MORAL AND CITIZENSHIP EDUCATION.

CRHS -2. SHORT NOTES BY D.B.

UNIT ONE

UNDER STANDING CIVICS AND ETHICS .

Definitions of civics.
 Civics comes from the Latin words ‘civitas’ which means citizen, or of citizens or
responsible citizens.

The following definition of civics .

 Civics is a branch of social science which deal with the rights and duties of citizens.
 It is intensive studies and understanding of political institution such as legislative, executive,
Judicianary, political parties, NGOS, public opinion, mass-media etc-----.
 It is the studies of the purpose of government ,the nature of law
 It is studies the international socio- economic and political condition.
 It studies the values, commitment and assumption of democracy..
 It is studies an interdisciplinary discipline course is the one that covers more than one areas of
studies.

Defining civics, ethics, and morality.

Civic education.
Civics –education has the following three basic objectives or goals.
1. promoting among citizens ,civic –disposition and commitment of fundamental values and
principles for competent and responsible citizenships
2. Developing among citizens the participatory skills required to monitor and influence the
formulation, implementation public opinion.
3. Providing the citizens with necessary knowledge and skill that make them capable of
participating in different dimension of life.
The Definitions and nature of Ethics and Morality.

Ethics is a branch of philosophy that attempts to understanding people’s moral beliefs and action.

Note: Ethics at morality, ‘ethical ‘and ‘moral ‘interchangeable

 Rationally ‘ethics ‘describes the process of thinking about people’s morality.

 Ethics or moral philosophy considers theories about what human being s are capable of doing.
 Ethics may share common ground with law, religious beliefs, popular opinion, and professional
codes.
 Ethics also explores the meaning, and the ranking of different ethical values such as honesty,
autonomy, equality and Justice.
Note that:
ETHICS IS
 The critical examination and evaluation of what is good, evil, right and wrong in human
conduct.
 The studies of goodness, right action and moral responsibility.

MORLITYIS
 Morality comes from Latin ‘moralitas ‘ ,meaning , manner ,character, proper behaviors’.

 Morality a specific set of principles, values and guidelines for a particular group or
organization.
 Morality, Socrates is rightly asserted that morality is not small matters.
 Morality those principles and values that actually guide, for better or worse an
individual personal conduct.
 Morality on John Straut mill’s describes at progressive and peaceful society develops the
quality of its members.
 .Aristotle also added that citizens of a state should always be educated to suit the
constitution of a state.
 Citizenship education is given by in the United States of America and Germany.
 Citizenship and character education is given by in Singapore.
 Civics and ethical education in Ethiopia.
 Civic education is an education that studies about the rights and responsibility of
citizens of a politically organized group of peoples.

Patrick defines civic –education as the knowledge of the constitution, the principles, values,
history and application to contemporary life.

 Citizenship education can be under stood as the knowledge, means and activities designed to
encourage students to participant activity in democratic life, accepting and exercising their rights
and responsibility.

UNDP define civic –education as a way of learning for effective participation in a democratic and
development process.

Aggarwal links civic- education to the development of idea, habits, behaviors and useful attitudes in
the individual which enables him be useful members of the society.

Actually, these different concepts and meanings used to differentiate between MINIMAL
and MAXIMAL civic –education.
 The minimal concepts of civic –education is content led, teacher-based, whole –class,
teaching and examination –based assessment.
 The maximal concepts of civic- education is comprised knowledge, values, and skills and
aims to prepare students for active participation, patriotism, responsible and globalized
knowledge.
.ETHICS AND LAW.
As against morals and ethics, laws are norms formally approved by state, power or
national or international political bodies.

The importance or goal moral and civic education.

 Civic –education is a discipline that deal with virtues traits rooted of respect
cultures of tolerance to made individual responsibility efficient members of their
community.
 The need to instill citizens about their rights and duties.
 The need for participation and political cultures.

Taylor describes political cultures as the norms of conduct both of and the various
political actors operating society.
  The need for relevant knowledge, skill and positive attitude.
 The issue of fostering inters cultural societies.
 The issue of peace-building.
Moral and civic –education is based on and seeking to promote in student
core, moral, ethical, democratic and educational values such as
Respect for life.
Respect for reasoning.
Fairness.
Concern for the welfare of others.
Respect for in diversity in unity.
Peaceful resolution of conflict.

UNIT –TWO.

APPROACHES OF ETHICS.

The term ETHICS is derived from Greek two words ‘ethos’ and ‘ethikos’, meaning character and moral.

 Ethics can be defined as the branch of philosophy that is concerned with the study and analysis of
what is good and what is bad and understanding of the nature of human being.
 Ethics has a deep concern on human action.

