TIME-DEPENDENT DEFORMATIONS IN UNDERGROUND WORKS Les déformations différées dans les ouvrages souterrains Zeitabhangige Verformungen in den unterirdischen Werken M. PANET Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussées (France) summary - The wall displacements and the loading of tunnel supports increase with lapse in time. This report eals with the different models which were used for the analysis of practical cases. The increase of displacements and pressures with time are brought about = on one hand, by the progress of the tunnel face, = on the other hand, by the time-dependent mechanical properties of the rock masses. The models take into account both, or separately these two factors. The rheological behavioursof rock are viscoelastic, viscoplastic or include the swelling characteristics for some type of rocks This report points out the main Himitations of the models. RESUNE ~ La convergence et les sollicitations des souténenents crofssent généralenent dans Te tenps. Ce rapport. traite des différents nodéles qui ont été effectivenent utilisés dans I'analyse de cas concrets. Liaccrotssement des déformations et des sollicitations en fonction du tenps est 40 : = d'une part 4 1a progression des travaux de creusenent, d'autre part au comportenent rhéologique des massifs rocheux. Les modeles utilises prennent en conpte ces facteurs séparément ou simultancnent. Les conportenents rreologiques sont viscoGlastiques, viscoplastiques ou font intervenir le gonflenent de certaines roches. Le rapport souligne les principales limites des modéles utilises USANNENFASSUNG Die Deformationen ent lang des Hohdrauns und der auf die Tunnelauskleidung wirkende Druck, nehmen im allgeneinen mit der Zeit zu. In diesem Bericht werden cte flr die tatsichliche Untersuchung prektischer Fille eingesetzten verschiedenen Nodelle dargestellt Die Grinde fr den Zuvachs an zeitabhingigen Verformungen und Druck sind folgende + Einerseits die Hetterentwicklung der Tunnelausbonrung, + fndrerseits die zeitabniingigen mechanischen Eigenschaften der Felsmassen. Die eingesetzten Modelle berlcksichtigen entweder nur einen der 0.9. Faktoren, oder beide zusammen. Des rheologische Verhalten ist viskoelastisch oder viskoplastisch ; er kann auch die QuelTung gewisser Felsarten einbezienen. Im Bertcnt werden die Hauptgrenzen fir den Einsatz der Modelle hervorgehoben — 279 —The rational design of underground works Support must be based on the analysis of the ground support interaction. The ultimate loading of the support 1s related to the deforsations which occur after their placement. They depend upon’ many factors: the initial state of equiliorium = the ground bens- viour = the stiffness characteristics of the support. systen ~ the excavation and support timings and Procedures. In sone cases, the final equilibrium is reached alnost immediately after the excavation on ‘the contrary, in other cases, it is clear that in- creases of deformations and foadings 0 on over a ong period of tine after excavation. These facts have been well established for instance, by the mea- Surenents carried out on old tunnels in’France. The Nont-Cenis railway tunnel, the first alpine under- ground route between France and Italy, is such an example. The most part of this tunnel has been driven in calcareous schists with an overburden sonewnere over 2500 m. About one century after cons~ truction, stresses in the masonry Tia ing measured by the flat’ jack technique, are of the order of sone Mega Pascals ; theses values are meaningful andy witnout any doubt, much larger than those existing at The end of the construction ; the masonry Vining was built far behind the excavation section and 2 Tong tine after ; the space between the ground and the Timing was poorly Blocked by unbounded rock pieces. The deformations which bring about an ine crease of the loads acting on the support are due to: + the processes of excavation = the rock mass rheological behaviour. The models which have deen developped recen- tly for tunnel support analysis have promoted a more complete understanding and a better assessment of these phenonena. For the sake of clarity, frequent reference will be made to the sinple case of a circular tunne! riven in an homogeneous and isotropic mediun ; to sfy axisyrmetry, isotropic initial stresses will also be assured. It'is, of course, unnecessary to Point out that these strong assumptions can be easily given up with the help of numerical models 1 = DEFORMATIONS CAUSED BY THE PROGRESS OF THE EXCAVATION During excavation, deformations have a pu- rely static cause, As the face is advanced, the con= aitions of equilibrium change, and convergence, rock Gisplacenents of the tunnel walls, occurs behind the face. The analysis of the convergence on a certain length benind the face is 2 three-dimensional. pro- bien which nas been analysed by nunerical models. Tt nas been shown that it is possible to consider with a sufficient approximation, considering other uncertainties, that this problen is equivalent to a plane strain problen (Fig. 1). 