PhD for all (Legal) Souls

A-Z on PhD(Law)

Dr Rhea Roy Mammen

 PhD for all souls
A-Z for PhD
ISBN: 978-93-5913-127-6

2023 Dr Rhea Roy Mammen

Published by: Jusfocus Research Institute,

Leiden, The Netherlands
Foreworded By
Dr. V. Shyam Kishore
Professor & Associate Dean-Academics & Research,
Alliance University, Bengaluru
Price: Your Time
Edited by: Adv. Riya R. Iype
Advocate, High Court of Kerala

Reviewed By
Dr. Gayathri D Naik
Common wealth Scholar,Assistant Professor, NLSIU, Bengaluru
Dr. S. Aarthi Priya
Assistant Professor, Government Law College, Trichy
Ms. Parvathi Balachandran
Sr. Assistant Professor, Ramaiah College of Law, Bengaluru
Ms. Deepika S.
Independent Researcher, Aspiring PhD Scholar

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Introduction

02 Background

03 Pre-admission Process

04 PhD Programme

05 Survival Tips and Tricks

06 It is all about Thesis

TABLE OF CONTENTS
07 Fellowship during PhD

Academic Integrity &

08
Seeking Help

09 Awaiting Results

10 Viva Voce

11 Post PhD

11 To the well-wishers of
12 scholars
 Part 1:
Introduction
 Preface
Welcome to the world of doctoral research! This book is a humble effort
crafted to support you throughout your PhD journey. It aims to provide
insights, tips, and advice based on the experiences and wisdom gained from
scholars who have walked this path before you.
Undertaking a PhD is a transformative and challenging endeavor. It requires
dedication, perseverance, and a strong commitment to advancing knowledge
in your chosen field. This book is designed to be your companion, offering
guidance on various aspects of the PhD process, from contemplating PhD to
a research topic to writing and defending your thesis and after.
The pages that follow delve into the intricacies of conducting research,
navigating the academic landscape, and overcoming common hurdles
encountered during the PhD journey. You will find practical strategies for
managing time, developing a research plan, conducting literature reviews,
collecting and analysing data, and presenting your findings. (At least books
that you can refer to)
Additionally, this book seeks to address the emotional and psychological
aspects of the PhD experience. It acknowledges the challenges, frustrations,
and moments of self-doubt that may arise along the way. It aims to provide
encouragement, support, and practical tips to help you navigate through
these hurdles and stay motivated.
While this book cannot provide a one-size-fits-all solution to every obstacle
that you may encounter, it strives to equip you with the knowledge and tools
required to make informed decisions and tackle challenges effectively. It is
my hope that by reading these pages, you will not only gain valuable
insights, but also find inspiration, and feel empowered to embark on this
remarkable academic journey. All the steps that are referred to in the book
have been personally experienced or are `based on practical advices received.
Remember, you are not alone on this path. Countless scholars before you
have faced similar challenges and have emerged stronger and wiser.
 Why this Book
During my doctoral studies, I found valuable guidance from those who travelled
the path before me, mentors, and books related to PhD. These sources of advice not
only enhanced my subject expertise but also provided me with transferable skills. It
is unfortunate to observe that many scholars tend to focus solely on developing
subject knowledge and neglect the importance of understanding the PhD process.
However, it is understandable given the time constraints they face.
Inspired by existing literature and aiming to share helpful tips and tricks, this book
has been written to assist not only myself but also my colleagues in navigating the
research journey successfully. I hope it proves beneficial to you.
During my journey, I found the following books particularly enjoyable and
informative:

a. "The Unwritten Rules of PhD Research" by Gordon Rugg and Marian Petre.
b. "The Craft of Research" by Wayne C. Booth and others.

These books provided valuable insights and practical advice on various aspects of
PhD research. I recommend exploring them to gain further guidance and enhance
your understanding of the research process.
May your research journey be enriching and fulfilling.

Who is this Book for!

Prospective/Aspiring Scholars
Doctoral Candidates
Post-Doctoral Candidate
Family/Friends/Acquaintance of Scholars

"Clever is the one who learns from their

own mistakes, but wise is the one who
learns from the mistakes of others."
 Foreword

It is a matter of great pride and honour for me when I agreed to pen this
foreword for this unique work authored by Dr. Rhea Roy Mammen. I have
no doubt in my mind that this book will prove to be of immense help in
introducing scholars to the world of legal research and help them find their
path through the seemingly unending ocean of legal knowledge. The book will
guide them to steer their ship through the vastness of the ocean even as it will
also help them deal with the intermittent storms that the scholars are likely to
face during their journey.
The progress of humankind can largely be attributed to a mind that is
inherently inquisitive and which makes humans therefore prone to ‘research’.
Research is thus a journey in search of the truth and culminates in the
expansion of knowledge. It is a journey embarked upon on the basis of the
knowledge we know and strives to reach or attain the knowledge yet to be
known. Ancient Indian thinkers have described this journey from apara vidya
(knowledge obtained through perception and experience) to para vidya
(higher knowledge developed by knowing the truth of existence)
Law has an important function in the modern society and research plays an
important role in every stage of the evolution of law – be it academic
deliberations, policy formulation, legislative drafting, enforcement
mechanisms or legal reforms. The quality of legal research is thus bound to
have a significant impact n the effectiveness of law in society. Therefore when
a scholar embarks upon a journey in legal research, she ought to be aware of
her responsibility towards the legal community and to the still larger cause of
humanity in general.
As mentioned in the opening words of this foreword, this book is a unique
one. While there have been many books on research methods or
methodologies, this book refrains from delving into the theoretical intricacies
of the various methods or methodologies, instead it approaches research from
the standpoint of a novice researcher. It seeks to identify the practical
challenges that a scholar is likely to face and helps scholars deal with them.
The book not only deals with the academic challenges of research but also
with the emotional and psychological challenges that a scholar is likely to face.
It is this that makes this book unique.
Dr. Rhea Roy Mammen has always been a very passionate academic. As
somebody who pursued her research while at the same time actively engaging
in administrative and teaching responsibilities at her college, even as she ably
managed her responsibilities on the personal front as a daughter, wife and
mother, Dr. Rhea is eminently qualified to author this book. I am sure that
much of the content for this book has been blended from her own personal
experiences. I congratulate her for coming out with this book and I am sure
many scholars will find this book useful for their successful journey in legal
research. I wish Dr. Rhea Roy Mammen, the book and its’ readers the very
best!

Dr. V. Shyam Kishore,

Professor & Associate Dean (Academics and Research)
Alliance School of Law, Alliance University,
Bengaluru, India.
 Part -2
Background
 What is PhD?
PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. It is an advanced academic degree that
is typically awarded in various fields of study, including the sciences,
humanities, social sciences, and professional disciplines. The PhD degree
signifies the highest level of academic achievement and expertise in a
particular field.
The PhD degree is earned through a process of a combination of coursework,
independent research, and the completion of a doctoral dissertation. It is a
rigorous and specialized program that typically takes several years to
complete, depending on the field of study and the individual's progress.
The primary focus of a PhD program is to foster independent research and
contribute original knowledge to the chosen field of study. Doctoral
candidates work closely with faculty advisors and engage in extensive
literature reviews, data collection, analysis, and the formulation of new
theories or concepts.
In addition to the research component, PhD programs often include
coursework designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field,
develop critical thinking and analytical skills, and equip students with the
necessary tools to engage in advanced research.
Upon successful completion of the PhD program, candidates are required to
defend their doctoral dissertation before a committee of experts in the field.
The dissertation is a substantial and original piece of research that
demonstrates the candidate's mastery of the subject matter and their ability to
make a significant scholarly contribution.
 What is PhD in Law?

A PhD in Law, also known as a Doctor of Philosophy in Law, is an

advanced academic degree that focuses specifically on legal research and
scholarship. It is designed for individuals who aspire to make significant
contributions to the field of law through original and rigorous research.
It typically requires candidates to have a strong foundation in legal studies,
usually attained through completion of Masters Degree in Law (As per
UGC PhD Regulation 2023, 75% in graduation is sufficient.) However,
some programs may admit individuals with relevant backgrounds in other
disciplines, such as political science or sociology, who have a keen interest in
legal research. The Doctoral degree offers individuals the opportunity to
delve deep into legal research, develop advanced analytical and critical
thinking skills, and make original contributions to legal scholarship.
Through their rigorous and specialized training, PhD holders become well-
equipped to address complex legal issues, shape legal practice, formulate
policies, and advance the understanding of impact of law on society and
Vise-versa.
 Why do we have to do PhD?

Pursuing PhD is a mostly a personal choice unless you are in academia,

where it is mandatory. In academia, there are two reasons: Passion and
compulsion. Compulsion most of the time overshadows passion, which is
disappointing but a major factor. Some of the other reasons to consider
PhD would be :

a. Expertise and Specialisation: A PhD allows individuals to gain

specialized knowledge and expertise in a specific field of study. It provides
an opportunity to delve deep into a subject, conduct rigorous research,
and become an authority in a particular area. PhD holders possess
advanced skills and in-depth understanding that can contribute to the
advancement of knowledge in their field.
b. Intellectual Growth and Curiosity: For most the pursuit of a PhD is
driven by a thirst for knowledge, intellectual curiosity, and a desire to
engage in research and critical inquiry. The journey fosters intellectual
growth, encourages independent thinking, and challenges individuals to
push the boundaries of existing knowledge.
c. Career Advancement: It is a requirement in academia to posses PhD to
advance in their career. Other career options (which will be discussed
later) includes opportunities in research institutions, think tanks,
government agencies, industry, or consulting firms, where the advanced
research and analytical skills are highly valued.
d. Leaving an Impact(a remote reason): Pursuing a PhD offers individuals a
chance to make original contributions to their field of study. By conducting
research, developing new theories or methodologies, and publishing scholarly
work, PhD holders contribute to the growth and evolution of knowledge. The
degree is mark of their contribution and thesis is the tangible form.
e. Personal Fulfilment and Achievement: Obtaining a PhD is often seen as a
significant personal achievement and a mark of intellectual
accomplishment. The process of conducting research, overcoming
challenges, and successfully defending a thesis would definitely bring a
sense of personal fulfilment, content, and achievement. (Not to forget the
salutation of Dr.added as prefix to your name)
f. Networking and Collaboration: PhD programs provide opportunities to
connect with like-minded individuals, experts in the field, and mentors who
can offer guidance as well as support. Collaboration with peers and faculty
members can lead to fruitful intellectual discussions, research
collaborations, and lifelong professional networks.
g. Personal and Professional Development: The PhD journey involves
developing a range of transferable skills such as critical thinking, problem-
solving, project management, communication, and leadership skills. These
skills are valuable not only within academia but also in various industries
and sectors, enhancing one's overall personal and professional
development.
It is important to note that the decision to pursue a PhD is a choice which
must bebe based on careful consideration of personal goals, motivations,
and the commitment. Because these reasons are going to help you pull
through strenuous times.
 Ph. D in India
There is a prevailing notion that India lacks a research culture, and it
cannot be denied that our education system often prioritizes rote learning
over curiosity-driven exploration. However, this does not mean that it has
to remain that way. There are scholars who have excelled in research,
showcasing that it is a personal choice in how one approaches their research
experience. It is also worth noting that in academia, a PhD is often a
mandatory requirement, which may lead some individuals who are not keen
on research to engage in it.
What makes research less credible in India is the lack of incentives and
opportunities for scholars to actively participate in live projects or engage
with the community. Unlike in many Western countries (based on my
personal experience in three different countries), legal researchers in India
are not often involved in practical assignments or community-based
initiatives. This neglect leaves them underutilized and disengaged, resulting
in a significant loss of knowledge and untapped research potential. It
perpetuates a vicious cycle where authorities complain about the quality of
research, scholars feel invisible and lack funding, and the community suffers
from a lack of adequate human resources and research addressing societal
issues. Breaking this cycle requires a starting point, and it is a humble
appeal to the authorities to involve scholars in specific projects that can
contribute to their PhD theses. An integrated approach that benefits all
stakeholders can be highly beneficial.

a Graduate with 75% can

directly
enroll for PhD now
Another crucial aspect is the regulations governing PhD programs. The
current regulation that does not recognize a PhD as solid experience poses a
disadvantage. However, as scholars, it is our responsibility to stay updated
with these regulations. University regulations, along with those set by the
University Grants Commission (UGC), provide guidance on the minimum
requirements for PhD programs. In many cases, UGC regulations establish
the baseline, while universities have the flexibility to impose additional
requirements.
To enhance the research culture in India and overcome these challenges, it is
crucial for authorities to recognize and address the incentives and
opportunities for scholars to engage in meaningful research. Universities
should actively promote interdisciplinary collaboration, encourage
community engagement, and provide adequate funding and resources for
research projects. Additionally, there should be a review and revision of
regulations to acknowledge and value the research experience gained during
the PhD journey.
By fostering a research-friendly environment, empowering scholars, and
aligning regulations with international standards, India can unlock the
immense potential of its scholars and create a vibrant research ecosystem
that contributes significantly to societal development and knowledge
advancement.
 Part 3:
Pre-Admission Process
PhD Admission Process
Thinking about PhD
 PhD Journey in Nutshell
The path is not as smooth as it Looks!
Just as the disconnects in the flow chart

Desire to do PhD Admission application

Research topic Test+Presentation

First year
It First presentation/
registration confirmation Literature review
is
Revised proposal Course work
a
j Second Year

o Conceptualisation Progress report/ presentation -2

u Doctrinal

r Third Year
n
Progress report
e
data analysis / interpretation Analysis/
y data collection

FINISHING LINE

Draft thesis submission/ Final presentation/ Final thesis

Synopsis submission Synopsis Presentation submission

3 months

Evaluation report
 What do you want to research ?
Research Topic

Identifying a research topic the first and the most crucial step in the research
process. Here are some steps to help you identify a research topic

A. Explore your Interests: Start by reflecting on your interests, passions,

and curiosities within the field of law. Consider the areas of law that
intrigue you or the specific legal issues that you find compelling. Think
about the aspects of law that you would like to investigate further and
contribute to through research.
B. Review Existing Literature: Conduct a preliminary review of existing
literature, scholarly articles, books, and research papers in your field of
interest. This will help you identify gaps, unanswered questions, or areas
that require further exploration. Pay attention to emerging trends, ongoing
debates, and areas with limited research.
3. Consult with Experts: Seek guidance from professors, advisors, or
experts in the field of law. Discuss your research interests and potential
topics with them. They can provide valuable insights, suggest relevant
areas of study, and help you refine your research ideas.
4. Brainstorm and Narrow Down: Engage in brainstorming sessions to
generate a list of potential research topics. Write down all the ideas that
come to mind without evaluating them initially. Once you have a
comprehensive list, review and evaluate each topic based on its feasibility,
relevance, potential impact, and available resources.