ETHICS.

The first and broad division of ethics is into two ,these are
1. Normative Ethics 2. Non- Normative Ethics or Mehta Ethics.

1. Normative –Ethics is dividing into two these are

1. Applied Ethics or Professional Ethics.

2. General Normative ethics.

General Normative Ethics is dividing into two, these are

1.Teleological Ethics or Consequentalism Ethics includes Egoism [Ethical Egoism, Psychological

Egoism, Utilitarianism [classic Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham Quantity: over Quality, John Straut:
Quality over Quantity, Act and Rule Utilitarianism], and Altruism.

2.Deontological Ethics or Non- Consequentalism Ethics includes Divine command Theory, Right Theory,
Kantian’s categorical theory, Ross’s prima facie Duties or Moral Guidelines.

Normative Ethics
 This theory evaluate action in systematic way, they may focus on out comes or duties or
motivation as a means Justifying human conduct.
 Ethical theories or approaches such as Virtues ethics, principlism, narrative ethics, feminist
ethics.
 We should respect the norm and values of the whole society.
Teleogical Ethics or consequentiality ethics
 Teleological refer the theory of ends or purpose .it is derived from the Greek terms Teleos
means end results and logos theory.
1. Ethical Egoism
  Egoism contends that we should always act away that promotes our own best long –term
interests.
 These view points are known as psychological egoism and ethical egoism respectively and in
other words, selfishness is assumed to be unacceptable attitude.
 The views, point that humans are not built to look out for others peoples interests.
More formally the argument ethical egoism
 We all always seek to maximize our own self –interest or psychological egoism.
 Requires one to harm others.
 It acknowledges that one’s own self –interests may oceassichally requires pains or
sacrifices.
2. Psychological egoism.
 In Butler‘s basic “principle “in human nature in the set of cotemporary terms, it means
ego –satisfaction.
 Thus understood, the psychological argument for ethical egoism as at least reasonable,
even if it is not logically compelling.
 The ethical egoism has generally presupposed what is called psychological egoism.
1. Utilitarianism producing the best consequence.
 It claims that an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable
than unfavorable for every one society or community.
 Utilitarianism viewed the ends of moral activity as welfare of society, the social organization
according to Jeremy Bentham and John Straut mills.
 It calls for the maximization of goodness in society that in the greatest goodness for greatest
numbers.

4 .Classic- Utilitarianism.

 The classic expression of utilitarianism through appear in Jeremy Bentham and Straut
mill’s ,they were the non-religious or secular ,humanists,optmistics, about human nature and
our ability to solve our problems without recourse to God.

5. Jeremy Bentham: Quantity over Quality.

 They are two main features of utilitarianism both of which Bentham articulated: the
consequentiality principles its teleological aspect state that the rightness or wrongness of act is
determined by the goodness or badness of the result the flow it.
 The Utility principles or its Hedonic aspect: states that an only thing that is good in itself is some
specific types of state: e.g. pleasures, happiness, welfare.
 Hedonistic utilitarianism views, pleasure as the sole good and pains as only evil.

6. John Straut mill: quality over quantity.

John Straut is clearly pushing the boundaries of the concept “pleasure” by emphasizing higher qualities
such as knowledge, intelligence freedom, friendship, love and health.

In fact that litmus test for happiness really has little to do with actual pleasure and more to do with non-
hedonic cultivated state mind.

7. Act- and Rule – utilitarianism

Act—utilitarianism argue that an act is right if and only if it results in as much goods as any
available alternative.
  Rule –Utilitarianism –act is right if and if it is required by a rule that is itself a member of a set of
rule acceptance.

Criticism of Utilitarianism. They are several criticism, these are

 Problems with formulating, utilitarianism.

 The comparative consequence
 The consistency objection to Rule –utilitarianism.
 The no-rest –objection.
 The probability-objection.
 The relativism –objection.
 The lying –objection.
 The justice –objection.
 The principle of utility.

3. Altruism.

The altruist people who act so as to increase other people of pleasures strictly speaking this
theory is just the anti-thesis of egoism.
 This ethical theory is to principles benevolence.
 They argue that features of our human nature which is basis of our sacrifices on moral obligation.
2 .Deontological Ethics [non-consequentiality.
 It is derived from two Greek words ‘Deon’ means duty and ‘logos’ means theory literacy,
it means the theory of duty.
 According to the German philosophers Immanuel Kant, an advocate of deontological
ethics morality should not be conditional.
 Deontological moral theory is diametrically the opposites of utilitarianism ;
 Deontrics this is theory that the rightness or wrongness of moral action determined.