1 ' Elsa TRTTTTTTTTTTTT? 7 1 i 0° r= (1-08 a0 Ao exact Fig. 1 = Radial displacement and convergence of a circular tunnel behind the advancing face. — 280 —In the plane strain problem, it 4s consi dered that a radiel stress o), 1s applied on the wall of the tunnel, and is decreased gradually fron its initial value'o® to zero for an unsupported tunnel ; in this model, the face effect is replaced by a fictitious supporting pressure equal to (1 = 2) o° ie such a way to get the sane value of convergence. The face advance 4s simulated by the increment of the coefficient . The increase of the radial dis placenent up can be measured easily by the varia~ tion of the tunnel dianeter. The installation of a Support at sone distance of the face limits the convergence. In a non-viscous ground, the variations of convergence with time depends dnly on the exca~ vation speed Va for an unsupported tunnel . Assuming a linear elastic behaviour, the variation of the convergence with the distance x to the face 1s given with a good approximation by equation c= 6, [t= en ¢ # the zero measurement of the convergence, being supposed to be made at the face. From nune= ical models, it has been found X= Ore At a distance of the face keke Le C= 0,86 c at this distance, the greatest part of the conver= gence has occurred Introducing the excavation speed Ya which 4s assumed to be constant, the variation of conver- gence mith tine 13 given by: coc [r- ew (- $3] vere x mee In the case of a non-viscous elasto- plastic behaviour, the variation of the conver- gence behind the face has a similar shape and can Be approximated by @ similar equation ; however the values of the convergence are much higher and the distance of influence of the face effect is uch longer (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 = Variation of convergence with the distance to the face for a circular tunnel with @ deconpressed zone. This fact can be fllustrated by the con vergence measurenents carried out during the exca- vation of the Frejus highway tunnel between Modane (France) and Bardonnechia (Italy) : it 1s @ 12,8 km long tunnel driven in calcareous schists ; in the central section the overburden is over 1500 m ; the excavation is 12m wide ; the tunnel axis is almost parallel to the Strike of the schistosity, the dip of which varies between 25° to 50° 3 it was excavated by drill and blast method ; rock fai~ lures occured by sone sort of buckling in the area where the excavation profile is tangent to the Schistosity. The temporary support consisted in 4 to 4,5.m Tong tensioned rockbolts with a strong tnesh! The efficiency of the support was monitored by convergence measurenents with an invar distan= cémeter ; stations for convergence meusurenents, were installed at a distance between 2m and 5m away from the face and every 30m along the tunnel. ‘The final concrete Vining was placed 600 m behind the face. The convergences in the direction perpen- dicular to the schistosity were large and in some sections over 400 m. The distance of the face effect ‘can have been determined owing to the interruptions of excavation. When the excavation started again, fan acceleration of the convergence could be noticed over 2 distance of about 50 m to 70 m behind the face, that is to say about five tines the tunnel width (fig. 3). However, the influence of blasting vibrations corresponding to 4,5 = long rounds, cannot be completely put aside — 281 —Lg 3 4 ses Fig. 3 - Frejus nighway tunnel - Variations of convergences of three successive stations caused by an excavation interruption of ten days. An other most interesting case is related by WH, Ward for the Kielder Experimental Tunnel. The 3,3. m dianeter tunnel was driven ina fissile shale’ strongly bedded at intervals 25 ~ 35 mm 5 fang the overburden is about 100 m ; the unconfined Compressive strength of the shale is between 36 to 54 Wa. The tangent Young modulus at half ultinate strength varies from 4800 MPa to 14200 HPa. Fig. 4 shows clearly = first that the radial dispiacerent ‘measured 20 cm over the crown is much greater than the elastic displacement - secondly that the face effect is perceptible over a distance between 4 to 5 tines the tunnel radius. Fig. 4 ~ Kielder Experinental Tunnel. Radia? displacenents behind the face (W.H. Ward). From the two examples, given above and corresponding to very different ‘geotechnical condi- tions, it can be pointed out also, that the increase Of convergence with time 1s not only due to the face effect obviously it is necessary to take into account ‘the rheological benaviour of the rock mass 2 ~ THE RHEOLOGICAL BEHAVIOUR OF ROCK MASS - Nunerous studies have already been devoted to the application of rheological models to the sns= lysis of tine-dependent deformations of