5. Consider Practical Implications: Think about the practical implications

of your research. How can your research contribute to legal practice,
policymaking, or societal issues? Consider the relevance and potential
applications of your research in real-world contexts.
6. Define Research Objectives: Clarify your research objectives. What do
you aim to achieve through your research? Are you seeking to fill a gap in
knowledge, challenge existing assumptions, propose policy
recommendations, or offer practical solutions to legal problems? Defining
clear research objectives will help guide your topic selection.
7. Refine and Focus: Once you have a list of potential topics, narrow down
your choices based on your research interests, available resources,
feasibility, and the potential for meaningful contributions. Consider the
scope and depth of each topic and select the one that aligns best with your
goals and resources.
8. Formulate a Research Question: Once you have identified a research
topic, convert it into a focused research question. A research question
should be specific, clear, and open-ended, allowing for in-depth
investigation and analysis.

Remember that the process of identifying a research topic can be iterative,

and it may require multiple iterations and refinements before you settle on
a final topic. Be open to feedback, consider the practicalities of conducting
research, and choose a topic that you are genuinely passionate about.
 Where do you want to research?

We don't have a choice of supervisor in India, but we do have the choice of

the university where we can pursue our PhD. Now, does the choice of
university matter? Absolutely! While obtaining a PhD is important, the
institution where you conduct your research also holds significance for
several reasons. However, if you find yourself unable to pursue your PhD in
a preferred institution, don't be disheartened as it is more of a preference
than a mandatory requirement.
Here are some reasons why the place of research matters:
1. International Recognition: Universities ranked in the top 500 by
Quacquarelli Symonds QS have international recognition, which adds value
and credibility to your degree. This recognition becomes important if you
plan to pursue post-doctoral fellowships, academic positions abroad, or any
other international opportunities. Even if your university is not highly
ranked, you can still have your degree validated by international agencies,
ensuring its recognition and acceptance worldwide.
2. Network Building: The people you surround yourself with during your
PhD, including your peers and faculty, play a crucial role in your academic
journey. Choosing a reputable university with a strong research community
allows you to interact with like-minded individuals who are passionate
about research and intellectual growth. This network can provide valuable
support, collaborations, and opportunities for academic advancement.
Being surrounded by individuals who view research as a means to enhance
knowledge rather than just an end goal can greatly enrich your PhD
experience.
3. Research Facilities and Resources: Established universities often have well-
equipped research facilities, laboratories, libraries, and access to a wide
range of resources, both physical and digital. These resources can
significantly enhance your research capabilities and contribute to the quality
and depth of your work. The availability of funding and research grants may
also vary among institutions, so choosing a university with ample resources
can facilitate your research process.
4. Expertise and Guidance: Reputable universities attract experienced and
knowledgeable faculty members who are experts in their respective fields.
Having access to experienced and supportive supervisors or mentors can
greatly impact the quality of your research and the guidance you receive
throughout your PhD journey. Engaging with renowned researchers and
scholars can broaden your perspectives and provide valuable insights into
your research area.
5. Academic Reputation: The reputation of the university you graduate from
carries weight and can influence future career opportunities and
collaborations. Employers, academic institutions, and funding agencies often
take into account the reputation and prestige of the university when
evaluating applicants. A PhD from a reputable institution can open doors to
a wider range of career prospects and academic collaborations.
While choosing a university for your PhD that can offer certain advantages,
it's important to remember that the quality of your research, dedication, and
contribution to the field ultimately matter the most. The pursuit of
knowledge and the impact of your research are not solely determined by the
institution, but also by your passion, perseverance, and the intellectual rigor
you bring to your work. Regardless of the university, with determination
and a commitment to excellence, you can make significant contributions to
your field of study and achieve success in your academic career.
 Research Proposal
The purpose of a research proposal is to convince the institute that the
topic is worth researching. To structure and enhance the proposal, the
following content can be included:

a. Background of the Research Topic: The introduction should provide

relevant background information about the topic, avoiding unnecessary
self-promotion. Highlight milestones and key developments that have
contributed to the research area.

b. Significance: Emphasize the significance of the research and its potential

contribution to society. Explain how the proposed study addresses an
important gap or problem in the field and how it can generate valuable
knowledge or practical implications.

c. Research Gap: Justify the research area by demonstrating that it goes

beyond a simple collection of existing literature. Acknowledge related areas
of research and literature that shed light on similar topics. Conduct a
preliminary literature review to identify gaps or limitations in existing
knowledge that the proposed research aims to address.

d. Aim and Objectives: Clearly state the aim and objectives of the research.
The objective should set the tone for the study and outline what the
research intends to achieve or investigate.
e. Research Problem: Define a specific research problem within the broad
subject area. Ensure the research problem is not overly narrow or broad,
striking a balance between focus and feasibility. For example, if the
research focuses on the Legal Education curriculum, specify a research
problem such as evaluating the effectiveness of the curriculum in preparing
competent and efficient professionals.
f. Type of Research: Indicate whether the research falls under the category
of doctrinal or non-doctrinal research. Although the design and
methodology will be further developed in the research methodology
section, having a preliminary understanding of the type of research being
proposed is beneficial at the proposal stage.

g. Research Questions and Hypotheses: While complete clarity may not be

expected at this stage, it is recommended to work on research questions
and hypotheses. Craft research questions that cannot be directly answered
from existing literature, requiring data collection or analysis. Develop
hypotheses as tentative conclusions based on existing research, focusing on
cause-effect relationships.
h. Tentative Chapterization: Provide an overview of the intended chapter
structure. Briefly outline what each chapter will cover, providing a sense of
the overall organization of the research.

i. Expected Outcome/Conclusion: Explicitly predict the anticipated outcome

of the research. Acknowledge personal biases while limiting their influence
on the expected results.

j. Research Timeline: Present a timeline outlining the planned duration of

the research, typically spanning three to four years. This demonstrates that
the research is feasible within the specified time frame and shows that the
researcher has thoughtfully planned the project. Note that the timeline is
subject to change as the research progresses.

By including the above content, the research proposal gains structure,

clarity, and a comprehensive framework for evaluation.
 Admission Test*
Refer University Regulation

Mandatory Exempted

Research
Methodology+/
Subject specific
 Admission Presentation

This is your opportunity to make a lasting impression on the panel. Let's

set aside any potential biases or personal factors that may influence the
panel's decision. Instead, focus on showcasing your abilities and making
the most of the allotted 15 minutes. It is likely that the panel members have
read your proposal, so make sure to highlight the following key areas
during the admission interview:
A. Conceptualization and Background: Rather than simply stating facts, use
the existing information to provide context and support your problem
statement. Demonstrate your understanding of the key literature and
highlight the specific gap or loophole in the current knowledge that your
research aims to address.
Example: Present a brief overview of the relevant theories, concepts, and
research findings that form the foundation of your research. Explain how
these pieces of information led you to identify the research problem.
B. Research Problem: Clearly articulate the central focus of your research
and the specific problem or question you seek to address. Emphasize the
significance of the research problem and its relevance to the field.
Example: Clearly state your research problem and explain why it is
important to investigate. Highlight the potential implications and
contributions that addressing this problem could have on the field or
society at large.
C. Significance of Research and Research Gap: Establish the social or
academic significance of your research and emphasize the existing gap in
knowledge or understanding that your study aims to fill. Support your
claims with evidence from the literature review and relevant documents.
Example: Discuss how your research contributes to the existing body of
knowledge and how it can potentially address the identified research gap.
Explain the potential impact and benefits of your research findings in
advancing the field or addressing real-world issues.
D. Methodology: Explain the research methodology you plan to employ in
your study. While errors or adjustments are acceptable at this stage, it is
crucial to demonstrate that you have conducted foundational research and
have a clear understanding of the methods you intend to use.
Example: Provide an overview of your proposed research methodology,
including data collection methods, analysis techniques, and any ethical
considerations. Show that you have considered the appropriateness of your
chosen methods and how they align with your research objectives.
NOTE: Most Universities have admission test which focuses on research
methodology and subject specific assessment, it is important to prepare
accordingly.
Remember to structure your presentation in a clear and concise manner,
providing sufficient detail to showcase your knowledge and preparedness.
Practice your presentation to ensure you effectively convey your ideas within
the given time frame. Good luck with your admission interview!
Way forward
 Part-4
PhD Programme

 Nature of PhD

Fulltime Fulltime
Part-time
(Funded) (Self-funded)

Subject to university regulations, scholars may choose to engage in legal research as

full-time or part-time researchers. One of the determining factors in this decision is the
availability of funding for research. It is unfortunate that legal research does not enjoy
the same level of financial support as technical research. However, there are specific
funding options available that cater to the field of law. It is important to note that the
availability and details of these funding options may vary. Please refer to individual
sources for more specific information and dont forget to refer UGC regulations

Spoiler: Time spend exclusively doctoral research is not treated

as experience, unless it is coupled with teaching assignment in
the same institute

PhD funding options in India

 Course work

PhD coursework is a vital component of doctoral programme, providing

students with a solid foundation in their field of study, expanding their
knowledge, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills, and equipping
them with essential research methodologies and techniques. It serves to
bridge knowledge gaps, promote collaboration and networking, improve
academic writing and communication abilities, and may culminate in
comprehensive examinations. The specific requirements for coursework can
vary with institution, but they play a crucial role in preparing PhD students
for independent research and scholarly pursuits.
While the exact coursework requirements differ among institutions and
disciplines, there are some common areas typically covered, such as:
a. Research Methodology: This course familiarizes students with various
research methods, study designs, data collection techniques, and data
analysis approaches. It helps them develop the necessary skills to design and
conduct rigorous research studies.
b. Computer Skills: In today's digital era, proficiency in using computer
software and tools relevant to the field of study is essential. Courses may
cover data analysis software, programming languages, statistical packages,
or specialized software for data visualization or modelling.
c. Research Assistantship: Some programs offer opportunities for students to
work as research assistants under the guidance of faculty members. This
hands-on experience provides practical exposure to ongoing research
projects and allows students to contribute to scholarly endeavours.
d. Teaching Assistantship: Many PhD students have the opportunity to
serve as teaching assistants, supporting faculty members in conducting
classes, grading assignments, or leading discussions. This experience
enhances their communication skills, pedagogical abilities, and
understanding of academic instruction.
e. Elective Courses: Depending on the discipline and research interests,
students may have the flexibility to choose elective courses relevant to
their specific area of study. These courses provide in-depth knowledge
and specialization within their research domain.

It is important for PhD studentsto make the best use of their

coursework, to ensure they acquire the necessary knowledge and skills
required for their research and future career aspirations. The coursework
phase of a PhD program sets the stage for a successful research journey
and lays the groundwork for scholarly contributions in the field.

LET'S THINK
PhD scholars! How was your course work?

Those yet to start, What is your expectation of course

work?
 Research Plan

A research plan is a document that outlines the proposed research project

in a structured and systematic manner. It serves as a roadmap for
conducting the research, providing a clear and organized framework for
the researcher to follow. The research plan includes details on the research
objectives, research questions or hypotheses, methodology, timeline, and
expected outcomes of the study.
Benefits of having a research plan include:
1. Clarity and Focus: A research plan helps clarify the research objectives,
guiding the researcher in staying focused on the purpose of the study. It
ensures that the research remains on track and aligns with the intended
goals.
2. Organization and Structure: A research plan provides a structured
framework for conducting the research, helping the researcher organize
their thoughts, ideas, and methodologies. It serves as a reference point
throughout the research process, ensuring that all necessary components
are addressed.
3. Efficient Time Management: By developing a timeline and setting specific
milestones in the research plan, the researcher can manage their time more
effectively. It helps in allocating time for different research activities, such
as data collection, analysis, and writing, and ensures that the research
progresses in a timely manner.
4. Methodological Guidance: The research plan outlines the methodology to
be used, including data collection methods, analysis techniques, and ethical
considerations. It provides guidance on the research design and helps
maintain consistency and rigour in the research process.
5. Effective Communication: A research plan serves as a communication tool,
allowing researchers to present their study to advisors, supervisors, or
research committees. It facilitates discussions and feedback, enabling
researchers to refine their research design and methodology based on expert
input.
6. Resource Allocation: A research plan helps identify the resources required
for the study, such as funding, materials, equipment, or collaborations. It
assists in effective resource allocation, ensuring that the necessary resources
are secured and utilized efficiently.
7. Increased Research Productivity: Having a research plan enhances
productivity by providing a clear structure and direction for the research. It
minimizes distractions and helps researchers stay focused on their objectives,
resulting in more efficient and effective research outcomes.
Overall, a well-developed research plan is essential for conducting a
successful research project. It promotes clarity, organization, and efficient
utilization of resources, enabling researchers to navigate through the
research process with confidence and achieve meaningful outcomes.
 First Year

The first year of a PhD is filled with the excitement of newness, till we settle
into reality. Generally speaking, this is a time when individuals are highly
enthusiastic and passionate. However, some may prefer to take a more
relaxed or wait-and-see approach.
With a PhD, let me warn you that it may not be as straightforward or
successful as it initially sounds. But that is not to say it is impossible.
Considering the enthusiasm and passion you have, it is crucial to make the
best use of this time for research. Take the opportunity to download all
possible literature available in your area of interest.
Once the characterization of your research is finalized, it would be great to
revise your proposal post-coursework. This will help you organize the
articles accordingly. Keep in mind that this organization is likely to change
as you progress towards the end of the first year. As you move forward,
you will gain clarity, but it is important to not lose focus.
The first year is also crucial because you are more like a revolutionary who
is driven by enthusiasm and love for the topic. There is a tendency to want
to include everything related to your topic, but this can be dangerous as it
may lead to a loss of focus and burden your research.
However, this is the reality. We often get carried away, and it is natural to
do so. It is important to ensure that your research methodology is finalized
during this time. Determine whether you will be adopting a doctrinal or
non-doctrinal research approach.
One of the common misuse is the useage of "Doctrinal/empirical research"
and seldome finding empirical research in the thesis. Scholars tend to use
the term without application mind. This has backfired towards the end of
their research especially by not able to incorporate scientific method in
research .
To avoid such errors, it is best to carefully determine the appropriate
methodology for your subject area during the first year. Both doctrinal and
non-doctrinal research have their advantages and disadvantages. Finalizing
the methodology in the first year helps implement the study effectively,
which will be reflected in the final chapter.
Another common mistake is deviating from the proposed methodology,
which can adversely affect the conclusion and suggestions chapter. The entire
contribution of your PhD is loaded into the final chapter, demanding the
utmost care and diligence. Overcoming this issue requires ensuring the right
approach from the first year.
A PhD is like a vehicle. If steered well, it can lead us to our destination;
otherwise, we may find ourselves going in circles. To navigate effectively, we
require vision and a systematic approach, especially from the first year. The
first year sets the momentum for the rest of the journey.
Even if you have already passed your first year but feel that you have lost
focus, it is never too late to realign your path. Remember, the world is fast-
paced, and time is ultimately what we make of it. A PhD is not like wine; it
should be used in a timely manner.

