1) In reported speech the tenses change as follows:

present simple — past simple

present continuous — past continuous
present perfect — past perfect
past simple— past perfect
past continuous — past perfect continuous
future simple — would
can — could
The forecaster said that on the one hand it might be fine, but on the other hand it might be cold.
(Reported speech)
"On the one hand it may be fine, but on the other hand it may be cold,"said the forecaster.
(Direct speech)

2) Pam said that she had been reading the paper on the way to work the previous day and she had found
out that the number of homeless in the city had increased. She said that it was dreadful that
thousands of people lived on the streets without help from anyone.

Helen said that she had joined her local environmental group the week before and she felt great about
the fact that she would be able to help in the struggle to protect the Earth. She said that she had asked
her friends to join too and she was sure that they would also become a part of that effort.

Adam said that he didn't understand how there were countries where people threw tonnes of food
away, yet in underdeveloped countries famine was killing people in their thousands. He said that he
hoped we could all work together so that those people would have a better future.

3) 1 "There is a story about the tsunami survivors in today's paper”, Alex said.
2 "Homelessness has increased by 15% since last year", said the charity spokesperson.
3 "l wish our teacher would give us more time to finish our projects”, said Jeremy. (tense
remains the same)
4 "I'm trying to find information on global warming for my essay”, she said.
5 "You may/might have to evacuate your village if the flood waters rise, "the authorities said.
6 "There are going to be downpours tomorrow”, said the weather forecaster.
7 "l took part in a tree-planting event two weeks ago", said Carmen.
8 "If I were you, I would check the weather before going on the sailing trip”, said Sarah.
(tenses remain the same)
4) 1 the same question Word
2 if/whether
3 affirmative
4 to-infinitive
5 not

5) 1 Ian told me not to go out in the storm.

2 Vicky asked Mina if/whether she had seen that report on global illiteracy.
3 She told him to be careful when he drove on the icy roads.
4 Josh asked him how much it would cost him to have solar panels installed in his house.
5 He told me to turn off the light when I left the room.
6 Alice asked her teacher where she could find information on Tuvalu.
7 I asked them if/whether they had replaced the light bulbs in their house with energy-efficient
ones.
8 Judith told Ben not to put ditty bottles in the recycling bin.
9 I asked them if/whether they would take part in the beach clean-up the following weekend.
10 Maria asked Jane if/whether she knew what time the lecture started.

6) 1 Barry said he could take the old newspapers to the recycling centre the next day.
2 Jenny told Adam he must/had to take those clothes to the charity shop the following week.
3 I told him that he shouldn't waste so much water.
4 My grandfather said that the world used to be a much better place.
5 Sue said that Ellie must/had to be one of the most generous people she knew.
6 Mum told them that they couldn't play outside that day because it was raining.
7 The weather forecaster said that the snowfall may/ might turn into a blizzard.
8 Charles and Stella told us that they would spend their holidays in Italy that year.

7) 1 Paul advised Brad not to drive without snow tyres in those conditions.
2 Kelly begged her parents to let her go skiing the following weekend.
3 He advised me not to get too close to the fire.
4 She explained that she was late because she had missed the bus.
5 Jack promised to pick up Jill at 6:00.
6 Matthew apologised to me for lying.
7 Tina suggested taking the magazines to the recycling centre.
8 He agreed that driving to York was a good idea.
9 Mike denied stealing the bag.
10 He invited Ann to go with them.

8) 1 accused her of spreading

2 if/whether I had seen
3 she may become a member
4 wondered whether he should tell
5 did not hurry, they would
6 to dispose of
7 refused to buy those