undergroune works. Most authors deal with viscovelastic models ; recently sone have introduced more sophisticated models taking into account the time-dependent defor- mations in the decorpressed zone around the tunnel, where the yield criterion has been reached: 2.1 = Viscoelastic models - In order to recall sone classical results of viscoelasticity, it is assuned that the tine exca- vation can be neglected compared to the relaxation time of the rock mass ; so it is possible to simulate the excavation by applying on the tunnel walls a ten= sile radial stress equal to ~ 4 (t) 0°, where H(t) is the Heaviside function. — 282 —2.141 = anu 1 mode - In the case of an unsupported tunnel, the increase of convergence 1s Tinear with tine. If the delayed strains are prevented by a very stiff support, a relaxation of deviatoric stresses occurs, then, the Support pressure p, =, , acting on the support, increeses asymptotically up to the initial stress o°. The long term support pressure is very large, {and may be anly possible for shallow tunnels. Maxwell and related models are mainly used for designing works excevated in salt rocks. 4) Maxwell sodet >) Convergence of an unsupported cunnel \ ai? 21 a y= Opow oO seem fiew GG] 4,0 pout> 0 Fig. 5 = Cfreular tunnel in a viscoelastic mediun witha Maxwell model. 2.1.2 ~ Kelvin Voigt model ~ With the Kelvin Voigt model, delayed strains are limited. In the case of nd support, the convergence increased with tine up to an asymptotic value. Tf 8 support with a stiffness modulus Kis installed with a delay T, after excavation, deviato- ric stresses relax, and the increase of support Pressure with tine is given by 2H me ») conver; oO p00" 0 support with a stiffness weet, Fig. 6 - Circular tunnel in a viscoelastic medium with a Kelvin Voigt model. — 283 —A Kelvin Voigt model was used to interpre- ting the results of measurenents in the experimental Sangatte tunnel driven on the French side during the Channel Tunnel studies. The paraneters introduced in the mode! were relaxation tine T = 27 days. The relaxation time was chosen in order to get the better agreement between computations and in Situ measurements. In other cases Kelvin Voigt or similar models may lead to a good evaluation of the jong term ground pressures acting on the lining 5 however, there 1s often a large discrepancy between ‘the relaxation tines measured by laboratory tests and determined from in situ neasurenents ; the latter are generally much larger. Such discrepancies were, for instance, quite important in the case of an experimental adit driven in stanpian shales in connection with the design of Marseille subway (Gaugin) In low permeability clayey rocks, time- ependent behaviour js related to the rheological Properties of the rock matrix, but aiso to consolt~ dation phenomena due to stress and pore pressure changes ‘caused by excavation. These phenonena may explained the quoted above discrepancies about rela~ zation tines. The swelling of some types of rocks fre also dependent on pore water flow. 2.1.3 ~ Swelling models ~ It is well established that the volune of clayey rocks or anhydrit can increase in presence of water. The volune increase due to. swelling can ring about pressures on the Vining ; very variable values have been proposed for swelling pressures. In Sone underground works swelling rocks. caused Severe damages to the linings ; the damages appear ‘in the crown and often in the invert with large heavings “uder, Anberg, and Grob studied the rock swelling by oedoneter tests, and found a empirical loge cena tee) The swelling process 4s stress-dependent + the volune increases with the decrease of the applied stress. For a circular tunnel in an elastic medium where the maxinal component of the initial stress, tensor is vertical, the excavation decreases the mean stress above the roof and below the invert (fig. 7) Initial stresses 8) Plane scress case BO, =°2 (4-08) LE con26 Amo ») Plane strain case 940%) n= errr) 05 «2 ora") c28 "ny <0 6% conzy> 240089). 0 ie 2a a3) Fig. 7 - Zone potentielle de gonflenent (4043 < 0) pour un tunnel a section circulaire creusé dans’ un milieu élastique 00 1"etat des contraintes initial est, anisotrope.These phenosena were analysed by Wittke with nurerical models. Inmediately after excavation, the stress field 1s computed assuming a Tinear elastic behaviour of the rock mass. The swelling is introduced in the zones where the mean stress has decreased by an interative process ; Kittke genera~ Viaed the Huder Anberg Grob's Taw of swelling with ‘the equation ey) 48 the First invariant of the strain tensor aj; is the first invariant of the stress 1 tensor This method of analysis was applied successfully for the Stuttgart subway However, it ‘rust be renarked that it gives only the final state of equilibrium, assuming that the lining 1s placed before the beginning of the swelling process. but after the development