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 Second Year

I believe it is the slowest phase In PhD The year where you can get diverted,
distracted and delayed. It is also the year you are mostly on your own except
the periodic progress report submission etc. Now, you need to stay motivated
to survive through this stage. Life after first year is sluggish. As the first year
concludes and the tedious of coursework ends, as a scholar, you will want to
give yourself a break. Getting back from a break is going to be a self-driven,
self-regulated journey where you can move at your own pace, which is
amazing but equally dangerous. Except for the regular biannual reporting (if
you are lucky) by the university, no one is going to be on your back. At this
point, you are sure to encounter a phase called the “slug phase” in research
where everything slows down. Research is slow, reading is slow, writing is
slower, and life is a drag. It is a time when distractions can take over. It is
crucial not to stay in this phase for too long as it can take years, and before
you realize it, you’ll be at the fragile end of your submission. However, there
are a few things you can do to ensure you don’t get stuck in this phase.
a. Attend conferences: Attending conferences is a great way to stay connected
to your area of research and learn about the latest developments and trends.
It is also an opportunity to meet and network with other scholars and
potential collaborators. While some conferences may be more focused on
networking and talking, they still offer valuable insights and can help you
expand your understanding of your field.
Additionally, many conferences offer opportunities to present your research
and receive feedback from other scholars, which can be helpful in improving
your work. Be sure to plan ahead and budget accordingly for attending
conferences, as they can be expensive and time-consuming. Identify
conferences that are most relevant to your research goals and interests, and
prioritize those that offer opportunities to present and engage with other
scholars.
b.Seek mentorship and support: Pursuing a PhD can be a long and
challenging journey, and It is important to seek out mentorship and support
along the way. This can include working closely with your advisor or
committee members, seeking out mentors in your field, or joining peer
support groups or accountability partnerships. Having someone to turn to
for guidance, advice, and support can help you stay on track and navigate
the ups and downs of your research journey. Additionally, seeking out
mentorship and support can help you identify opportunities for growth and
development, and provide valuable insights and feedback on your work.
c.Take a breaks: It is important to take breaks and give yourself time to rest
and recharge. Pursuing a PhD can be intense and demanding, and It is easy
to get burnt out if you don’t take care of yourself. Schedule regular breaks
into your workday and take time off when you need it. This can help you
avoid getting overwhelmed or stuck in a rut, and can actually improve your
productivity and creativity in the long run.
d. Set realistic goals: Setting realistic goals can help you stay motivated and
focused, and avoid feeling overwhelmed or discouraged. Break your
research project down into smaller, manageable tasks, and set deadlines and
milestones for each one. This can help you make steady progress without
feeling like you’re constantly behind or struggling to keep up. Be sure to
adjust your goals and deadlines as needed based on your progress and any
unexpected challenges that arise.
e.Be open to feedback: Feedback is an essential part of the research process,
and It is important to be open to constructive criticism and feedback from
your advisors, peers, and other scholars in your field. Use feedback as an
opportunity to learn and grow, and to improve your work. Be open to new
ideas and perspectives, and be willing to revise and adapt your work based
on feedback.
f.Keep the big picture in mind: While It is important to focus on the day-to-
day tasks and milestones of your research project, It is also important to
keep the big picture in mind. What is the larger goal or contribution that
you hope to make through your research? How does your work fit into the
larger context of your field or discipline? Keeping these questions in mind
can help you stay motivated and focused, and can help you identify
opportunities to make a meaningful impact through your research.
g.Be Consistent: Slow progress is still progress, and It is important to
establish consistency in your work to avoid getting stuck in the “slug
phase” of your PhD journey. Even working on one article or one case per
day can make a difference in the long run. Treat your work like a habit,
just like brushing your teeth or taking a shower every day. Set aside a
regular time each day or week to work on your research, and make it a
priority. Celebrate small wins and progress, and don’t be too hard on
yourself. Remember that consistency is the key to achieving your goals.
Stay connected with the right scholars: While all scholars have valuable
perspectives and insights, not everyone will be the right fit for your
research goals and interests. It is important to identify and connect with
scholars who share your research interests and can provide constructive
feedback and support. This can include attending seminars or workshops
related to your area of research, joining relevant online communities or
forums, or even reaching out to scholars directly through email or social
media. Building a network of supportive and like-minded scholars can help
you stay motivated and engaged in your research, and provide valuable
opportunities for collaboration and growth. Just be sure to do your
research and vet potential connections before reaching out to ensure that
they are a good fit for your goals and interests.
h.Embrace the process: Pursuing a PhD is a long and complex process, and
It is important to embrace the journey and enjoy the process along the
way. Rather than focusing solely on the end goal, take time to appreciate
the small wins and the learning opportunities that come with the process.
Celebrate your progress, and recognize that setbacks and challenges are a
natural part of the journey. By embracing the process and staying engaged
and curious, you can maintain your motivation and momentum
throughout your PhD journey.
i.Find balance: Pursuing a PhD can be all-consuming, but It is important to
find balance and make time for other activities and interests outside of
your research. This can help you avoid burnout and maintain your mental
health and wellbeing. Consider engaging in hobbies, spending time with
friends and family, or even volunteering or engaging in community
activities that are important to you.

Remember that slow progress is still progress, and that establishing

consistency, and seeking out opportunities for growth and learning can help
you to achieve success.Remember that pursuing a PhD is a challenging but
rewarding journey, and that there are many resources and strategies
available to help you succeed. By staying motivated, seeking out support and
mentorship, building a supportive network , you can achieve your goals and
make a meaningful contribution to your field. Avoid getting stuck at “slug
phase”, and start moving now! You have got it!

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 Third Year

Alas, the third year! Well, ideally, it is the time a scholar is at the stage of
Data collection, data analysis and preparing for the submission of draft.
But it is not as common as it may sound. It is highly recommended that the
scholar targets to finish his research within three years, because no matter
what the excuse be, you are the ONLY one at loss. This year has to be
judiciously utilised to avoid any further delay. In most likelyhood, if you
have empirical in your research, it is time for full-fledged data collection
and data analysis.
Don’t panick if you aren’t there yet. It is recommended that you start now
atleast, so that PhD is not delayed beyond four years.

Extended second year

The extended second year is where you are still in the stage of
conceptualization and literature phase. It is where you are yet to develop
the analysis materials. In that case, it is time to conclude without much
delay. The extended second year ( third year) must be focused to evaluate
the literatures you have in hand and bring out the analysis stage.
As a scholar, it is natural to go on reading, but it is equally important to
draw out a conclusion.
Moving forward in your PhD is like swimming across the sea against the
waves. The destination is worth it, but it demands all the energy, efforts
and time. It iss not always easy to stand by the original plan and without
anyone’s fault, we get stuck in our PhD
One fine day, you wake up and realize that years have passed yet you are
struggling to get the momentum!
Do you find your research is at snail speed? Sometimes, it is alright to take
a pause and take a relook at the direction of your research is moving.
A scholar is likely to feel stuck for number of reasons, some beyond us. But
Let us to do what we can, with that little extra push and assistance.

Well, it is worth looking at some of the common reasons:

a. Writers block: It is as common as a common cold. The first line,
paragraph, page is always the most difficult. One effective remedy is to
START NOW!
b. Research stagnation: At times you may feel that your research has reached
a dead end. It may be in terms of literature, resources, etc.This will require
you to cut through the rock and go past the situation and one of the tool that
may used is “empirical research”.
c. Tornado effect: Over enthusiastic researchers face this quite often. As a
tornado carries everything in its radius, The researcher tends to collect
excessively and reductant materials that mayn't be directly connected to the
research. That is definitely not smart research. This dilutes the research and
takes away the quality time from your research.
d. Whirlpool effect: Twist, swirl, curve your research problem and end up
finding it difficult to decode the entire research. Well, you have lost the actual
picture but not too far from bringing it out in its actual form
e. Merry-go-round research: You go around the same topic, same article,
same challenges and it feels like you are in a loop. It is not uncommon and
before you know, you will get dizzy and frustrated.
f. Magnetic Research : As the magnet attracts everything that has iron, so
the researcher collects everything that has remote connection to area of
study. But it tends to divert the direction of the research. .
g. Data Analysis : Wondering what data to collect? How to take your
research data collection forward and what are the difficulties you may face
in data analysi. This is challenge that might require expert advice.
There are many more reasons that can hinder your research, but, none is
worth stealing your PhD from you. All you need to do is to find the right
strateg and approach and step to implement it. Develop the strategy
document, set out the time line, and start implementing it.
 Third Year/The final Year

Assuming that you have documented the literature and are progressing in
your research, it's time to focus on drafting your thesis. While the final
thesis will take its due course, having a draft is a priority for any scholar.
Here are some key points to consider during this phase:
a. Refine and Execute Your Research Plan: Concentrate on executing your
well-established research plan. Evaluate the tasks that have been
completed, identify pending tasks, set specific deadlines, and ensure the
implementation of your chosen research methodology.
Example: Review your research plan and assess the progress you have
made thus far. Determine any remaining tasks, establish clear deadlines for
their completion, and ensure that your chosen methodology is being
effectively implemented.
b. Focus on Data Analysis and Writing: Allocate time for thorough data
analysis and writing. While data collection is crucial, analysing the
collected data is equally important. If you are conducting doctrinal
research, familiarize yourself with various scientific methods of analysis
outlined in research methodology literature.
Example: Dedicate sufficient time to analyse your data, whether it's
quantitative or qualitative. Employ appropriate analysis techniques and
frameworks to draw meaningful conclusions from your data. Additionally,
prioritize writing and organize your findings and insights into a coherent
draft.
c. Bring Out a Draft: Aim to produce an initial draft of your thesis as early
as possible. And as a friend of mine said, let your draft be as perfect as
your final thesis.
Example: Begin structuring your thesis according to the standard format
and guidelines in your field. Start with the introduction, literature review,
methodology, results, discussion, and conclusion sections. While the draft
may not be perfect, it provides a foundation to build upon.
d. Seek Feedback and Leave Room for Discussion: Share your draft with
your advisor and peers to receive constructive feedback and engage in
discussions.
Example: Actively seek feedback from your advisor, committee members,
or trusted colleagues. Encourage constructive criticism and be open to
incorporating suggestions that can enhance the quality and clarity of your
thesis.
e. Revise and Edit: Remember that the draft is a work in progress. As long
as you have a solid foundation, you can refine and improve it further.
Example: Allocate time for revising and editing your draft. Pay attention
to the structure, clarity, coherence, and overall flow of your writing. Make
necessary revisions based on feedback received and conduct thorough
proofreading to ensure accuracy and proper formatting.
f. Managing Stress: The final year of a PhD can be highly stressful. Take
steps to manage stress and maintain your well-being.
Example: Prioritize self-care and find stress management techniques that
work for you, such as exercise, meditation, or seeking support from friends
and family. Remember to maintain a work-life balance and engage in
activities that help you relax and recharge.
Remember, this final phase of your PhD journey is challenging but also
rewarding. Stay focused, seek support when needed, and persevere as you
work towards completing your thesis.
 Fourth Year and Beyond
I want to encourage you rather than discourage you. There can be various
reasons for delays in pursuing a PhD such as work commitments, family
responsibilities, and other personal circumstances. It's understandable that
these factors may have pushed the PhD to a lower priority. However, at
this point, it's crucial to re-evaluate and place the PhD back on your
priority list.
If the duration of your PhD extends beyond four years, it's important to
reflect on the direction you are taking and make any necessary adjustments.
It's not necessarily about researching deeper, but rather ensuring that you
are on the right track towards completing your PhD successfully. The good
news is that it's not too late to regain control and make progress.
To regain a grip over your PhD journey, consider the following:
1. Reassess Your Goals: Take some time to review and clarify your research
goals and objectives. Reflect on the direction you want to take your
research and align it with your academic and career aspirations.
2. Time Management: Evaluate your current commitments and
responsibilities to create a realistic and manageable schedule. Prioritize
your PhD work and allocate dedicated time for research, writing, and other
related tasks.
3. Seek Support: Reach out to your advisor, mentors, and peers for
guidance and support. Discuss any challenges or concerns you may have
and explore strategies to overcome them. Their insights and experience can
provide valuable perspectives and advice.
4. Revise Your Research Plan: Review your research plan and update it if
necessary. Ensure that your research objectives and methodology align with
your research goals. Break down your work into manageable milestones
and set deadlines to track your progress.
5. Stay Focused and Motivated: Maintain a strong sense of purpose and stay
focused on your research goals. Find ways to stay motivated, whether it's
through regular progress check-ins, celebrating milestones, or seeking
inspiration from related research or academic communities.
6. Seek Professional Development Opportunities: Look for conferences,
workshops, or training programs relevant to your research area. Participating
in such events can enhance your knowledge, network with other researchers,
and gain valuable insights to strengthen your research.
Remember, each PhD journey is unique, and setbacks or delays are not
uncommon. The key is to recommit yourself, make the necessary adjustments,
and maintain a positive and determined mindset. With dedication,
perseverance, and a renewed focus, you can regain control over your PhD and
continue making progress towards your research goals

