picked it up and held the first Sinulog
Festival the following year in 1981.

Origin of the Dance

- The first event occurred when the initial handing of the relic from Magellan to Humabon
- It is said that Rajah Humabon’s main consort, Reyna Juana, danced in joy upon receiving the holy image
while holding it.
- As she dances, the natives watching followed suit
- Regarded as the “First Sinulog Dance”
- Another instance involved Baladhay, Humabon’s chief advisor
- It is said that after a few days upon receiving the relic, the native was seen dancing by the rest of the
tribe.
- When questioned, he pointed at the relic and claimed that baby Jesus was tickling him.
- He then danced with the little child and explained that he was “dancing the movements of the water”
- It became the standard steps in Sinulog Festival

The Music of Sinulog

- Drums, Trumpets, and native gongs
- There is no specific music in the sense that the Sinulog music is dependent on the choreographer
concept.
- Adopted the “Sinulog beat” which are mixed with faster rhythmic pattern
- “One beat, One dance, One vision” as the theme.
- Pit Senyor is the chant completing devotees’ offering dance of Sinulog.

Ati-Atihan

Description
- Hailed as the “Mother of Philippine Festivals” by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts
(NCCA)
- Held in Kalibo Aklan
- Started during the 16th century
- Every third week of January

Story 1
 - Started when a fisherman in the western part of the province sailed to the sea to catch fish
- He kept catching the same piece of wood to he brought it home to be used as firewood
- The wood from the sea has now a carving of a child (Santo Nino)
- The couple placed the wood in their altar interpreting that the image in the wood is Sto. Nino
- From that day the family received blessings.
- They asked advice from a priest, the priest requested that the image be placed at the local chapel
- But after several days, the wood kept coming back
- The people of the village interpreted it as a sign to ask for forgiveness of their wrong doings
- Colouring their skin black and wearing rags

Story 2
- Dates back 800 years ago
- Ten Bornean Datus and their families, led by Datu Puti, fled from their island and docked at Panay
Island.
- They were greeted by the Aetas, led by Marikudo
- A barter system was immediately established which led to the ownership of some lowland in exchange
for a golden salakot.
- The visitors painted their faces black in honour of the Aetas

Origin of the festival

- In 1798, Padre Fernando de Legazpi heard about the yearly celebration and walked several km to
witness the event
- He copied that celebration in his parish and to the town of Kalibo
- On June 11. 1871. The annual Kalibo Sto. Nino Ati atihan Festival was institutionalised
- In 1970, Pres. Ferdinand E. Marcos instructed the Department of Tourism to promote the festival every
January

Music of Ati-atihan
- Main instruments are snare drums, bass drums, trumpets, xylophones, gongs and sometimes whistles
- Monotonous yet lively rhythmic pattern
- Sadsad happens during the last day
- Sadsad means dance in their local dialect
- The participants paint their bodies black
- “Hala Bira Pwera Pasma!” Means to continue the dancing and playing while wishing that they may not
get sick from exhaustion or body overheat

Kadayawan

Description
- Tribes of Davao would gather every after a bountiful harvest to give thanks to their divine protectors
- Supreme being called “Manama”
- They give thanks in a form of a ritual called “pahinungod” where singing, dancing, offering, is a must
- Various harvests such as fruits, vegetables, flowers, rice, and corn grains are also displayed on mats
- Every third week of August

Origin of the festival

- In 1970, this festival was institutionalised by Mayor Elias B. Lopez, a Bagobo.
- This even features Lumads (natives) and Muslim tribes
- After the People Power Revolution in 1986, “Unlad Proyekto Sa Dabaw” was launched to unite the
people after Martial Law
- Part of said program was an annual thanksgiving festival dubbed as “Apo DuWaling” which came from
Mt. Apo, Durian, and Waling Waling
- Purposed to promote Davao as a safe, beautiful, and profitable place.
- In 1998, Rodrigo Duterte renamed the festival Kadayawan sa Davao
- The name came from a Mandaya word madayaw which means treasured or valuable
- The highlight is the street dance competition called Indak-indak sa Kadalanan