of deformations due to’ the face effect, it cannot forecast the variations of ‘the ground pressure in function of tine fous) 2.2 ~ The viscoplastic models - ,Tigezdependent deformations take place. in the so-called deconpressed zone where the rock yields. They can be measured by the displacements, betwen Fig. 8 - Kielder Experimenta Tunnel. Variations points situated in boreholes at various distances with time of relative displacements of from the wall. Such measurenents were carried out in points located above the crown of an an unsupported section of the Kielder Experimental unsupported section (Ward, Loats, Tedd). Tunnel (fig. @). Points of measurements were located in a vertical borenole sunk from the surface to inter- cept the tunnel axis ahead of excavation. The verti- cal displacesents between points at 0,30'm , 1m, 2m from the crown are much larger than the elastic | expansion of the rock and increase with tine. On the «| contrary the relative displacements between points located at 3m and 6 m are stable after a short lapse of tine, 1, The long-term deformations of the plastic zone may be caused by progressive failures. They bring about an increase of convergence. Usually the convergence speed decrease with tine ; an acceleray Bon of convergence is 2 sign of unstability. Very often, 2 good ajustnent of the variations with time. ‘of the convergence is given by a logarithmic Taw. For the tine plots of the convergences measured ony, the French section of the Frejus Tumel (about 300 curves), the logarithmic adjustment was very precise (about {/i0'an) especially for the part correspon= ding for the displecenents occurring further than the distance of face effect (60'n) until the concrete, Vining plecenent (fig: 3) z ¥ eh Fig. 9 - Frejus Highway Tunnel. Logarithmic adjust= ‘ 4 CuAeH Weg fl + ay sient of the convergence versus tine.The use of visco-plastic models was tried by different authors to analyse long term deforma~ tions in the deconpressed zone. The simplest one is the Bingham node! with 9 saint-Venant element and a Newton element in parallel ; the Saint-Venant elenent may represent a Hohr Coulond yield crite- ion. Most of time, the Binghan model gives too fast decrease of the convergence speed. G. Lonbardi used a more complex model ; it consists of two Bingham models in series (fig. 10), one represents a maxinal strength, and the other, the residual Strength criterion’; between the two erfteria, there is a creep domain. immediately after excavation, the stress field in the yield zone satisfies the maximal strength criterion ; but relaxation and creep tend to extend the yield zone in which the stress field tends to fit the residual strength criterion. G. Lombardi used this mode) in the ‘mesozoTe zone of Urseren-Garvera of the Gothard highway tunnel, where the ‘rock consists of a thinly Dedded formation of fissile shales. He got an excellent agreenent with measurenents carried out, during 125 days (fig. 11). It must de once nore remarked that the viscosity paraneters were estina- ted in order to fit the convergence measurements. The rheological behaviour of rocks in the strainesoftening phase beyond the maxinal strength in still a research thene of great interest. It Fig. 10 - Elasto-plastic rheological mode! proposed by G. Lombardi must be answered to the question of the physical significance of the rock behaviour measured in a compression test by a strain-controlled.systen ? In this particular test, if the strain is kept cons~ tant, the applied force relaxes. In the present sta~ te of knowledge, it is necessary to be careful, in ‘the use of experinental data obtained in compression tests. A better understanding of the maximal strength the residual strength and the donain between thes’ ‘must be developped. computed @) convergence versus time fara computed measured ») support pressures versus time Fig. 11 - Mesozo¥e zone of the Gothard Highway tunne). Comparisons between in situ measurements and results given by G. Lonbardi's model. — 286 —3 ~ SIMULTANEOUS INFLUENCE OF THE FACE EFFECT AND THE ROCK MASS RHEOLOGIC BEMAVIOUR ~ “In the above sections, the tine dependent Geformations due first to the face effect, secondly to the rock mass rheological behaviour,were analysed separately. To take into account both factors, the case of a circular tunnel driven in a viscoelastic, rediun will be considered. The face effect is introduced in a way Soneuhat different from that described previously. where a fictitious support pressure was decreased from tne initial stress o° to zero ; an equivalent, method proposed by Sakura will be used 5 it con sists of changing the stress at infinity according to the equation ope eay fe ew i] [bo #02 = 2g) = ex (- fa] For an isotropic elastic medium At time t= 0, x= 0, the face corres- ponds to the section and, at infinity, the stresses are taken equal to For the elastic case uy (0) = Fe linen the face