Tenting at stagnation is ok, not

when you make it your home!
 Ancillary Must Dos

The primary focus of a research study is to produce a thesis, but there are
other important aspects that should not be overlooked. These ancillary
activities include participating in conferences, pursuing publications,
engaging in collaborative projects, and connecting with the community.
Each of these activities carries its own benefits and contributes to a well-
rounded research experience.
Conferences provide an excellent platform to present your work and
receive valuable feedback from experts in the field. They offer
opportunities to network with fellow researchers, exchange ideas, and
stay updated on the latest developments in your area of study.
Publication is a mandatory requirement for most scholars, and it is
advisable not to delay initiating the publication process. Careful
consideration should be given to selecting an appropriate research topic,
ensuring the validity of the target journal, and understanding the peer
review process to enhance the chances of successful publication.
Engaging in collaborative projects allows researchers to work with others
in their field or interdisciplinary teams. Collaboration can bring diverse
perspectives, expertise, and resources to enrich the research process and
outcomes. It also provides opportunities for knowledge sharing and
potentially opens doors for future collaborations.
Connecting with the community is another valuable aspect of research. It
involves sharing your research findings, engaging with stakeholders, and
disseminating knowledge beyond academia. This can include organizing
public lectures, workshops, or participating in outreach programs.
Engaging with the community helps bridge the gap between research and
its practical applications, fostering a broader impact and relevance.
By recognizing the significance of these ancillary activities and actively
participating in them, researchers can enhance their research experience,
expand their networks, increase the visibility of their work, and contribute
to the broader scholarly community.

Thesis writing is an art, that can be learned !

 Part 5:
Survival Tips and Tricks
 Master Document

The day I started the simple practice of maintaining the Master Document,
my confidence improved commendably. Be it at the speed of a cheetah or a
snail, it is moving forward.
There is no hard and fast rule on how the document works, but I am going
to share what worked for me. When I tried to write chapter wise, it wasn’t
working very well. As there are times I read articles that could be used in the
fourth chapter, or a portion of an article that could work in the second
chapter. To move from document to document now and then was
confusing.
As a scholar, your mind will be electrocuted. There might not be a direct
connection to your thoughts or flow as you expect. When you are working
on one chapter is when you come across materials for another. While
reading through the chapters is when you have a breakthrough idea for the
conclusion chapter. Trust me, you don’t want to keep any of that for later.
To dig the gold out of a cluster mind, the master document is amazing.
The document starts with the relevant portion of your research proposal
that is relevant with chapter heads, so that every content will go into
respective chapters.
I had maintained a miscellaneous section, where I included those materials
that temporarily did not fit into a particular chapter.
Once, the document was set, every day, it was made a ritual to write 100
words into that document. There were days when I couldn’t read or write,
those days, it was time to review the document. This way, I was connected
to my topic and could develop a flow of the content. As my research had a
major portion as empirical, I had to rush through the doctrinal research.
The master document helped me through that.
The document also recorded the source of information, though, with the
discovery of Zotero, that was made easy. Along with the master document,
I had maintained an excel sheet with the materials referred for the research.
Reviewing at the end of the week, gave a level of satisfaction and
accomplishment.
Therefore there are multiple benefits to maintaining such a document:
a. Recording of materials and contents with their sources
b. progress tracking
c. Timely review
d. Sense of accomplishment and achievement
e. Comprehensive document of your research
Once the document is developed, it is easier to bifurcate it to chapter
documents later.
Good or bad, you will have some documents to work towards your thesis.
 30 minutes every day
Is it hard? I mean, is it difficult to dedicate just half an hour every day
from the very beginning as a regular habit? Considering the time
commitment required, it seems manageable for anyone to invest just 30
minutes daily into something meaningful. The key lies in maintaining
consistency, as that consistency can yield remarkable results.
There is a book titled "Writing a Dissertation in Fifteen Minutes a Day:
Guide to Starting, Revising and Finishing Doctoral Studies", which I
believe offers valuable insights. Although the specifics of the book are not
mentioned, it likely emphasizes the power of dedicating short but
consistent periods of time to a task or activity.
One of the most impactful suggestions I received came from my guide or
advisor, who recommended writing 300 words every day. This advice
came after my first presentation, and I took it seriously, recognizing the
value of guidance from experienced individuals. Following this routine
proved to be highly beneficial for me.
By the time of my second presentation, I had already drafted the first four
chapters of my thesis, amounting to approximately 150 pages. This
progress was a direct result of the daily writing habit I had developed.
Notably, the routine enabled me to submit my draft promptly upon
completing my third presentation.

In essence, dedicating just 30 minutes each day for PhD can lead to
significant accomplishments over time. By implementing this consistent
practice, I was able to make substantial progress in drafting my thesis.
The key takeaway is the power of consistency and the transformative
impact it can have on one's productivity and achievements."
 Thesis Structure:

It is interchangeably used as synopsis sometimes. But it differs in the

structure and purpose. A synopsis can be drawn from the thesis structure.
A thesis structure is just the heads and sub-heads that will be included into
the thesis. And this is usually done by the first half of second year. The
structure is one of the simplest yet powerful tool for thesis writing. Though
it sounds easy, this requires a strong grip over literature and clarity in the
research.
1. Organization and Clarity: A thesis structure helps you organize your
thoughts and ideas in a logical and coherent manner. It provides a clear
framework for presenting your research findings, arguments, and
supporting evidence. This organization enhances the readability and
understanding of your thesis for both yourself and your readers.
2. Guided Writing Process: With a defined structure, you have a
roadmap for writing your thesis. It helps you stay focused on the main
objectives and ensures that you cover all the necessary components of your
research. This guidance saves time and minimizes the risk of missing
important elements in your thesis.
3. Coherence and Cohesion: The structure ensures that your thesis
maintains coherence and cohesion throughout. Each section and subhead
contribute to the overall narrative and supports the main research
objectives. This coherence makes your thesis more persuasive and
strengthens your arguments.


4. Highlighting Key Points: By having a clear structure, you can

effectively highlight the key points and findings of your research. It
enables you to emphasize the significance of your work and showcase the
main contributions you have made to the field. This highlighting ensures
that your research stands out and is easily recognizable to readers.
5. Efficient Revision and Editing: A well-structured thesis facilitates the
revision and editing process. With a clear outline of the different sections,
it becomes easier to review and refine each component of your thesis. This
efficiency saves time and allows you to focus on improving the content,
language, and overall quality of your work.
6. Consistency and Completeness: The structure helps maintain consistency
and completeness in your thesis. It ensures that all necessary components,
such as introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion,
and conclusion, are included and adequately addressed. This completeness
enhances the overall strength and integrity of your research.
7. Adaptability and Flexibility: While a thesis structure provides a
roadmap, it is not set in stone. It can be adapted and modified as you
progress in your research journey. As new insights and findings emerge,
you can make necessary adjustments to the structure to accommodate
these changes. This adaptability ensures that your thesis remains relevant
and up-to-date.
In summary, a well-defined thesis structure offers numerous benefits,
including organization, guidance, effective communication, coherence,
highlighting key points, efficient revision, consistency, completeness,
adaptability, and flexibility. By investing time and effort in developing a
strong structure, you lay a solid foundation for a successful and impactful
thesis.
 Presentation Structure

When it comes to presentation style, it varies from person to person.

However, it is crucial to remember that you have a limited timeframe of 20-
30 minutes to convince the panel about your research, demonstrate your
progress, and defend your work if necessary. To make the most of this
time, consider the following tips:
a. Prioritize Key Areas: Instead of attempting to cover every detail from
your progress report or thesis (assuming the panel has already read your
work), focus on the key areas that are most important. This typically
includes conceptualization, research methodology, findings, conclusion,
and suggestions. Emphasize the significant aspects of your research to
convey a clear and concise message.
b. Manage Time and Practice: Keep track of time during your presentation
and ensure that you practice with a scripted presentation. As a scholar,
there may be a temptation to share every bit of information you obtained
during your research. However, it is essential to be selective and provide
the essence of your work. Practice will help you refine your delivery,
manage time effectively, and present your research with confidence.
c. Maintain Coherence: Ensure that your objective and research questions
are seamlessly connected throughout the presentation. Demonstrate how
each aspect of your research aligns with your overall objective, and how
your findings address the research questions. This will help the panel
understand the purpose and relevance of your work.
d. Be Specific about Testing: When discussing your research
methodology, be specific about the testing or evaluation methods
employed. Clearly explain the techniques or tools you used to gather
data, analyse it, and draw meaningful conclusions. Providing details
about your testing process demonstrates your methodological rigor
and enhances the credibility of your findings.
Remember, your presentation is an opportunity to showcase your research
and engage the panel in a meaningful discussion. Structure your
presentation in a logical manner, focusing on the most crucial aspects of
your work. By being concise, coherent, and well-prepared, you can
effectively communicate the significance of your research and demonstrate
your expertise in the subject matter.
 Technological Support

Legal researchers today have access to a wide range of technological tools

and resources that can enhance their research process and support their
work. It is a reality that we are competing with technology and there is
absolutely no point trying to fight it. These tools, if used rightly can
enhance your research experience.
Here are some commonly used technological supports for legal researchers:
1. Online Databases and Research Platforms: Legal researchers rely on
online databases such as Westlaw, LexisNexis, HeinOnline, and JSTOR to
access legal journals, court cases, statutes, regulations, and other legal
resources. These platforms offer advanced search capabilities, allowing
researchers to efficiently find relevant legal materials.
2. Digital Libraries and Open Access Resources: Digital libraries like
Google Scholar, SSRN (Social Science Research Network), and
institutional repositories provide access to scholarly articles, research
papers, and preprints. These resources are helpful for staying up to date
with the latest legal research and accessing works from various disciplines.
3. Citation Management Tools: Citation management tools like Zotero,
Mendeley, and EndNote assist legal researchers in organizing and
managing references. These tools allow researchers to collect, organize,
annotate, and cite sources, automating the citation process and ensuring
accuracy in bibliographies.
4. Text Mining and Natural Language Processing (NLP) Tools: Text
mining and NLP tools can assist legal researchers in analysing and
extracting insights from large volumes of legal texts. These tools use
algorithms to identify patterns, relationships, and key concepts within legal
documents, facilitating efficient data analysis and research synthesis.
5. Legal Research Apps and Mobile Tools: Mobile applications like
Fastcase, CaseMine, and Westlaw mobile provide legal researchers with
access to legal research materials, including cases, statutes, and regulations,
on their smartphones or tablets. These apps enable researchers to access
legal information on the go.
6. Document Management and Collaboration Tools: Cloud-based document
management tools like Google Drive, Dropbox, and Microsoft OneDrive
offer secure storage and easy sharing of research materials, allowing legal
researchers to collaborate with colleagues and advisors more effectively.
7. Data Analysis Software: Legal researchers conducting empirical research
or analysing quantitative data may use data analysis software such as
SPSS, Stata, or R to analyse and interpret their data, conduct statistical
tests, and generate visualizations.
8. Research Note-taking and Organization Tools: Tools like Evernote,
Microsoft OneNote, or Trello help researchers capture and organize their
research notes, ideas, and project timelines. These tools allow for easy
categorization, tagging, and cross-referencing of research materials.
9. Virtual Research Environments and Virtual Collaboration Tools: Virtual
research environments, such as ResearchGate and Academia.edu, provide
platforms for sharing research, connecting with scholars worldwide, and
participating in academic discussions. Additionally, virtual collaboration
tools like Slack, Microsoft Teams, or Zoom facilitate remote
collaboration and communication among researchers and research teams.
10. Academic Writing Tools: Writing and editing tools like Microsoft
Word, Grammarly, and Hemingway Editor assist legal researchers in
enhancing their writing style, grammar, and clarity. They provide
suggestions for improvement, check for plagiarism, and help streamline
the writing and editing process.
11. Data testing: There are multiple platforms from basic Microsoft sheet
to SPSS, python as data analysis tools for testing.
These technological supports empower legal researchers to efficiently
gather information, manage research materials, collaborate with peers,
analyse data, and produce high-quality research outputs. However, it is
important for researchers to critically evaluate the reliability, accuracy,
and relevance of the digital resources they utilize and to combine
technological tools with critical thinking and traditional research
methodologies.
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 Progress Mapping