Music of Kadayawan
- Drum beats have quarter time metre, with changing tempo from fast to very fast, then gradually getting
slower and going back again to fast tempo.
- Indigenous instruments are present such as Gongs and Kulintangs
- Addition of live vocal music such as chants
- Trumpets, Xylophones, and Marimbas

Ibalong
Description
- Non-religious festival characterised with appealing music, colourful costumes and props, and street
dances based on Bicolandia’s well known epic, Ibalong

Ibalong – The Epic

- Consists of three episodes and three heroes – Baltog, Handyong, and Bantong. The fragmented epic
was said to have been transcribed by Padre Jose Castano
- It was then left in the care of a travelling poet known as Cadugnung, who translated the epic. As of
today, Sixty out of the presumed 400 fragments of the epic still exist.

Accomplishments of the heroes

1. The battle with Tandayong the Wild Boar
- Tandayong is a monstrous wild boar with long fangs. Taken down by Baltog who ripped the monsters
jaw off its face

2. The Battle with the Tiburons, The Giant Flying Sharks

- Tiburons have hardy flesh and saw-like teeth. Defeated by Handyong who killed the beings to extinction

3. The search for Oryol, the Shape-shifting Serpent

- Oryol was a master of stealth, able to shapeshift.
- She was the biggest challenge to Handyong who tracked and fought her for days on end.
- She ended up admiring the hero, offering her hand, both as an ally in battle and as a woman

4. The Great Flood of Unos

- It was the greatest calamity to befall the kingdom of Ibalon
- Caused by the mad god Unos

5. The Killing of Rabot the Giant

- He was a fearful giant who terrorised the kingdom. He was slain by Bantong, the giant was beheaded in
its sleep

Ibalong – The Music

- Dynamic, fluid, and flexible
- 2019 Ibalong Festival Street Presentation Guidelines released by the festival committee, it states “The
contingent may compose musical accompaniment for the Ibalong Dance Ritual presentation, however,
the official Ibalong Soundtrack shall be a part of the production

Non-communicable diseases
- Diseases that can’t be transmitted from one person to another
- Aren’t caused by pathogens
- Caused by unhealthy lifestyle, hereditary, and environment.
- Can affect any system in the body
- Can be treated but usually not cured

A. Allergy
- Occurs due to an immunologic response following an exposure to an allergen
- Allergens; Dust mites, Pollen, Insect Venom, Pet lice, and food.
- Signs and symptoms include hives, itchiness and sneezing.

5 kinds

1. Hay fever
- Most common allergy
- Signs and symptoms include runny/stuffy nose, sneezing, nasal itching, itchy ears, and throat/post-
nasal drip (throat clearing)

2. Allergic Conjunctivitis (Piscat)

- Inflammation of the tissue layers or membranes that cover the surface of the eyeball and under the
surface of the eyelid
- Signs and symptoms include redness under the eyelids and the eyes, watery, itchy eyes, swelling of the
membranes

3. Allergic Eczema
- Caused by skin contact by an allergen.
- Signs and symptoms include itching, redness, and or dryness of the skin, rash on the face, around the
eyes, elbow, and behind knees.

4. Hives (Urticaria)
- Skin reactions that appear on itch and swellings and can occur on any part of the body
- Can be caused to allergens
- Signs and symptoms include ???

5. Allergic Shock (Anaphylactic Shock)

- Life threatening rash that can affect several organs at the same time, normally caused when allergens
are consumed or injected
- Signs and symptoms include hives, nasal congestion, swelling of the throat, stomach pain, nausea,
vomiting, shortness of breath, wheezing, low blood pressure.

Food Allergy
- Tingling in the mouth
- Swelling of the lips, tongue, face, or throat
- Hives
- Anaphylaxis

Insect sting allergy

- A large area of swelling at the sting site
- Itching/Hives all over the body
- Cough, chest tightness, shortness of breath
- Anaphylaxis

B. Asthma
- Inflammatory disease of the airways to the lungs.
- Swells and produce lots of thick mucus
- Makes breathing and physical activities difficult
- May be prevented
- Signs and symptoms include shortness of breath, wheezing, coughing and chest tightness

C. Cardiovascular disease
- Disease of the heart and blood vessels.

Heart (Cardio) DIseases

- Abnormality in the heart’s anatomical structure that you were born with

1. Congenital Heart Disease

- Abnormality with the heart’s structure present since birth

2. Congestive Heart Failure

- Inability of the heart to keep up with the physical demands of the body
- The failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency

3. Arrhythmia
- The heart beats with an irregular or abnormal rhythm

4. Rheumatic Heart Disease

- Reduced functional capacity of the heart caused by inflammatory changes.