The performance philosophers Samuel pofendorf who classified dozens of duties under three heading
duties to God, duties to oneself and duties to others.

1 .concerning our duties towards God.

2. Concerning our duties towards one self.

3. Concerning our duties towards others.

1. The Divine command theory [DCT].

 Ethical principles are simple the command of God. With out there would be no
universally valid morality.
We can analyze the DCT into three separates these are
1. Morality that is rightness and wrongness originate, with God.
2. Moral rightness means “willed by God “wrongness being against the will of God.
3. Morality essentially is based on divine will.

Problems of with Divine command theory.

 DCT would see to mark the attribution of “goodness “to good redundant and God
practice what he preaches.
 DCT is that it seems to make morality into some things arbitrary.
2. Right theory.
  The right and duties are related each other.
 John Locke these are our natural rights given to us by God.
 The united states Declaration of independent authorized by Thomas Jeffererson recognize three
fundamental right life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
 The fundamental rights [human and democratic] .
3. Kantian ethical theory or categorical imperative theory.
 Action of any sort must be undertaken from a scene of duties dictated by reasons.
 Kantian ethical theory described two types command given by reason :hypothetical
imperative and categorical imperative
 Hypothetical imperative, which dictates a given course action to reach a specific act.
 Categorical imperative, which dictates a given action of rightness necessity.

The principles of formulation of the categorical imperative such as

 The principles of universality.

 The principles of humanity as an end never as means.
 The principles of autonomy.
4. Ross’s prima facie duties or moral Guild lines .
William David Ross emphasis the duties that dictate what we should do moral factors are not
considered
An example of a prima facie duty to keep promises.
Ross the list the following categorical of prima facie duties is such as
 Duties of fidelity.
 Duties of reparation.
 Duties of gratitude.
 Duties of justices.
 Duties beneficence
 Duties of self –improvement.

Virtue ethics.

 Virtues ethics: challenge the adequacy of role –based theories.

 Virtue ethics is a technical in contemporary western analytical moral philosophy,
used to distinguish a normative ethical theory focused on the virtues character.

ARISOTLE’S ETHICS: Peoples have a natural capacity for good character.

. Non-normative –ethics or Mehta –ethics.

Mehta –ethics the role of reason in ethical judgment and the meaning of ethical terms themselves.

Mehta –ethics acceptable of whether there are universally.

Mehta- ethics concerns in, epistemology, phenomenology, and moral psychology.

. Cognitive and Non-coginitivism.

 Some philosophy, called cognitive thinking that moral judgments are capable of being true or
false.
 Non- coginitivism think that moral judgment expresses non-cognitive states such as emotion or
desires.
1. Strong- coginitivism: Naturalism.
  Which holds that moral judgment?
 A natural properly is a property which figure in one of the natural science or
in psychology.
2. Strong coginitivism: Non-Naturalism
 Non- naturalist think that moral properties are not identical to or reducible to
natural properties.
Strong- coginitivism without moral Realism: Mackie’s Error –Theory.
 John Mackie’s has argue that although moral judgment to be true or false..

Weak coginitivism thus agree with strong coginitivism on but dis agrees on moral judgments are thus
capable of being true or false.

e.g .murder is wrong is really just like shooting.

Internalism and externalism.

 This claim is known as internalism because it says that there is an internal or conceptual
connection between moral judgment and motivation.
UNIT THREE
ETHICAL DECISION –MAKING AND MORAL JUDGEMENT.

One of the functions of morality is to give guidance in dealing with problems or conflicts
among the peoples of reasonable.

 One of the functions of morality is to provide principles and rules that are
acceptable to everyone and encourage peoples live together peacefully and
cooperatively.
 Ethical decision –making principles can be guides in making action or in
making moral judgment.

. How can nature Ethical decisions and action? .

 The ethical nature our action and decision, however is very much dependent upon our
notion of good and bad right and wrong.
 One of key task of ethics reasoning generally to analyzes and critically, considers the
values we hold the objection s of citizens.
 One of the key task f ethics is to evaluate the adequacy f reason that we give for our
actions.
 Ethical problems are often not as clear as another kinds of problems and resolving
ethical problems in definitively is not always possible
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES AND VALUESO F MORAL JUDGEMENT.
The branch of philosophy study that focus on ‘ethics ‘is concerning with studying or building
up a coherent set of ‘rule ‘or principles by which peoples ought to live.
The systematic examined ethical frame works most of peoples in steady of carry around a
useful set of day –to-day rules.
We need to examine these questions in more detail and we need theoretical frame work that
can helps us to analyze complex problem.