Progress mapping is a vital aspect of a scholar's success, yet it is an area

that is often overlooked. The concept is quite simple: progress mapping
involves periodically evaluating the scholar's advancement in their
research journey. It entails systematically studying the milestones achieved
and identifying the tasks that are still pending. While there are various
methods for engaging in progress mapping, ranging from basic Excel
sheets to more sophisticated applications, it is worth considering the
benefits before discussing the means of progress mapping.
i. Staying Organized: In a self-paced program like a PhD, staying
organized is crucial for success. Progress mapping serves as a valuable tool
in maintaining organization within our PhD work. By tracking progress
regularly, scholars can keep a clear overview of their research journey,
ensuring that tasks are completed in a timely manner and allowing for
efficient time management.
ii. Managing Deadlines: Self-imposed deadlines can be easily disregarded
without accountability. In the context of a PhD, where scholars often have
autonomy over their schedules, progress mapping plays a crucial role in
managing deadlines. By monitoring progress, scholars can set realistic
deadlines, track their progress towards meeting those deadlines, and
ensure timely completion of various research tasks.
iii. Identifying Challenges: Progress mapping provides an opportunity to
identify challenges or bottlenecks that may impede progress. By assessing
the milestones achieved and pending tasks, scholars can identify areas
where they may be facing difficulties, and take proactive measures to
address them. This self-assessment helps in refining research strategies,
seeking appropriate support, or adjusting research plans as needed.
iv. Celebrating Achievements: Progress mapping allows scholars to
celebrate their accomplishments and milestones along the research
journey. It provides a visual representation of the progress made, offering
a sense of achievement and motivation. Recognizing and appreciating
one's own progress can be instrumental in maintaining enthusiasm and
dedication throughout the PhD process.
By incorporating progress mapping into their research routine, scholars
can harness these benefits. Whether through simple methods like using
spreadsheets or utilizing specialized applications, the key is to find a
system that works best for individual needs and preferences. The ultimate
goal is to maintain clarity, accountability, and motivation in the pursuit of
research excellence.
In conclusion, progress mapping is a valuable practice for scholars
pursuing a PhD It contributes to organisation, deadline management,
problem identification, and overall motivation. By regularly evaluating
their progress and addressing any challenges, scholars can enhance their
efficiency, productivity, and ultimately achieve success in their research
endeavours."
 Emotional Survival
While there are many tips and tricks available to navigate the various
aspects of a PhD journey, it is important to acknowledge the emotional
strain that often accompanies this pursuit. For some fortunate individuals,
the PhD process may appear to be a smooth ride, but for most, it can be
associated with feelings of anxiety, frustration, and emotional exhaustion.
Although the journey is ultimately fulfilling and satisfying, it is crucial not
to overlook the toll it can take on one's emotional well-being.
The emotional strain experienced during a PhD can be attributed to
several factors. First and foremost, the high expectations placed upon
oneself can lead to immense pressure and self-doubt. The desire to produce
original and valuable research, meet academic standards, and excel in one's
field can create a constant sense of stress and anxiety. Additionally, the
inherent nature of research, which often involves setbacks, uncertainty,
and the possibility of encountering unexpected challenges, can further
contribute to emotional strain.
Furthermore, the PhD journey often coincides with personal
responsibilities and commitments outside of academia. Balancing family,
relationships, or even raising children alongside the demanding workload
of a PhD can add an extra layer of emotional burden. This juggling act
requires significant time management skills and the ability to prioritize
effectively, which can be emotionally taxing.
It is important to recognize that the emotional strain experienced during a
PhD is normal and valid. It is a significant undertaking that pushes
individuals to their limits intellectually, emotionally, and sometimes even
physically. It is crucial to prioritize self-care, establish support networks,
and develop coping strategies to navigate these challenges.
To make the journey easier, it is essential to plan and structure your PhD
effectively. This includes setting realistic goals, breaking down tasks into
manageable steps, and allocating time for self-care and relaxation.
Developing a support system, which may include mentors, advisors, peers,
or loved ones, can provide a valuable outlet for expressing emotions,
seeking guidance, and receiving encouragement.
Seeking professional help, such as therapy or counselling, can also be
beneficial in managing the emotional strain associated with a PhD program.
A trained professional can provide strategies for stress management, offer a
safe space for discussing challenges, and assist in developing resilience and
coping mechanisms.
Remember, while the emotional strain of a PhD can be overwhelming at
times, it is important to persevere and remind yourself of the passion and
purpose that drove you to pursue this journey. With proper planning,
support, and self-care, you can successfully navigate the emotional challenges
and emerge stronger and more resilient on the other side. Also please
remember, it is normal and just because of the struggle, you don’t have to
give it up.

Research is a mind game, and its easy to get

lost ,I not cautious!
 Surviving Roadblocks

Research is an inherently challenging endeavor, and while the journey

may not always be smooth, it is through overcoming these challenges
that we truly feel a sense of accomplishment. During my interactions
with fellow scholars, I discovered that the most common challenges they
faced were not necessarily the most complex aspects of their research,
but rather the day-to-day obstacles that hindered their progress. Here
are some of the common challenges mentioned:
a. Time Management: Effective time management is crucial for success.
Each person has 24 hours in a day, but how those hours are utilized
varies based on responsibilities, support systems, and circumstances. It is
important to recognize that a PhD requires dedicated time and
commitment. Establishing a determined mindset and squeezing in a
consistent two hours of work each day, regardless of the speed of
progress, is key. Even if progress feels slow, it is essential to keep moving
forward.
b. Formatting Document: Formatting the document can be a technical
challenge, but it is manageable. It is advisable to address this task once the
thesis is in draft form, except for footnoting. It is crucial not to leave
footnoting for last, as it is easy to forget. Utilize citation management tools
such as Zotero or Mendeley to assist in formatting. Allocate around two
weeks for formatting the document, which should be sufficient. Consider
seeking expert proofreading or involving an external member for this stage,
as their objective perspective can be valuable.
c. Identifying Literature: Identifying relevant literature can be
overwhelming due to the vastness of research topics. One approach is to
search for keywords related to your research, limiting them to around five
to maintain focus. If the literature appears limited, it may indicate a novel
research area, which could be an opportunity to explore qualitative
research methods to further contribute to the field.
d. Lack of Opportunity to Discuss the Topic: Finding opportunities for
meaningful discussions about your research topic can be challenging. While
no one may be as enthusiastic about your research as you are, it is crucial
to seek clarity through discussions. Friends, family, and fellow scholars are
often the first choice for such conversations. However, there may be
concerns about someone stealing your novel ideas. Joining research
communities on social media platforms or reaching out to scholars in
similar areas at different universities can provide valuable insights and
opportunities for discussion. Although challenges exist, taking calculated
chances is part of the process. If everything else fails, feel free to reach out
to me—I promise not to steal your topic.
e. Guidance: The relationship with your guide can greatly impact your
research journey, but individual experiences vary, and it is difficult to
provide universal advice. Seek guidance and support from your advisor,
maintaining open communication and clarifying expectations.
f. Writer's Block: Writer's block is a common challenge that researchers
face, but they can overcome with timely detection and intervention. Once its
recognised, take steps to break free from it. While it may initially seem
difficult, as soon as you get past the second page, the flow of writing will
gradually return. Remember that research should not be ignored; without
attention, it may perish and fade away. If you truly desire to pursue it, view
these challenges as opportunities to grow and develop as a researcher.
g. Dealing with University Regulations: Navigating university regulations
and administrative procedures can be a hurdle in the research journey.
Familiarize yourself with the specific regulations relevant to your program
and seek guidance from department administrators or senior scholars who
have experience with these processes. Stay organized and ensure that you
fulfil all the necessary requirements within the given timelines.
h. Overcoming Self-Doubt and Imposter Syndrome: Research often brings
moments of self-doubt and imposter syndrome, where you may question
your abilities and feel inadequate. It is crucial to recognize these feelings as
common experiences among researchers and remind yourself of your
accomplishments, strengths, and the value of your unique perspective. Seek
support from peers, mentors, or support groups to overcome these
challenges.
i. Balancing Personal and Professional Commitments: Managing personal
responsibilities alongside the demands of a PhD can be overwhelming. It is
essential to establish a healthy work-life balance and set realistic
expectations. Communicate openly with your loved ones about your
commitments and the challenges you may face. Delegate tasks, seek support
from family and friends, and create a schedule that accommodates both
your personal and professional obligations.
j. Seeking Emotional Support: PhD journeys can be emotionally taxing, and
it is crucial to seek emotional support when needed. Connect with fellow
researchers, join support groups or forums, or consider therapy or
counselling services provided by your university. Sharing your experiences,
challenges, and successes with others who understand the research process
can provide valuable emotional support and encouragement.


Research is a choice that comes with inherent

challenges. However, with effective planning,
determination, and a positive mindset, you can
overcome these obstacles and turn them into
opportunities for personal and academic growth.
Embrace the journey, stay resilient, and let your
passion for research guide you to success.
 Part-6
It is all About Thesis

 Thesis Writing: Overview

Have you ever wondered what a PhD is all about? Well, it revolves around
the thesis and the challenge of summarizing years of work within the
prescribed page limit. After dedicating 3 to 5 years to a research project,
condensing it into a coherent document can be difficult. The way you
record and present your work becomes crucial, as no matter how significant
your findings are, if they are not effectively communicated, their value can
be lost.
Remember the master document we discussed earlier? That document
eventually takes the form of a thesis. I cannot emphasize enough how
helpful it will be. It all begins with the first line, the first page, and the first
chapter. I personally believe that the thesis should be the primary focus for
every scholar. While we may start with a revolutionary idea, it's essential to
remember that, in the end, we are PhD scholars and researchers. Make sure
to establish this perspective from the outset.
One trick that saved my research was writing the introduction chapter once
the conceptualization and historical chapters were completed. This
approach helped set the stage for my research. Although there is another
school of thought recommending that the introduction chapter be written
last, I disagree. (You are free to choose your approach.)
The structure of my thesis followed a broader perspective, which included
the following elements:
• Introduction
• Conceptualization
• History
• Comparative/regulatory analysis (if applicable)
• Data Analysis
• Findings
• Conclusion and Suggestions
While these chapter names may not have been the exact as mentioned, they
encompass the overall content of the thesis. The synopsis mentioned in the
previous section acts as a guiding principle throughout the thesis-writing
process.
So, from my perspective, the formula for success is:

Master document + Synopsis = Thesis

Once I had collected my materials and findings, the next challenge was
how to present them effectively. Apart from aesthetics, it is crucial for each
chapter to flow seamlessly into the next. One common criticism I have
heard during the final presentation is the lack of connection between the
first and last chapters. Often, we start with a specific objective, end up
somewhere else, and fill the gaps with content. To avoid this, researchers
can keep the following pointers in mind:
a. Revisit Chapter One: It's essential to revisit the research problem,
objectives, and research questions on a regular basis. As scholars, we often
get carried away with our research and collect remotely related materials.
Regularly revisiting Chapter One helps maintain focus and coherence
throughout the thesis.
b. Avoid Congestion: Chapters should not be overloaded with information.
Chapter 3 should have a clear connection to Chapter 4, so it is crucial to
choose an appropriate ending. Although this may seem obvious, it is a
common mistake that researchers make.
c. Maintain Conceptual Continuity: It can be frustrating for readers when
concepts are scattered throughout the thesis. When discussing topics like
international obligations or practices, ensure they are concluded before
moving on to another topic.
There are more pointers to keep in mind, but remember, your thesis is a
reflection of your work, so approach it with passion. Another common
issue, including my own, is grammatical errors. While it is challenging to
avoid them entirely, it is important to take steps to minimize mistakes.
Personally, I found Grammarly helpful for writing and had my thesis
professionally proofread before submission. Although perfection is a myth,
ensuring smooth reading without interruptions is crucial. Evaluators
already have the task of assessing the thesis; let's not frustrate them further.
One of the scariest parts, in my experience, was footnoting. Citing every
source in the appropriate places can be overwhelming. However, tools like
Zotero or Mendeley can greatly simplify the process. Embrace technology
and use tools like Evernote, sticky notes, or pop-up markers to make your
life easier.
Another daunting task is formatting. Creating templates in word can be a
game-changer. Neatly formatted work is reader-friendly and leaves a
positive impression on evaluators. While content is the priority, imagine
the best food being served in unwashed dishes - a well-formatted thesis is
equally important.
It's important to seek examples of theses submitted to your university and
learn from them. Some examples will show you what not to do. Dedicate a
month or two to crafting your own thesis, and the effort will pay off in the
end.
 Literature Review
Literature review goes beyond merely listing out relevant literature in the research
area; it involves identifying research gaps, formulating research questions, and
shaping the overall research methodology and content. It serves as a critical
foundation for the research process, providing a comprehensive understanding of
the existing knowledge and informing the direction of the study. Through a
literature review, researchers can identify key concepts, theories, and
methodologies used in previous studies, evaluate the strengths and limitations of
existing research, and identify areas where further investigation is needed.
The literature review helps researchers identify gaps or unanswered questions in the
existing body of knowledge, which becomes the basis for formulating research
questions and objectives. By analysing and synthesizing previous research findings,
researchers can build upon existing knowledge, propose novel approaches, and
contribute to the advancement of their field. The literature review also aids in
developing the research methodology by providing insights into appropriate
research designs, data collection methods, and analysis techniques that align with
the research objectives.
Moreover, the literature review is instrumental in establishing the context and
theoretical framework for the study. It helps researchers situate their research
within the broader academic discourse, demonstrating their familiarity with
relevant theories, concepts, and empirical studies. By critically analysing existing
literature, researchers can identify areas of agreement, disagreement, or
controversy, which can further inform the rationale and significance of their
research.
"Literature review in Legal research" , How is it different from literature review in
any other discipline? Well! The principle stays the same (that's the purpose) but it is
more tedious and require a systematic approach. The voluminous literatures in
different forms makes the review tiresome compared to other disciplines. Legal
research is not restricted to books, journals alone, but extends to other forms such
as case laws, statutes, reports etc. It is for this reason, there are some dedicated
texts on conducting literature review that was referred to for this blog.
One of the prominent literatures in this regard being "Legal Research: How to Find
& Understand the Law" by Stephen Elias and Susan Levinkind: This book is a
comprehensive guide to legal research and includes a section on conducting a
literature review in legal research.
literature review is a critical evaluation and analysis of existing
literature (books, articles, journals, etc.) on a particular topic or research
question. It aims to identify relevant and credible sources, summarize
the key findings and arguments, and provide a comprehensive overview
of the current state of knowledge in a specific field.