5. Myocardial Infarction
- It occurs when the heart muscle tissue dies from lack of oxygen because of the reduced blood flow

Vascular (Blood vessel) Diseases

1. Arteriosclerosis
- Characterised by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
- Occurs when fatty substance is deposited on the walls of the arteries.

2. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)

- Occurs when blood pressure is higher than normal
3. Stroke
- Occurs when a clot blocks a small blood vessel or artery in the brain or a brain artery is leaking thus
brain cells die from lack of oxygen cause blood can’t get into the brain.

4. Aneurysm
- Excessive localised enlargement or ballooning of an artery caused by a weakening of an artery wall or
high blood pressure
- Signs and symptoms include chest pain, irregular heartbeat, extreme fatigue, difficulty in breathing.

D. Cancer
- Caused by abnormal cells growing without control, they form masses called tumours.
- Is a genetic disease
- Caused by changes to genes that control the way cells function.
- May arise from cancer-causing environmental exposures such as tobacco and radiation.
- Signs and symptoms include sores that does not heal and a thickening or lump anywhere in the body

Benign Tumour
- Masses of cells that are not cancerous and don’t spread

Malignant Tumour
- Masses of cells that are cancerous and spread (metastasis) to other parts of the body.

Diagnostic tests for cancer

1. Biopsy
- Sample of tissue taken from the body to examine it more closely usually under a microscope

2. Diagnostic Imaging
- Quick, painless test that produces images of the structures inside your body

3. Blood test/Cancer Antigen Test

- Measures the number of various types of blood cells in a sample of your blood including tumour
markers.

Cancer Treatment
1. Surgery
- Involves the surgical removal of the tumour

2. Radiation Therapy/Radiotherapy
- Attacking the cancer cells with radiation

3. Drug Therapy/Chemotherapy
- Drugs have been proven effective especially in affecting lymphoma and leukaemia

E. Diabetes
- Diseases that prevent the body to convert food into energy.
- Signs and symptoms include urination, thirst, hungry, weight loss, lack of energy, shortness of breath.
-
Type I Diabetes
- Little or no insulin produced by the pancreas.

Type II Diabetes
- Result of too little insulin produced by the pancreas.

F. Arthritis
- Inflammation of the joints
- Usually occurs during old age
- Signs and Symptoms include Joint pain and Stiffness

2 kinds

1. Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Causes pain and swelling in joints throughout the body, autoimmune diseases..
- Leads to joint deformity
 2. Osteoarthritis
- Disease of the older people
- Results from the wear and tear of joints
- Signs and symptoms include pain, swelling, stiffness, tenderness, redness and warmth.

G. Kidney or Renal failure

- The kidneys fail to filter the waste products from the blood.
- Signs and symptoms include Itching, Muscle Cramps, Nausea and Vomiting, Not feeling hungry,
Swelling of face, feet, and ankles, Too much urine/Not enough urine, Trouble sleeping. Shortness of
breath

D.R.E.A.M

D - Drink enough amount of water

R - Reduce stress
E - Eat healthy and exercise regularly
A - Avoid smoking
M - Manage body weight

Myths and Fallacies

1. NCDs are diseases of the rich

2. NCDs cannot be prevented - they run in families or are hereditary
3. Preventing NCDs are complicated and expensive
4. NCDs only affect older people
5. All NCDs are preventable

Programs and Policies to prevent NCDs

Department of Health (DOH)

- It is the government’s overall technical authority on health

Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)

- Responsible for developing plans, policies, and programs pertaining to the regulation of processed
foods, drugs, and other related products

Food and Drugs Administration (FDA)

- Responsible for developing plans, policies, and programs pertaining to the regulation of processed
foods, drugs, and other related products

Department of Education (DepEd)

- Responsible for ensuring access to promoting equality in, and improving basic education

Philippine Theatrical Forms

Shadow Puppet Play

- 1898 – Shadow Puppetry has begun taking roots in the Philippines
- Conceptualised by the country’s national hero
- The carillo was one of the first shadow puppet plays at the time, staged by Dr Jose Rizal
- Using a carton and a stick, he positioned these behind a large white cloth and used a candle to
illuminate the back of the puppets to create shadows
- Typically performed on a moonless night during a town fiesta or on dark nights after a harvest
- Used cut-out figures and flat objects, commonly held together by sticks and threads
- Sometimes, coloured translucent papers are used
- It is enhanced with verified techniques meant for improving the puppets and stage.