MORAL INSTITUTION AND CRITICAL REASONINGS.

 The study of ethics involves reasoning about our feeling and it involves making sense
of and rationalizing our institution about what is right or good.
  The integration of these moral sentiment and principles.
 All societies are characterized their own ethical ideas –expressed in terms of attitude
and beliefs and their own custom

Rationalizations.

 Studying ethics, then involves attempting to find valid reason for the moral argument that we
make.
 The philosophical approach to think critically about the moral ideas that they hold, to support
or refuse those ideas with arguments.
 A rationalization occurs when we use the first glance seem to be rational or credible motives to
cover up our true.
. .types of Reasoning.
They are three types of reasoning these are:
1. Deductive and Inductive reasoning
 Deductive reasoning applies a principle to situation. For instance if every person
has human rights and you are a person, then you have human right every person.
 Inductive reasoning involves providing evidence to support hypothesis.
2. Ethical and religious faith.
 Morality and religious faith go hand in hand.
 Faith –based arguments are relevant to moral philosophy for several reasons.
3. Testing moral arguments.
 Critical reasoning is about asking question whenever anyone give us a reason to
support an argument and factual accuracy.

THINKING ETHICALLY: AFRAME WORK FOR MORAL DECISION –MAKING.

There are three approaches a frame work for moral decision –making. These are

1. Fairness and justices approach.

The fairness or justices approach to ethics has its roots the teachings of the ancient
Greek philosopher. Aristotle who said that equal should be treated equally.
2. The common good approach.
 The common good approach ethics assume a society comprising individuals
whose own good in extricable linked to the good of the community.
3. The right approaches.
 German philosopher Immanuel Kant’s focused on the individuals rights to choose
among these rights.
 The right to truth.
 The right of privacy.
 The right not to be injured.
 The right to what is agreed.
TO WHOM OR WHAT DOES MORALITY APPLY?.

The application of morality four aspects may be considered these are:

 Religious morality.
 Morality and nature.
 Individual’s morality.
 Social morality.
WHO IS MORALITY OR ETHICALLY RESPONSIBLE? .
  Moral judgment refer to human being
 Moral judgment refer to deciding what is right and what is wrong in human
relations
 Individuals are continually judging their own conduct and their fellows.
 Moral judging conduct or action we have considered, motive, consequences and
situations.

WHAT MAKES AN ACTION MORAL? .

 We think of morally means morally good.

 Amoral act involves an agent.
 Amoral act involves intention.
 Amoral act not affect others.
WHY SHOULD HUMAN BEINGS BE MORALS? .

We should be moral because being moral to following the rules designed to override self-interests

 Argument from enlightened self –interests.

 .argument from tradition to law.
 To fight a common human need.

UNIT –FOUR

State, government and citizenship.

Defining state refer to territorial entity that is politically organized and peoples.

State can be understood as the highest and most powerful political organization society.

State has been understood in four quite different ways perspective, these are

 An idealist perspective.
 Functionalist perspective.
 An organizational perspective
 International perspective
1. The idealist approach to the state most clearly reflected by Hegel identified three members of
social existence the family, civil society and the state within the family.
2. Functionalist approach to the state focus on the role or purpose of state institution and such
approach adopted by neo-Marxist.
3. The organizational views, define the state comprise the various institution of government the
bureaucracy, the military, the police, the courts and the social system.
4. The international approach to the state it primary as an actor’s on the world stage indeed as the
basic unity of international politics.
The highlights the dualistic structure of the state means to maintain domestics order and
the international views.
State has four basic features or elements have
 Population.
 Defined territory or boundary.
 Government.
 Sovereignty
Sovereignty.interms of two internal and external sovereignty
Internal sovereignty implies that the state there can be no other authority that may chain equality with it.

External sovereignty implies that the state should be free from foreign control of any kinds.

4.2. Rival theories of states.

 There are various rivals’ theories of the state each of which offers a different account of its
origins, development and impacts in the society.
 Andrew Hey wood classified the rivals theories of state into four .these are
The pluralist states.
The capitalist states.
The leviathan states.
The patriarchal states.
1. The pluralist state
The state has a very clear liberal lineage.
The state can be ignored only because it is seen as an impartial arbiter or referee that can
be bent to the will of the government of the day.
The Anglo-American thought.
The modern pluralist, more critical view, termed the neo-pluralist theory of the state.
2. The capitalist state.
 The state capitalist society.
 The dominant group or ruling class ,the state is thus a dynamic entity that reflects the
balance of power with in society at any given time ,and the ongoing struggle for
hegemony.
3. The Leviathan state
 Such a view is rooted in early and liberalism and in particular, commitment to a radical
form of individualism..
 New –right theorist expansions dynamics of state power by references to both demand
side and supply –side pressures.