Purpose of literature review

Especially in Legal research, Literature review holds a special position. before
that , the prime objective/ purpose of literature review are:
a. Identify and summarize the current state of knowledge on a specific legal topic
or research question: It provides a foundation for further research by
summarizing and analyzing existing legal literature on a topic. This helps
researchers to understand the current state of knowledge
b. Tool to identify the research gap: This is the One! It helps the scholar to
identify the grey area in research (the research gap) that the current research
will be covering. This provides lead to justification of the research area.
c. Evaluate the quality and credibility of legal sources: It helps researchers to
determine the validity and reliability of the sources, and to identify any biases
or limitations.
d. Helps to formulate the research question/ hypothesis and research
methodology: Literatures those In support of the research will help to develop
the research .
Ultimately Literature review has dual role : The literature that helps to identify
the research gap and the other that supports in the research.
 Reporting Literature Review
Ah ha! Allas the important part - reporting or documenting the literature
review. There are different methods that is followed in literature review.
a. Chapter wise review: Some would report the literature based on the
chapterisation (especially for PhD and Post Doctoral fellowship)
b. Academic discussion : Especially for articles, proposals, write ups,
literature reviews are recorded in the body of the text as academic
discourses. Where they provide the reference in the citation and emphasis
is on the prominent authors.
c. Thematic : Every research has a key word connected, and it is very
common that each can be used as heads for reporting literature review
d. One running text: Some would prefer (rather institutions) would prefer
where literatures are discussed as one running text.
Now the question is, how is recorded? Is it simply recording the summary
of the literature? NO
The whole idea is to gather the take away from the existing literature and
show casing how it is connected to your research and what is the missing
area in that literature.

Sad news: literature read, but not written is no

literature for PhD
Whats goes into the chapter, Determines
what comes from the thesis!

Lets take a look

 Introduction Chapter

The most important chapter in a thesis.

Three major components

What to write

How to write

When to write
 When to write

WHEN! It is interesting that the "Introduction" chapter has sparked discussions

in the research community regarding when it should be written. The timing of
writing the introduction chapter is crucial and there are multiple schools of
thought on this matter:
1. Writing the introduction chapter last.
2. Writing the chapter first.
3. Writing the chapter in the middle.
These are the typical positions regarding writing a chapter.
In my experience, writing the introduction chapter after conceptualization and
the foundation chapter has proven to be beneficial. Here are some reasons
supporting this approach:
Firstly, establishing a solid conceptual foundation is crucial in any research. It
helps frame the research problem and sets the tone for the study. By developing a
clear understanding of the existing legal framework, we can grasp the legislative
mindset pertaining to the problem at hand, thereby identifying research gaps
effectively.
Secondly, finalizing the research methodology is important to ensure focused and
effective research. By determining the appropriate research methodology, we can
avoid deviations during the study and maintain a coherent approach.
The introduction chapter serves as a guiding star throughout the research
journey. It should clearly outline the scope and direction of the research, acting as
an anchor to keep the study on track and prevent it from veering off course.
However, it is important to note that alterations may still be necessary as the
research progresses. Additional literature may be incorporated into the literature
review and background section. Nevertheless, major changes to the research
design should be approached with caution to maintain the integrity of the study.
The introduction chapter should serve as a synopsis of the thesis, evolving as
you progress through the research process. It should encompass an
understanding of the research background, identification of the research
problem, methodology, and preliminary conclusions.
Introduction chapter allows readers to anticipate what to expect from the
document. Considering the length of a comprehensive thesis, which often spans
hundreds of pages, it is important to engage readers and pique their interest from
the very beginning.
Remember, the introduction chapter plays a vital role in setting the tone and
expectations for the entire thesis. Take care in its construction and ensure that it
aligns with the overall research direction, providing a solid foundation for the
subsequent chapters.

How and what to write

"What is written in the introduction chapter sets the tone of the thesis. It
establishes expectations for readers, panelists, and evaluators. Therefore, it is a
crucial part of the thesis that requires careful attention and caution.
Now, let's discuss what should be included in the introduction chapter.
a. Introduction & Background: Provide an overview of the broad subject area of
the research and the motivation behind conducting the study.
b. Significance: Highlight the potential research contribution and the impact it
can have on the existing body of research and society. Emphasize the relevance
of the research.
c. Literature Review: Divide the literature review into two parts:
• Identify the literature that helps the scholar identify the research gap.
• Acknowledge the existing literature that has supported the scholar throughout
the research journey.
d. Research Gap: Identify the research gap that the current study aims to
address, building upon the literature review.
e. Research Problem/Research Statement: Summarize the research problem or
issue to be addressed in one or two sentences.
f. Aims and Objectives: State the aim of the research and the expected outcomes
or purpose. Be cautious not to introduce bias into the research.
g. Research Design: Describe the research methodology, including hypotheses,
research questions, and the mode of data collection.
i. Hypotheses ii. Research Questions iii. Research Methodology
iv. Research Methods
Provide a justification for the specific research method and its correlation with
the research area. Further details can be elaborated in respective chapters.
h. Sample Design: Explain the population size, sample size, and rationale
behind the sample size selection. Justify the chosen sample design.
i. Analysis: Specify the type of analysis, whether it is doctrinal or non-doctrinal.
Provide scientific justification for the chosen analysis method. For example,
mention if it is doctrinal analysis, thematic analysis, or non-doctrinal analysis
such as T-test or ANOVA.
j. Chapter Summary: Include a half-page write-up summarizing each chapter.
k. Scope and Limitations: Define the scope of the research to avoid unnecessary
interpretations and discussions. Clearly state the boundaries of the research.
Remember, it is crucial to maintain clarity and specificity throughout your
introduction chapter. The logical sequence and rationale of your research
should be evident."
 Research Methodology
This is not a research methodology book, but I would like to share some
simple tricks that helped me understand the concept. One of the trickiest
aspects of legal research is having a firm grip on research methodology. As
legal researchers, we often overlook the importance of research
methodology. We forget that what sets apart a doctoral study from other is
the research skills acquired over the years. The scientific methods we adopt
elevate our thesis. However, I must emphasize the importance of referring to
authentic research books. Some that have helped me are listed below:
A. C. R. Kothari - Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques, New
Age International Publisher
B. Willem H. Van Boom, Pieter Desmet, and Peter Mascini (Eds.) -
Empirical Legal Research in Action, EE Publishing
C. Peter Cane and Herbert M. Kritzer (Eds.) - Oxford Handbook on
Empirical Legal Studies, Oxford University Press
D. Zina O’Leary - Little Quick Fix (24 series), Sage Publication

Research methodology comprises various components that require careful

consideration. As a scholar, after the initial readings, it is essential to identify
the type of research. However, before determining the methodology, a strong
foundation must be laid. This includes formulating the research questions,
hypothesis, and research objectives. Once these are established, it becomes
easier to determine the nature of the research. It is advisable not to keep
altering them to avoid confusion. Take the necessary care and due diligence
to have them approved by the research committee or your guide to ensure
effective research.
Research is a quest for knowledge, and each research journey is unique and
personal to the scholar. Similarly, the research methodology chosen will be
specific to each individual. Each person's destination is different, but scholars
must be careful in choosing the right path to avoid unnecessary struggles and
deviations. A strong research design determines the path. It is crucial to develop
the appropriate design that aligns with the research objectives.
In research design, the nature of research and the methodology of data
collection play a significant role in shaping the research's temperament. The type
and methodology of research also determine the quality of the study. Not all
research is doctrinal, and not all research requires empirical data. However, no
research should be a mere repository of raw information. A thoughtful and well-
executed research design enhances the credibility and value of the research

Identifying right tone

It is commonly observed that, researchers mechanically write “Doctrinal and

empirical research” in methodology which put their research at stake.It is not a
sin to have a doctrinal research and it is not divine to do empirical(or so it is
commonly believed)
However the identified methodology must be justify the research. Eg. “Doctrinal
and empirical” type of research without primary data for testing makes the
research work unreliable.
Following are the types of research and any research methodology book will give
you a good backing on types of research methodology. But how do can a scholar
determine the right tone for their research?

Determining factors
 Hypothesis:

Hypothesis and legal research is a combination that can be tricky as it is

thrilling.
During the research journey, one of the challenging point a legal researcher
reaches is developing the hypothesis. It is mostly because of the method of
reading and analysis in legal research is different from other technical papers.
We tend to think all the possible ifs and buts, making it hard to find out a
testable hypothesis in legal research. I have seen many of the scholars being lost
trying to figure out the basics. So I thought it will be nice to share some
information here. Well, I am no expert, but I was fortunate to talk to those in
the field.
There are different types of hypotheses, and most commonly used hypothesis in
legal research is the cause-effect relation. But before we consider that, we can
look at some of the hypothesis, how to identify the variables and mode of
testing it .
Descriptive Hypothesis – This type of hypothesis describes a relationship
between two or more variables.
Example: “The number of domestic violence cases increases during the holiday
season.”
Variables: Domestic violence cases, holiday season
Method of testing: Collecting data on domestic violence cases from police or
court records during the holiday season and comparing it to data from other
times of the year.
Causal Hypothesis – This type of hypothesis states that one variable affects the
other.
Example: “Increasing the penalties for drunk driving will decrease the number of
drunk driving accidents.”
Variables: Penalties for drunk driving, number of drunk driving accidents
Method of testing: Analysing accident data from areas where penalties for drunk
driving have been increased and comparing it to areas where they have not been
increased.
Correlational Hypothesis – This type of hypothesis suggests that two or more
variables are related.
Example: “There is a positive correlation between education level and income.”
Variables: Education level, income
Method of testing: Collecting data on education level and income from a sample
population and analyzing the relationship between the two variables.
Explanatory Hypothesis – This type of hypothesis proposes an explanation for a
particular phenomenon.
Example: “The lack of affordable housing is a significant contributor to the rise
in homelessness.”
Variables: Lack of affordable housing, homelessness
Method of testing: Collecting data on the availability of affordable housing in
areas with high rates of homelessness and comparing it to areas with lower rates
of homelessness.
Null Hypothesis – This type of hypothesis suggests that there is no significant
relationship between variables.
Example: “There is no significant relationship between age and likelihood of
committing a crime.”
Variables: Age, likelihood of committing a crime
Method of testing: Collecting data on age and crime rates and analyzing whether
there is a statistically significant relationship between the two variables.
The mode of testing for each hypothesis will depend on the specific variables
being examined and the type of hypothesis being tested. Different methods, such
as surveys, experiments, or statistical analysis, may be used to test each
hypothesis.
For sure there are more.
Of the lot most common and acceptable in legal research is the causal hypothesis:
 Research Questions:
You can find all the necessary information in a research methodology book.
However, one of the best pieces of advice I received during my second
presentation clarified any doubts I had about research questions. The
research question is one of the most crucial aspects of your research. It
guides and shapes the entire study. The advice I received was simple yet
powerful: "Research questions should be framed in a way that the answers are
not readily available in the existing literature. At least four of the questions
should only be answered through your research."
Initially, it seemed tricky, but it made complete sense. What is the purpose of
your research? Is it merely compiling existing information? No, it is your
contribution to the field. Therefore, it is important to frame questions that
can lead you to find unique answers. These answers should be derived
through analysis, data interpretation, or other means, rather than being
readily available in existing texts.
When framing research questions, consider the following key areas:
a. Start with curiosity: Why?
b. Aim for clarity and specificity.
By starting with curiosity and ensuring clarity and specificity in your
research questions, you can delve deeper into your chosen topic and make a
valuable contribution to the field. Remember, the research questions should
guide your study and set it apart from existing literature, allowing you to
explore unexplored area.
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 Empirical Research
Well, this is purely personal, but I would advocate for empirical research for
several reasons. However, as one of my professors (mentor) rightly pointed out,
the Indian system may not be conducive to empirical research. Before
discussing the benefits, it is important to address the challenges that make
empirical research less favoured among many scholars (although it is growing
and gaining attention).
A. Time constraints due to professional commitments: Not every scholar is a full-
time PhD student, which leaves them with limited time to conduct empirical
research. Unfortunately, the current UGC (University Grants Commission)
guidelines do not encourage it either.
B. Varying levels of passion and commitment among researchers: It is undeniable
and not a reflection of their capabilities. Some scholars are brilliant teachers
who do not enjoy writing, while others excel in academic administration but
may not have the same enthusiasm for research in the PhD sense. In such cases,
demanding a time-consuming empirical research process may seem unfair.
C. Funding: Empirical research can be economically demanding. Raising
sufficient funds for it is as challenging as the research process itself.
D. Adequate support: Let's face it, the environment for empirical research is not
always encouraging. It is not as easy as it may sound. Collecting data from
academic or other institutions and collating it pose significant challenges. This
is particularly evident in legal research, where the lack of technical support
further complicates the process.
However, despite these challenges, empirical legal research is highly rewarding.
The data and results obtained are not the only takeaways; the entire process
and the experience gained are invaluable. Considering the benefits it offers, the
challenges are worth overcoming.
In empirical research, the focus is on collecting and analysing real-world data,
which can provide valuable insights and contribute to evidence-based decision-
making. It allows researchers to make a tangible impact on society by
addressing practical issues and offering potential solutions. The rigorous
research methodology and the skills developed throughout the process enhance
the researcher's capabilities and contribute to personal and professional growth.
 Benefits of empirical research

Empirical legal research, which involves the use of empirical methods to study
legal phenomena, offers several benefits and unique experiences. Here are some
key advantages of conducting empirical legal research:
1. Objective Analysis: Empirical research allows for a more objective analysis of
legal issues by relying on verifiable data and evidence. It brings a scientific
approach to the study of law, providing a solid foundation for drawing
conclusions and making informed judgments.
2. Enhanced Understanding: By collecting and analysing real-world data,
empirical legal research enables a deeper understanding of how legal rules,
institutions, and practices operate in practice. It provides insights into the
effectiveness, impact, and implications of legal policies and reforms.
3. Identification of Patterns and Trends: Empirical research can help identify
patterns, trends, and correlations in legal phenomena. By systematically
analyzing data, researchers can uncover hidden relationships, observe
behavioural patterns, and detect emerging trends within the legal system.
4. Policy Evaluation and Reform: Empirical legal research plays a crucial role in
policy evaluation and reform. It provides empirical evidence to assess the
effectiveness of existing legal policies, regulations, and interventions. This
evidence-based approach assists policymakers in making informed decisions
and shaping more effective and equitable legal frameworks.
5. Support for Legal Advocacy: Empirical research can provide valuable support
for legal advocacy efforts. By presenting empirical evidence, researchers can
strengthen legal arguments, challenge existing norms, and advocate for changes
in laws or practices.
6. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Empirical legal research often involves
interdisciplinary collaboration, bringing together legal scholars, statisticians,
social scientists, and experts from other fields. This collaboration enriches the
research process by incorporating diverse perspectives and methodologies,
leading to more comprehensive and nuanced findings.
7. Professional Development: Engaging in empirical legal research enhances
researchers' skills in data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It develops
critical thinking, problem-solving, and research design skills, which are valuable
not only for academic pursuits but also for career advancement in the legal field
 Conclusion Chapter