Dance Drama
- Performance with scenes which are brought to life mainly through dance
- Often has dialogue and can sometimes have singing
- Popularly used to retell famous national literature
- Accompanied by appropriate music
- Uses expressive body movements and complex gesture language that reflect real-life actions
 - Sometimes there are pantomimes, chants, and costumes

Moro-moro
- Believed to be created by Spanish priests
- Earliest known form of organised theatre featuring Muslim-Christain battles
- All moro-mro follow the main plot of a Muslim-Filipino prince who loved a Christian princess
- The differences in religious beliefs became the main obstacle for their love for eachother
- Prinsipe Rodante is one example of Moro-moro
- Usually performed during festivals and fiestas throughout the Philippines
- Is said to have originated in the Philippines as there are no other countries to have come up with
anything similar
- Sometimes called comedia

Sarswela or Zarzuela
- Father of Drama
- Musical comedy or melodrama usually composed of three acts which all deal with men’s passion and
emotions such as love, hate, revenge, cruelty, greed or even political problems
- Usually written in prose, depicting the peculiarity of romantic love
- Actors would usually wear traditional costumes such as Filipiniana, Barong Tagalog
- Alternating combination of song and speech, vocal ensembles, folk music and dance

Senakulo or Cenaculo
- Dramatic performance portraying the Passion and death of Jesus Christ
- Usually done during the Lenten season
- Takes with days to be performed
- Starting on Palm Sunday and lasting until Easter Sunday
- Inspired by Biblical stories from the Old and New Testaments
- Props are also inspired by the Biblical times
- Telon, a proscenium-type stage with painted cloths on paper backdrops, commonly used for Senakulo
set-ups

Bodabil

How it Began
- During the Japanese occupation from 1941-1945, film production country was at a standstill and
Western movies were banned
- Thus, the Filipinos were entertained by Bodabil or stage show
- Based on the French vaudeville
- Stage presentation featuring various forms: musical, comedy, and even magical acts, skits,
monologues, and acrobatics
- Vaudeville acts were first introduced to the Philippines during the American occupation and were
performed by visiting troupes
- This type of music was later on indigenized by Filipino performers, one of whom was Luis Borromeo, a
Cebuano also known as Borromeo Lou
- He had returned from America and Canada and introduced “Classic-Jazz Music”
- He coined the term “vod-a-vil” later known as Bodabil
- Began as intermission numbers in circuses or plays
- Dealt with the difference topics including Philippine heroes, people, and way of life
- Often themes of the stage shows were based on American models but featured Philippine songs
- The typical Bodabil shows would feature a mixture of performances of American ballads, torch songs,
and blues members
- During war years, it also highlighted full length plays aside from the usual comedy and musical acts
- In 1940, 20 Manila Theaters showed Bobadil
- Bodabil stars were Togo and Pugo, Bayani Casimiro, Dely Atay-Atayan, Chichay, Dolphy, Rogelia de la
Rosa, Leopoldo Salcedo and singers Katy de la Cruz and Atang de la Rama
- Queen of Bodabil — Katy de la Cruz

Evolution
- 1988, the first Bidabuk was introduced by the Manila Dramatic Guild
- Mix of songs, dances, comedy skits, and even magical performances
- Bodabil was later injected into Moro-moros and Sarswelas as an intermission number known as
jamborees
- By the 1940s, when the Japanese took over the Philippines, movie actors and actresses could no longer
appear in films, as the Japanese confiscated all film equipment. However, the Moro-moros, zarzuelas,
and Bobadil remained in the country
- Bobadil evolved to become stage shows or variety shows with a short melodrama at the end
- Venues such as the Manila Grand Opera House and the Savory Theatre became homes of Bodabil