is far anay from the section (x> =, t+) the stresses at infinity are taken equal to: then 2 [i O) =u, CO] #1 = 4g) EE For any value of x in the elastic case, the convergence 1s, of course, given by the Same equation as in § 1 C(x) = C, [1 = exp (- 8 c(t) = = ew ( y] Th With a viscoelastic mediun corresponding to a Kelvin Voigt model, it is possible to give an explicite solution, by using Laplace-Carsan trans forms ; the radial displacement is * u(t) 2 ag rGE 1 [i= ex 4] [b= ene $3] This equation allows to point out the main parameters % + the ratio =® relating the instantaneous shear modulus tothe long term shear modulus ~ the relaxation time T related to the rheological behaviour of the rock mass ~ the tine T, which characterizes, the excavation speed and the distance of face effect. Tt §s useful to introduce the ratio This ratio can be compared to the “viscosity K proposed by G. Lonbarat inde where d is the excavation dianeter; however it must be noticed that the parameter 1, depends. upon the distance of face effect which is not taken into account in the viscosity index kK. The convergence ¢ is given by ¢ ott) (= Rep (- = (0, + A) exp (> gy where and — 287 —Figure 12 gives the variation of conver- gence C(t) versus time for different values of the Paraneter 8 in the particular case where 2 PIP Fig. 12 - Variation of convergence with tine influence of the ratio 2 Infl the ratio These curves i1Tustrate the influence ot the parameter 6 ; the larger it is, the longer is the tine to get the convergence stabilized. If a ining with & constant stiffness is placed at a distance d from the face, the tine of the lining Placement is 7, et a Introducing : h rad OTe The long-term pressures acting on the ining is proportionnal to c= (3,) ‘They depend upon ® and 6,, and are larger when 9 is larger, and 5, smaller. Such a model was used by Sakura to study the support pressures ina section of the Setkan Tunnel in Japan during about 300 hours. The node) paraneters were I Lene Te avewusioNs - Important progresses were accomplished in the use of models taking into account the face effect and the rheological behaviour of rock masses. An a Posteriori analysis show good agreenents between models and in situ measurenents in a nunber of cases. However, rock mechanics engineers must keep in mind the following points ~ the time characteristic of the rock mass rheological behaviour is almost always determined to get the better agreenent with data given dy in situ measure ments. Tt seems that, in the present state of knowledge, there is no nethod avaitabie to give an 2 priori estimation of this paraneter. = the rheological behaviour of rock around the maxi- hal strength unti] the ultimate strength is unsufft ciently known. = precise measurements during longer periods of time han those actually available are necessary 3 they are the only ones which will allow to judge the validity of the rheological models used up to now.BIBLIOGRAPHY ~ 1 BEREST P., NGUYEN MINA D., PANET H. Contribution 8 Vétude'de Ta stabilité’d'une cavite souterral= he dans un milieu avec radoucissement. Revue Francaise de Géotechnique n° 4 (19/8) BERRY 0.5., Deformation of a circular hole driven through'a Stressed viscoelastic material. Into Rock. Mech. Min. Sci. Vol. 4 (1967) DAENEN J.d.K., FRIRHURST C., Rock failure and tunnel support Toading, Proc. Int. Symp. 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Long term measurements in under- Ground openings and their interpretation with Special consideration af the rheological beha= Viour of the rock. Int. Symp.'on Field Measure ments in Rock Mechanics = Zurich (1977) PANET M., Stabilité et souttnenent des tunnels. La mécanique des roches. appl iquée aux ouyrages de gente civil. Association Anicale des Inge= nieurs Anciens Eléves de T'Ecale Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées (1976) v PANET M., GUELLEC P., Contribution au probleme de I'etude du soutenément d'un tunnel derriére le front de taille. Proc. 3rd’ Conf. ints Soe Rock Mechanics ~ Denver. (1974), SAKURAT S., Interpretation of field measurements in undersea tunnels with the aid of mathematical ‘models. Int. Symp. on Field Measurenents in Rock Mechanics = Zurich (1977) SAVURAL S.» Approxinate tine-dependent analysis of tunnel “Support structure considering. progress ‘of tunnel face. Int. J. of for fumerical’ and Analytical Hethods in Geonechanies. 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The Institution of Mining and Metalluray ~ London (1978) Ground supports for tunnels in weak Geotechnique 28,2 WITTKE W., Fundamentals for the design and cons~ truction ‘of tunnels located in swelling rock and their use during construction of the turning loop of the Subway Stuttgart. Publications of the Inst. for Found. Eng., Soil Mech. , Rock ech. and Water ways Const, Vol. 6 Aachen (1978) — 289 —xno1104 eoujesoed eulyoew e7 — 06 Bid PueyjoD ‘Ig np jeuuny 01x0}-810}H