The conclusion chapter holds immense significance as it encapsulates your entire

research journey. It is the chapter that defines you as a researcher and
demonstrates the culmination of your efforts. While analysis and testing of
hypotheses may be spread across different chapters, the conclusion chapter serves
as a comprehensive summary and reflection of your research findings. Here is a
detailed breakdown of what the conclusion chapter should include:
1. Summary of Research: Begin by providing a concise overview of your research
project, highlighting its objectives, scope, and key research questions. Summarize
the main areas of investigation and the methodology employed.
2. Presentation of Findings: Present a clear and organized summary of your
research findings. Provide an overview of the significant results, patterns, or trends
that emerged from your data analysis. Discuss how these findings contribute to the
existing body of knowledge in your field.
3. Achievement of Objectives: Evaluate the extent to which your research has
achieved its objectives. Reflect on how your research has addressed the research
gaps or problems identified in the introduction chapter. Emphasize the
contributions your study has made to the field and any new insights gained.
4. Answering Research Questions: Discuss how each of your research questions has
been answered through your research findings. Highlight the specific evidence or
data that supports your conclusions. Analyse the implications and significance of
these answers in the context of your research topic.
5. Testing of Hypotheses: If your research included hypotheses, summarize the
results of their testing. Evaluate whether your hypotheses were supported or
refuted by the data. Reflect on the implications of these outcomes and any
additional insights or unexpected findings that emerged during the testing
process.
6. Recommendations and Suggestions: Offer practical recommendations and
suggestions based on your research findings. Identify areas for further
investigation or potential avenues for future research. Discuss how your
research contributes to policy or practice and provide actionable suggestions
for stakeholders in the field.
7. Reflection and Limitations: Reflect on the strengths and limitations of your
research. Discuss any challenges or constraints you encountered during the
research process. Acknowledge the limitations of your study and areas where
further research is needed to enhance understanding or address unresolved
questions.
8. Way forward: Conclude the chapter by sharing your personal reflections
and on future research scope in this area.
Remember, the conclusion chapter is your opportunity to showcase the
significance and impact of your research. It should leave the reader with a
clear understanding of your research outcomes and the broader implications
of your work. Craft a compelling and well-structured conclusion that leaves a
lasting impression and highlights the value of your research contribution."

Final Destination
 Between Chapters
When structuring the chapters that address the subject, it is crucial to take care
of the following aspects, based on my experience attending presentations and
viva-voce:
a. Maintain sequencing: Ensure that there is a clear and logical connection
between chapters. Each chapter should flow smoothly into the next, with the
conclusion of one chapter leading naturally to the introduction of the
subsequent chapter. This sequencing creates a coherent and cohesive narrative
throughout the thesis, allowing readers to follow the logical progression of
ideas and arguments.
b. Include analysis in each chapter: It is important to go beyond the mere
presentation of information in each chapter. Instead, provide a comprehensive
analysis of the data, literature, or case studies relevant to the chapter's focus.
This analysis should involve critical evaluation, interpretation, and synthesis of
the information, enabling deeper insights and a more nuanced understanding of
the subject matter. By including robust analysis, each chapter becomes an
independent and valuable contribution to the overall research.
c. Connect objectives and research questions to the chapters: Each chapter should
have a clear connection to the research objectives and research questions
established in the earlier stages of the thesis. It is essential to demonstrate how
each chapter contributes to addressing the research objectives and answering
the research questions. This connection ensures that the chapters are
purposeful and aligned with the overarching goals of the research, reinforcing
the relevance and significance of the study.
By maintaining a well-structured sequencing, incorporating in-depth analysis in
each chapter, and ensuring a strong connection between the objectives/research
questions and the content of the chapters, you can create a cohesive and
meaningful thesis. This approach not only enhances the readability and
comprehension of the thesis but also strengthens the overall argument and
contributes to the scholarly discourse in the field.

Each chapter is there for a reason - That is to lead the

research to the conclusion
 Interdisciplinary Chapters:
Legal research cannot exist in SILOS. Even if it does, such research remains
incomplete. The interdisciplinarity of law compels scholars to look beyond
the boundaries of the legal discipline. One of the most suitable places to
integrate interdisciplinarity is within the conceptualization chapter. In many
cases, the interdisciplinary nature of law might not be immediately
apparent, as legal materials and understanding often take precedence.
However, there are situations where interdisciplinary can become prominent
and take centre stage.

The interdisciplinary nature of law urges scholars to go beyond purely legal

perspectives and engage with other disciplines to gain a more comprehensive
understanding of legal phenomena. While legal research may tend to
prioritize legal materials and concepts, it is crucial to recognize the potential
of interdisciplinary approaches in enhancing the depth and breadth of
analysis.
Integrating interdisciplinarity into the conceptualization chapter allows
researchers to draw insights from various fields to inform their research
design, problem statement, and research questions. By exploring relevant
disciplines, scholars can uncover connections, identify gaps, and enrich their
understanding of the complex issues at hand.
While the interdisciplinary nature of law may not always be immediately
evident, there are instances where it can assume a prominent role in legal
research. For example, in areas such as environmental law, intellectual
property law, or human rights law, interdisciplinary perspectives from fields
like environmental science, economics, technology, psychology, or sociology
can significantly contribute to a more holistic analysis and informed
decision-making.
Recognizing and embracing the interdisciplinary nature of law empowers
scholars to transcend disciplinary boundaries, incorporate diverse
perspectives, and tackle complex legal issues with greater depth and insight.
By doing so, legal research becomes more comprehensive, impactful, and
attuned to the multidimensional realities of the world we live in.
 International Context
"Think globally and act locally" is a widely recognized slogan, and it holds
relevance in legal research as well. Therefore, it is common for research to
incorporate international conventions and a global perspective during the
conceptualization phase. This aspect is often considered mandatory in legal
research. However, it is important to note that this does not necessarily imply
conducting a comparative study. Instead, it involves developing a subject-specific
understanding across nations.
While comparative studies are a standard approach in legal research, they may
not always be necessary or feasible, especially in empirical research. In empirical
research, dealing with voluminous data can pose challenges, which may limit the
feasibility of conducting a comprehensive comparative study. Therefore,
researchers should carefully consider the practicality and resources required for
comparative studies in empirical research.
Nevertheless, the inclusion of international conventions and a global perspective
remains crucial in legal research. It allows scholars to gain insights into legal
principles, practices, and developments beyond national boundaries.
Understanding the international frameworks and agreements relevant to the
research topic can provide a broader context for analysis and contribute to the
development of informed legal arguments and recommendations.
Incorporating international conventions and a global perspective in legal research
demonstrates an awareness of the interconnectedness of legal issues and the need
to address them within a global context. It highlights the significance of
considering transnational implications, cross-border challenges, and the
harmonization of legal norms.
Moreover, by thinking globally and acting locally, legal researchers recognize that
local actions have implications that extend beyond national borders. They
acknowledge the need to align local practices with global standards, address
transnational legal issues, and contribute to the development of legal frameworks
that promote justice, fairness, and sustainability at both the local and
international levels.
Therefore, while conducting a comparative study may not always be feasible or
necessary in empirical research due to data constraints, the inclusion of
international conventions and a global perspective remains vital in ensuring the
relevance, impact, and applicability of legal research in a rapidly interconnected
world.
 Formatting
Formatting may not be rocket science, but it plays a significant role in the
overall presentation and readability of your document. Proper formatting
enhances the visual appeal and professionalism of your work, making it easier
for readers to navigate through your research. University regulations often
provide specific guidelines and requirements for formatting theses or
dissertations. These guidelines typically cover aspects such as font style and
size, margins, line spacing, page numbering, citation style, and referencing.
Following the university's formatting regulations is essential for several
reasons. Firstly, it ensures consistency and standardization across all theses or
dissertations submitted by students, maintaining a professional and cohesive
appearance for the university's research output. Secondly, adherence to
formatting guidelines demonstrates your attention to detail, precision, and
commitment to meeting academic standards.
Proper formatting also aids in effective communication of your research.
Clear and consistent formatting makes it easier for readers, including your
supervisor and the thesis examination panel, to navigate through your
document, locate specific sections, and follow the logical flow of your
arguments. It enhances readability and comprehension, allowing the content
of your research to shine.
Moreover, formatting guidelines often align with established academic
conventions and citation styles. Consistency in formatting and citation
practices throughout your document ensures that your work adheres to the
established norms of scholarly communication. This helps readers, including
researchers in your field, to engage with your work more effectively and build
upon it in their own research.
By adhering to university formatting regulations, you demonstrate your
professionalism, attention to detail, and commitment to producing high-
quality research. It showcases your ability to follow academic standards and
guidelines, which is an essential skill for any researcher. Moreover, it ensures
that your work meets the expectations of the thesis examination panel,
minimizing the chances of unnecessary revisions or rejections due to
formatting errors.
It is important to familiarize yourself with the specific formatting guidelines
provided by your university early on in your research journey. This allows
you to incorporate these guidelines into your writing process and avoid last-
minute formatting struggles. Utilize formatting tools and resources, such as
template documents or software, to facilitate the application of the required
formatting elements.
Overall, while formatting may seem like a minor aspect compared to the
content of your research, it significantly contributes to the professionalism,
coherence, and accessibility of your document. Adhering to university
formatting regulations ensures that your work is visually appealing,
readable, and in line with established academic conventions, increasing its
impact and credibility within the scholarly community.
 Part 7:
Fellowships during PhD
 Fellowships during PhD

International fellowships for doctoral students offer valuable opportunities

for academic and research growth. While it is true that legal research
scholars may perceive their field as territorial, there are still significant
benefits to pursuing international fellowships. It is important to recognize
that these fellowships provide more than just legal knowledge; they offer
exposure to different research environments, methodologies, and
interdisciplinary perspectives

Fellowships provide financial support, access to research resources, and

opportunities to collaborate with renowned scholars in your field. They
also enhance your academic profile, broaden your network, and expose you
to diverse research cultures. Additionally, international fellowships allow
you to develop intercultural competence, expand your horizons, and gain a
global perspective on legal research.
While the competition for these fellowships may be increasing, it is
important to recognize the value they offer and consider applying for them.
They provide a platform to showcase your research skills, gain international
exposure, and contribute to the global academic community. It is advisable
to carefully review the eligibility criteria, application requirements, and
deadlines for each fellowship program and tailor your application
accordingly. Utilize the resources available through your university or
research institutions to seek guidance and support in the application
process.
Remember, pursuing an international fellowship as a legal research scholar
can be a transformative experience. It enriches your research, broadens
your perspectives, and opens doors to new opportunities for academic and
professional growth.
It is important for Indian legal scholars to thoroughly research each
fellowship program, review the eligibility criteria, and understand the
application process and deadlines. They should also consult with their
academic advisors, university departments, or research institutions to
gather more information and seek guidance in preparing strong
applications.
Apart from these specific fellowships, Indian legal scholars can also explore
opportunities provided by international universities, research institutions,
and organizations that offer funding and support for doctoral research. It is
advisable to regularly check relevant scholarship websites, attend research
conferences and seminars, and network with scholars in the field to stay
updated on available opportunities.
Remember to carefully tailor your applications, highlighting your research
interests, academic achievements, and potential contributions to the field of
law. Emphasize the significance of your research topic and how an
international fellowship would enhance your research capabilities, broaden
your perspectives, and contribute to the advancement of legal scholarship.
Overall, international fellowships provide scholars with invaluable
experiences, exposure to diverse research environments, and opportunities
for academic and professional growth. They serve as platforms to establish
international networks, collaborate with renowned scholars, and make
meaningful contributions to the global legal community.
 Part 8
Academic integrity &
Seeking Help
 Academic integrity & Seeking Help

Just as it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a village to pursue a PhD

However, amidst seeking help from others, it is crucial to retain ownership of
your PhD journey. While the PhD is about the thesis and obtaining the degree,
it encompasses much more. It is an experience that provides a multitude of
skills along the way. It is important to recognize and embrace this holistic
aspect of the PhD process.
Now, when it comes to seeking help, don't hesitate to ask for it! However, it is
essential to ensure that seeking help aligns with the academic integrity policy
established by the authorities. Familiarize yourself with the policy and remain
mindful of its guidelines to avoid any unintentional violations. It is best to seek
help when you find yourself in a challenging or stranded situation.
So, what exactly is academic integrity? Academic integrity refers to maintaining
ethical conduct and upholding the principles of honesty, authenticity, and
fairness in academic endeavours. It encompasses the responsible and ethical
handling of research, acknowledging and properly citing the work of others,
and adhering to the guidelines and standards set by your institution.
Now, let's explore the types of help that do not compromise academic integrity:
a. Research Methodology: It is generally accepted to seek external statistical
support or guidance when it comes to research methodology. Engaging experts
to assist with statistical analysis or research design can enhance the rigor and
quality of your research.
b. Proofreading: Seeking assistance from an expert for proofreading your
document is permissible. This can help in identifying and rectifying
grammatical errors, improving clarity, and ensuring the overall quality of
your written work.
c. Reviewer: Interacting with external reviewers or seeking their feedback
on your work can provide valuable insights and enhance the quality of
your research. Their input can help identify areas for improvement and
contribute to the scholarly development of your work.
d. External Guidance: Engaging in discussions and brainstorming ideas
with fellow scholars or individuals both within and outside your field can
enrich your PhD journey. Their perspectives and experiences can offer
fresh insights, broaden your understanding, and inspire innovative
approaches to your research.
While your guide or supervisor is there to support you, it is important to
remember that they have multiple responsibilities. Recognize that as a
scholar, you may not always be the top priority on their list due to their
other commitments. Nonetheless, some guides may go out of their way to
assist scholars. Additionally, seeking interactions and guidance from
other sources can complement your advisor's support and contribute to
your overall growth.
In summary, seeking help is an integral part of the PhD process. It is
crucial to maintain academic integrity while doing so. By adhering to
ethical practices, seeking assistance in permissible areas such as research
methodology, proofreading, engaging with reviewers, and seeking
external guidance, you can enhance the quality of your research while
upholding the principles of academic integrity."