4. The patriarchal state

 The state is biased in favor of men.

 The modern thinking about state must finally take account of the implication of
feminist theories.
 The liberal feminist, who believe that sexual or gender equality and women are
denied legal political equality and especially the right to vote the state.

4.5. The role of state.

The roles of state among the different state forms that have developed are the following are

Minimal states.
Developmental state.
Social –democratic state.
Collectivized state.
Totalitarian state
Religious state.
1. Minimal state
 The ideal of classic liberal whose aims is to ensure that individual away the widest possible
realm of freedom.
 The view is rooted in social contract theory.
  In John Locke famous simile, the state acts as a right whose services.

The minimal night watchman state with three core function.

o First and foremost, the state exists to maintain domestic order.

o It ensures that contracts or voluntary agreement make between private citizens are
enforced.
o It provides protection against external attach: examples minimal states UK and USA.
2. Developmental state.
 The best historical in Japan and Germany .the state assumed more active developmental
role of state.
 State is more that intervene in economic life with the specific purpose of promoting
industrial growth and economic development.
 More recently economic globalization has fostered the emergence of competition state. e.g.
the Tiger economic of east Asia .
2. Social –democratic [welfare] state.
 The social –democratic principles such as fairness, equality and social justices.
 In country such as Austria and Sweden state intervention has been guided by both
developmental and social democratic priorities.
 The social –democratic state is thus the ideal of both modern liberal and democratic
socialists.
 The social-democratic state is an ‘enabling ‘dedicating to the principles of individual
empowerment.
3. Collectivized state.
 The state being the entirely of economic life under state control.
 The best examples of such states were in orthodox communist countries such as USSR
and throughout Eastern Europe.
 These sought to abolish private enterprises.
 The fundamental socialist pretences for common ownershing over private property.
4. Totalitarian state.
 The influence of in which every aspect of human existence.
 The state brings not only the economic best also education, culture, religion, family life
and so on under direct state control.
 The best examples of totalitarian states are Hitler Germany and stein USSR, the
modern regimes such as Saddam Hussein Iraq.
 The central pillar of such regime is a comprehensive process of surveillance and
terroristic policing and pervasive system of ideological manipulation and control.

6. Religious state

 The advance of state sovereignty thus usually was hand in hand with the forward march
of secularization.
 In the USA the secular nature of the state.
 For instance in the process of Islamization introduced in Pakistan and Islamic state, in
Iran, Srilankan state Buddhism.
 Religious states are founded on the basis of religious principles.

4.6.1. Understanding Government

 What is Government? .government is one of the most essential component and administrative wing of
the state.

 Governments are empowered to establish and regulate the inter relaship of the peoples within
their territorial countries.
 Government must possess two essential authorities and regulates.

Purpose and functions of government.

According to major purpose and function of government are

 Self-preservation.
 Distribution and regulation of resources.
 Management of conflict..
 Fulfillment of social or group aspiration.
 Protection of property.
 Implementation of moral condition.
 Provision of goods and services.

Understanding citizenship.

 Citizenship a person is legal members of a particular state.

 Citizenship the formal level, simply denote to the network of relationship
between the state and the citizens.
They are common elements, such as right, duties , belonging ,identity and
participation one can the definitions of the terms :
 Citizenship as status of fight.
 Membership and identity.
 Participation.
 Inclusion and exclusion.

Theorizing citizenship is not an eternal essence rather a cultural artifact mold by people through time

The issue of citizenship speaks of the following four approaches, liberal, communitarian, republican and
multiculturalism.

1. Citizenship in liberal thought.

 Liberal theory of citizen ship begins with the individual freedom.
 Strong emphasis the individual liberty of the citizen and right that adhere to each and
every citizens
 Liberalism the primary political unity as well as the initial focus of all fundamental
political inquiry is the individual persons.
2. Citizenship in communitarian thought.
Communitarian thought, it emphasis on what bind citizens together in to aparticar
community
 An approaches emphasis on the importance of society in articulating the good.
 The nationalist model argue that the identity of citizens.
 It is hostility towards individual rights and autonomy.
 It denied the interest of community can be reduced to the interests of their individual
members.
  Theories tend to emphasis the communal construction of social individual and social
formation and of values and practices.

3. Citizenship in Republican thought.

 Republican citizenship theory emphasis on both individual and group rights.

 Means republican through attempt to incorporate the liberal notion of the self-interested
individuals.
 Liberal citizenship through, republican school advocates self-government.
 They are two essential elements of the republican citizenship publicity and self –
government.
 Publicity basically refers to the condition of being open and public.
 The communitarian frame work of egalitarian and community belonging.
 True citizenship requires commitment to the common good and active participation in
public affairs.
 Republican citizen ship has been criticized by scholars who advocated multi –cultural and
other approaches of citizen ship.
4. Multicultural citizenship.
 The increasing diversity in state challenges particularly the liberal conceptions of
citizenship.
 The liberal view the right of the individual as paramount and group identities and right as
inconsistent with and inimical to the right of the individuals.
 The group rights as well as individual rights the structural exclusion of racial, gender,
ethic and language groups and increasing immigration thought the world.
 The states multi cultural and poly ethics.
 The state should be expanded to include cultural rights and group rights with in a
democratic framework.
The basic focus on multi cultural citizenship discuss four principles of multicultural
citizenships, such as
 Taking equality of citizenship rights as a starting point.
 Recognizing that formal equality of right does not necessarily lead to equality of
respect resources opportunities or welfare.
 Establishing mechanism for group representation and participation.
 Differential treatment for people with different characteristics needs and wants.

Modes or ways of acquiring and loosing citizenships.

Ways of acquiring citizenship.

 The common ways of acquiring citizenship can be grouped into two citizenship by birth
citizenship and by law or naturalization.

1. Citizenship from birth or origin individuals can get citizenship status of particular state.

 There are two principles of citizenship from birth commonly known as the right of the soil
and the right blood.
2. Citizenship by naturalization or law is the legal process by which foreigners become citizens of
another country.
 The common sub –principles of acquiring citizenship through naturalization, political
case,[secession ,merger and re-integration or restoration.
 Dual citizenship.

 Dual citizen ship is the condition of being a citizen of two nations; a person may
acquire more than two states which is multiple citizenship.
 The duality or multiplicity arises because of the clash among the right of the soil, or
the right of the blood and naturalization.

Ways of loosing citizenship.

 Citizenship can be lost when a state provides for lapse or withdrawals of cititizenship
under certain condition, or when a citizen voluntary renounces it.
 The primary rational for loss of citizenship is the absence of a genuine link with the
state
The commonly way losing citizenships are
Deprivation, the court taking a decision to nullify an individual‘s citizenship.
Renunciation is the voluntary way of loosing citizenship.
Lapse or Expiration is long terms residence a broad beyond the numbers of years
permitted by the country in questions.
UNITY-FIVE.

CONSTITUTION, DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS.

Constitution and constitutionalism.

 Every states must have constitution of its own and that is government must be organized and
conducted according to the rulers of the constitution so that the people must have a rule of law
, it the case of constitutionalism.
Constitution defined:
 Lists the rights of citizens along side.
 Limits on the power exercise of the government.
 It is a blue print on top the hierarchy of law on constitutional governments.
 The collection of principles according to which the power of the government.
 The mother of the law, all other ordinary law.
 The supreme law of a land, any other law contradicted with the provision of the
constitution, the law becomes void or null or in valid.

Peculiar features of the constitution.

Constitution has distinctive features that distinguish it from any other laws .the followings are some of the
distinctive features of a constitution.

1.Generality : means constitutional principles are guidelines for others laws and general set up of the
government setup general spheres such as political ,economical, social,legal,etc---.

2. Permancy: that means constitution serves for a long lap of age.

3. Supremacy: it is original because directly made by the people as the direct expression of the will of the
people.

4. Codified document: constitutions are written down; often in a single document that presents the
constitution in a systematic manner.
5. Allocation of power: constitutions outline the proper relations b/n institutions and officials of the state,
government, and citizens.

Major purpose and functions of constitution.

Such as

 It serves as a frame work for government.

 It limits the power of government.
 It protects individual and collective rights of citizens.
 It serves as the supreme [highest] law of a country.
 The constitution of state is referred to as “the law behind other law or “the mother of law “of a
country.
 It provides the government legitimacy measures of stability, order, and predictability.
 The blue prints for establish ding values and goals.
Classification of constitution.

Constitutions are classified into different categories using different critereria, forms, amendment
procedures and degree of implementation or practices ,constitution can be classified into the following
categories .these are

 Constitution based on forms.

 Constitution based on complexity of amending process.
 Constitution based on degree of practices.
 Constitution on the kinds of state structure.

Constitution in view of the breath of written provisions have been described as written and unwritten
constitution on based form or appearance constitution can be classified as written and unwritten.