So you know, Jusfocus is right here for

you!
 Part 9
Awaiting Results
 Handling Frustration:
Handling the frustration that arises after submitting your final thesis for
evaluation can be a challenging phase in the journey of a doctoral student.
Here are some practical tips to help you navigate through this period:
a. Acknowledge the factors beyond your control: Once you have submitted
your thesis, the evaluation process is largely out of your hands.
Understand that the timeline for receiving the results can vary depending
on various factors, such as the university's procedures and the availability
of evaluators. Accepting this reality can help you manage your
expectations and reduce frustration.
b. Prepare for the viva voce (oral defense): Use the waiting period to stay
connected with your research. Continuously review and revise your work,
ensuring that you are well-prepared for the viva voce examination.
Dedicate regular time to practice answering potential questions related to
your research. However, be mindful not to become overly anxious or
overwhelmed by this preparation process. Find a balance between staying
prepared and maintaining a healthy mindset.
c. Follow up politely: It is reasonable to inquire about the status of your
thesis evaluation. Politely reach out to the relevant university department
or administrative staff to inquire about any updates or estimated timelines.
While it's important to seek information, remember to maintain
professionalism and patience during your communications.
d. Utilize your thesis content for publications: While awaiting the evaluation
results, consider using the content and findings from your thesis to start
writing articles for publication. This can be an excellent opportunity to
share your research with the academic community and contribute to your
field. Ensure that you adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain necessary
permissions, such as clearing plagiarism checks, before submitting your
work to journals.
e. Seek support and prioritize self-care: Dealing with frustration and waiting
can take a toll on your well-being. Reach out to your support network,
including family, friends, and fellow researchers, to share your feelings and
seek guidance. Engage in self-care activities that help you relax and
rejuvenate, such as exercise, meditation, or pursuing hobbies. Taking care of
your mental and physical well-being is crucial during this waiting period.
f. Maintain a positive outlook: While it may be challenging, try to maintain a
positive mindset throughout the waiting process. Remind yourself of the
hard work and effort you have put into your research. Stay hopeful and
trust in the evaluation process. Remember that this phase is temporary, and
the results will eventually be communicated to you.

By implementing these strategies, you can effectively handle the frustration

that arises after submitting your final thesis. Embrace patience, resilience,
and proactive engagement in other productive activities to make the waiting
period more manageable and reduce stress. Remember, your hard work will
pay off, and the results will eventually come.
 Part 10
Viva Voce
 Preparation
The day of defending your thesis is a significant milestone in your academic
journey. While the experience may vary for different individuals, but if the
evaluation report is positive, there is usually no reason to worry. It is
important to plan your viva-voce based on the feedback provided in the
evaluation report.
The evaluation report will outline the suggestions and pointers relevant to
your thesis. In some cases, evaluators may include suggestions that seem
unrelated to your research. In such instances, it is crucial to communicate
clearly through the compliance report.
Before your viva-voce, ensure that you have all the necessary documents
submitted to your research department. This includes proof of publications,
conference presentations, research assistantship, teaching assistantship, and
any other relevant documentation.
Consider preparing a compliance report, even if it is not explicitly required
by your university. This report allows you to demonstrate how you have
addressed the suggestions provided by the evaluators. Even if certain
suggestions are outside the scope of your research, you can acknowledge
them and explain why they may not be applicable. Having a compliance
report shows your commitment to addressing the feedback and can help
clarify any misunderstandings.
Additionally, review the evaluators' report, which contains their comments
and suggestions regarding your research. Familiarize yourself with their
feedback and use it to prepare for your viva-voce. It is essential to
understand their perspectives and be ready to address any questions or
concerns that they may raise.
By paying attention to these aspects and being well-prepared, you can
approach your viva-voce with confidence. Remember to engage in thorough
discussions, provide clear explanations, and showcase your deep
understanding of the subject matter. The viva-voce is an opportunity for
you to showcase your research and defend your findings, demonstrating
your expertise and contributions to the field.
The viva voce presentation is a limited period of time given to you to
showcase your research. Therefore, it is crucial to structure it effectively.
Instead of spending excessive time on historical background or chapter-wise
discussions, allocate adequate time to present your methodology, findings,
and conclusion chapters. However, it is important to provide the necessary
conceptualization and context of your research before diving into the key
areas.
To ensure a well-organized presentation, it is recommended to script your
presentation and practice it thoroughly. One effective practice that my sister
suggested, and I found helpful, is to use Zoom recording to practice. This
allows you to time your presentation accurately and ensure that you cover all
the key areas without rushing or missing important points. It is also beneficial
to conduct a trial run in front of your guide and a few trusted friends. Their
feedback can help you refine your presentation and identify areas that may
need improvement.
The following structure and timing are suggested as a guide:
1. Introduction: Provide an overview of your research, including the
rationale, objectives, and significance of the study. Give a brief background
and set the context for your research.
2. Conceptual Framework and Literature Review :Present the theoretical
framework or conceptual model that underpins your research. Discuss the
relevant literature and studies that informed your research design and
methodology.
3. Methodology: Describe your research design, data collection methods,
and data analysis techniques. Explain how you addressed any limitations or
challenges encountered during the research process.
4. Findings: Present your key findings, supported by relevant data, tables, or
figures. Interpret the results and highlight their significance in relation to your
research objectives.
5. Discussion and Analysis: Analyse and discuss the implications of your
findings, relating them to the existing literature. Address any unexpected or
contradictory results and provide possible explanations.
 6. Conclusion and Recommendations :Summarize your main findings and
their implications. Offer recommendations for further research or practical
applications of your findings.
7. Q&A Session: Allocate sufficient time for questions from the examiners
or audience. Be prepared to defend your research, clarify any doubts, and
engage in scholarly discussions.
Remember, the suggested time allocation is flexible and can be adjusted
based on your specific research and presentation requirements. The key is to
maintain a well-structured presentation that effectively showcases your
research and allows for a comprehensive understanding of your work within
the given time frame.
Spoiler: Subject to PDC!
 Part 11
Post PhD
Get used to
being
Called

Dr.

 Post PhD

Completing a PhD opens up a wide range of career options across various

sectors. While academic research and teaching positions are common career
paths for PhD holders, there are numerous other opportunities available.
Some career options after completing a PhD include:
1. Academic Research and Teaching: Many PhD graduates pursue careers as
professors or researchers(Post Doctoral fellows) in universities and research
institutions. They can contribute to advancing knowledge in their field and
mentor future generations of scholars. If you are ready for yet another PhD,
thats definitely an option.
2. Government and Policy: PhD holders can work in government agencies,
think tanks, and policy organizations, providing valuable insights and
expertise to shape policies and influence decision-making processes.
3. Consulting: Consulting firms often hire PhD graduates for their analytical
and problem-solving skills. They may work on projects across various
industries, offering specialized expertise and insights.
4. Non-profit and International Organizations: PhD holders can work for
nonprofit organizations, NGOs, and international organizations,
contributing their research and subject expertise to address social,
environmental, and humanitarian issues.
5. Entrepreneurship: Some PhD graduates choose to start their own ventures
based on their research or expertise. They may establish innovative startups
or consultancies, leveraging their unique knowledge and skills.
6. Education and Training: PhD holders can also work in educational
institutions outside academia, such as training and development
departments in corporations or educational consulting firms, designing and
delivering specialized training programs.
It is important to explore different career options, assess your skills and
interests, and seek opportunities that align with your goals and aspirations.
Networking, attending conferences, and building a strong professional
profile can enhance your chances of finding fulfilling career opportunities
after completing your PhD

YOU DID It!

just
brea the
 To the Well-Wishers of Legal scholars
To the family, friends, and acquaintances of Ph.D. scholars, your support and
involvement are crucial. Some of you may actively engage and participate in the Ph.D.
journey, while others may be silent spectators. It is understandable that not everyone
may fully comprehend the challenges and demands involved in pursuing a Ph.D.
degree.

It is important to acknowledge that the pursuit of a Ph.D. comes with its share of
unexplainable struggles. While some of you may have experienced and witnessed the
sacrifices made by the scholars in terms of time, energy, and emotional strain, it is
worth emphasizing that the journey itself can be uniquely challenging.

The process of conducting research, navigating academic requirements, and pushing

the boundaries of knowledge can be mentally and emotionally taxing. Scholars often
encounter obstacles, setbacks, and self-doubt along the way. The pressure to contribute
something novel and significant to their field can be overwhelming.

In light of these challenges, it is crucial for family, friends, and acquaintances to

provide understanding, patience, and support. Recognize that the pursuit of a Ph.D.
requires dedication, perseverance, and an unwavering commitment to intellectual
growth. Your encouragement, empathy, and willingness to lend an ear can make a
significant difference in the scholar's well-being and progress.

Moreover, it is essential to maintain open lines of communication and foster an

environment where the scholars feel comfortable sharing their experiences, challenges,
and achievements. By acknowledging and validating their struggles, you can contribute
to creating a supportive network that aids in their personal and academic development.

It is undeniable that as family, friends, and acquaintances, you have taken on the
sacrifices and played a supporting role in the scholar's journey. Therefore, it is crucial
to have a collaborative understanding, support, and empathy. Remember that the
success of the Ph.D. scholar is not solely theirs, but it is a collective achievement that
impacts everyone around them.
 About the Author

Dr. Rhea Roy Mammen is currently an affiliated researcher at the Van

Vollenhoven Institute (VVI) in the Faculty of Law at Leiden University, The
Netherlands and Director, JRI. Dr. Mammen has close to a decade of
experience in academia. Prior to moving to The Netherlands, she was the IQAC
Coordinator and Senior Assistant Professor at Ramaiah College of Law.
Dr. Mammen is a Gold Medallist for her undergraduate studies and an alumna
of the National Law School of India University, where she completed her
Masters (LL.M, Human Rights) and Doctoral studies. She has also been an
international fellow, having received the Indo-Canadian Shastri fellowship and
Linneus Palme fellowship.
Dr. Mammen has been involved in various international and national projects,
including the UNDP project, Paris Convention for Climate Change, and NCW
project on women's reproduction rights. Her publications have been indexed in
Scopus, UGC care list, and peer-reviewed journals. She has also served as an
editor and reviewer for numerous publications, including books and journal
articles.
In addition to her academic achievements, Dr. Mammen is NET qualified and a
Harvard Certified Trainer for Higher Education Learners.
You can reach Dr. Mammen at drrhearoymammen@gmail.com.
 Reviews
Dr Rhea, through her book, ‘PhD for all (legal) Souls: A-Z on PhD (Law), provides an
insight into the rigorous and complex process of doctoral research in India. The
elegant presentation of each step of a PhD, the complexities associated with the life of
a doctoral student and ways to overcome these challenges make this book a unique
handbook for those aspiring for a PhD in Law. A beautifully crafted work, it is
incredibly a friend and guide for doctoral researchers and PhD aspirants in India,
convincing them that a PhD in Law is no longer a herculean task but a beautiful and
enjoyable chapter in our life.
-Dr. Gayathri D Naik

This book draws upon a painstakingly and immaculately completed PhD, by a

dynamic, committed academic and mother of two. Unpretentious, she shares her
experiences and insights for the benefit of all doctoral scholars. She systematically
debunks the myths and misconceptions surrounding the pursuit of doctoral studies.
Lucidly written it will hand-hold you with finesse throughout the process inspiring and
instilling confidence at the most challenging junctures. As the title suggests it touches
upon the A-Z of a PhD, from developing a habit of writing daily to staying organized
and meeting deadlines. A must-have and must-read for all doctoral candidates and
those who wish to pursue the same.
-Ms. Parvathi Balachandran

This book is an ultimate guide to any student inspiring to pursue Doctrinal studies. It
simplifies the entire process and procedure of pursuing PhD study.
It clarifies the various steps involved in PhD studies right from admissions to post
PhD options. The amazing part of the book is that one can get the perspective of Ph D
as a personal experience; as if a good friend is actually sitting with you and explaining
the whole process in simple terms. The survival trips shared by the author is really
helpful as it gives realistic knowledge and expectations which as a student pursuing
PhD should carry forward during their journey. Throughout the book, the author
emphasis about the PhD journey being a tedious process yet it becomes a satisfactory
one if as scholars we keep up the research rigor and persistence. This is very helpful
because the author practically says how the procedure has hurdles at each microscopic
level and as a scholar how can we overcome it in a practical way.
So in nutshell, I personally recommend that any PhD inspiring student like me, should
definitely read this book once before starting their PhD journey.
-Ms. S. Deepika
 Jusfocus Research Institute
India - The Netherlands
Transforming Legal Research Experience

Vision

To transform the legal research experience for research scholars, empowering them
to conduct innovative and impactful research with ease and efficiency

Mission
Foster collaboration and interdisciplinarity among research scholars.
Create an environment that promotes diversity of perspectives and insights.
Utilize cutting-edge technologies and data analytics to revolutionize the research
process.
Encourage and support the development of early-career scholars.
Provide training, mentorship, and guidance opportunities to support research
excellence

Goal
To empower legal researchers as agents of social change by promoting the
transformative power of legal research.

Legal Research and Training Institute