1. Written constitution.
 A single forms of document.
 It comprised of the fundamental principles which a government is organized and
conducted.
 It serves as a supreme law of the state.

For examples: India, Kenya, USA, Germany, Brazil, and Nigeria etc

Merit/advantages of written constitution .

 It easily accessible to citizens that enable them to monitor the behavior of these
governments thus preventing the emergency of dictatorship.
 It has the quality of stability, since people know the nature of constitutional provision; they
feel a sense of satisfactions.
 It is full of clarity and definitions because the provisions are written in detail.
 Citizens can easily learn about their rights and duties the basic laws governing the pattern of
political processes of their nation.

Demerit /dis advantages of written constitution.

 It plays things in the hands of the lawyers and the courts.

 Different interpretation come up from time to time that unsettle the judicial thought of the
country.
 It needs continuously amended to be adapted to a new situation.
  It creates a situation of rigidity.
 It leads to the development of a conservative attitude.
2. Unwritten constitution.
 The fundamental principles and powers of the governments are not written down in any
single document.
 It consists of customs, convections, traditions, and some written laws bearing different
dates.
 It is made up, largely of customs and judicial decisions.

For example: U.K, Israel and New Zealand

Merit /dis advantages of un written constitution.

 It has the quality of elasticity or flexibility and adaptability.

 It is dynamic that prevent the chances of popular uprisings.
 It can absorb and recovers from shocks that destroy may destroy the recourses of the country.
 It looks a natural outgrowth of a national life.

Demerit or disadvantages of unwritten constitution.

 It is not compiled into a single document.

 It is not easily accessible to the public.
 It is difficult to create awareness through education constitutional rights and duties of citizens.
 It leads to situation of instability.
 It leads to the state of confusion.

Based on the kinds of state structures.

Constitutions either concentrates power at the centre or distributes it among the different branches and
level of government in this regard classified as federal and unitarory government.

1 .Federal government constitution.

 The federal constitution supreme.
 Purely classify and decentralized power b/n central and regional government.
 The power divided b/n the federal government and state or province will be clearly set
down in the constituent document.

For example: USA, CANADA, AUSTRALIA, and MALAYSIA.

2 .Unitary government constitution.

 State power is concentrated in the hands of the central government.
 The central government can established or abolish the level of government.
 Powers and responsibility are delegated to them the central government.
 Local government has no guarantee for their existence

Constitutionalism is defined as

 The doctrine that government should faithful to their constitution.

 Rules and laws so provided are all that can protect citizens’ rights from arbitrary action and
decisions of the government.
 The essential elements for constitutionalism are constitution and its effective implementation.
 It desires a political order in which the powers of the government are limited.
  It checks whether the act of government is legitimate and whether officials conduct their pubic
duties in accordance with laws pre-determined in advance.

The constitutional experience of Ethiopia :pre and post 1931.

 Tradional constitutional era-1931.

 Ethiopia has a very little experience with a written in spite of its long history of state formation.
 The documents like the kebre Negest ,the Fetha Negest and serate Mengest the 13 th century and the early
20th century.
1. Fetha Negest, [the law of kings] was, the law of the king, is a collection of which in use in Christian
Ethiopia for many country.
2. Kibre Negest: means the glory of kings was Witten top document for the first time the mythical origin of
the royal houses.
3. Serate Mengist one of the Tradional document of the 19 th century that provided certain administrative
protocol and directives.
1. The 1931[1923] Written constitution.
 The key source of legitimacy in Ethiopia past were forces [conquest, military expression i. e
orthodox Christianity] and Tradional [ i .e right’ genealogy ] .
 The constitution reinforced the traditional position of the emperor as elect of God, Kings of king
s of Ethiopia.
 Emperor HaileSilassie developed strong aspiration to view Ethiopia as a modern state to the rest
of the world.
 The 1931 constitution was intended to provide a legal frame work for the suppression of the
powerful Tradional nobility to the emperor.
2. The revised constitution of 1955[1948].
 During the period both the Ethiopian orthodox church and the Tradional aristocracy were
severely weakened.
 Interestingly enough it also contained an elaborate regime of civil and political rights for subjects.
 The constitution was the supreme law of the land governing even the emperor.
 The emperor both the head of state and the government and continued to oversee the Judiciary
through emperor chi lot [crown chi lot] .
 Global politics and Ethio- Eritrean federation.
 The federation was a document that specific the terms of agreements for the federation b/n Eritrea
and Ethiopia.
 The Eritrean were established their own constitution with the support of UN.
3. The 1987[1980] constitution of people’s Democratic Republic Ethiopia. [PDRE] .
 The PMAC presented itself for election through a new party the workers’ party of Ethiopia.
[WPE] .
 The parties become the vanguard communist party.
 The [PDRE] constitution [1987] was different from the 1931 and 1955 imperial constitutions.
 State and religion were separated for the first time.
 State the political power and sovereignty were declared to be the [WPE] .
 Contains provision on democratic and human rights, recognized the different cultural identities
and the equality of nation and nationality.
 Aimed at the principles of Marxist and Leninist ideology and single party system.

4. The 1995[1987] [FDRE] constitution.

 Introduction of federal forms of government.

 The parliamentary forms of democracy.
  The core of egalitarian principles includes, self determination, affirmative collective actions .and
self administration.
 The principles of popular sovereignty. Ar. 8. Means the power resides by the Nation and
Nationalizes peoples of Ethiopia.
 The constitutionalism and constitutional supremacy. Ar 9.
 Sanctity of human rights. Ar 10.
Democracy and Democratization.

Defining Democracy.

 Etymologically ,the word democracy is derived from two Greek words ‘demos’ and ‘keratos’,
which means common people and rule [legitimate power to rule] .
 The Definition of Democracy “the government of the people, by the people and for the people
“given by or formed US president Abraham Lincoln.
 If one maintains the definition of democracy to be a government system in which supreme power
is vested in and exercised by people ,two broad ways of exercising it can being led out namely
1 .Direct democracy the expression 'direct democracy' is subject to misconceptions. The
equal right of all citizens to participate in the processes of government did not mean that
every decision was taken at a kind of mass meeting.
Direct democracy (pure democracy) is an exercise of democracy, in which
‘all citizens’ without the intermediary of elected officials can participate in
decision-making process.

2 .Indirect (Representative) Democracy: - This is the modern type of democracy that we have
today. A representative democracy is where citizens within a country elect representatives to
make decisions for them. In this regard, the meaning of representative form of democracy is
that the whole people cannot directly participate in their own affairs but through their
representatives, which are periodically elected by the people themselves. For instance, every
5 years in Ethiopia, the people have the chance to vote into power those they wish to
represent us in the Parliament. The Parliamentarians meet in the House of People
representatives to discuss matters and pass acts which then become Ethiopian law.

Values and principles of democracy.

They are key elements that distinguish states organized under democratic principles from dictatorship.

1. Liberty: this values includes

 Personal freedom, the individual should be free from arbitrary rule.

 Political freedom.
 Economic freedom.

2. Justices: the values of democracy can be understood in three general sense of fairness.
  Distributive justices
 Corrective justices.
 Procedural justices..

3. Equality: three notions of equality significant here our discussion, these are

 Political equality.
 Economic equality.
 Social equality.

The following constitute some of the fundamental principles and values of democracy, these are

 Popular sovereignty, JJRusseaus was based on general will of a population [the common
good].
 Constitutional supremacy.
 Rule of law.
 Secularism.
 Separation of power.
 Free, fair and periodic election.
 Majority rule and minority right.
 Protection and promotion of human rights.
 Multi - party system.
 Active citizen participation.

Democratization, they are three main elements in democratization processes such as

 The removal of the authoritarian regime.

 Installation of a democratic regime.
 The consolidation or long –term sustainability of the democratic regime.

Actors of Democratization, they are five actors of democratization, such as

 Political party is a vector of democracy.

 Media is independent from the states.
 Nongovernmental organization [NGOS] and Civil –societies is the set of civil-right
promotion and defendant.
 Public opinion is the influential of democracy.
 Pressure /interests group is the bridge b/n the citizen and government.

Human rights: concepts and Theories.

What are human rights?. Universal declaration of human rights [UDHR]are : -

 Universal.
 In alienable.
 Interdependent and interrelated.
 Equality and non-discrimination
 Indisputable

Land marks in development of human rights.

  The modern human rights notations are the results of extended many forms of oppression
including slavery ,genocide, discrimination and government tyranny
 Formally promoted and protected through international and domestic law the adoption of UDHR
in 1948.
 This works for every right we may possess an individual or group .these are right holders and
duty bearers.
 Right- holders [individuals or group or society] claim their rights from duty bearers.
 Duty – bearers [state, NGOS, community, individual], promoting, protecting, fulfilling rights of
rights holders.

Categorical of human rights.

 The common way of categorization is the one developed by Kad Vasak ,who have classified
human rights into three ,These are :-
1. The first generation rights .e .g. civil /human and political/democratic rights.
2. The second generation rights. e .g. Social, cultural, economic, peace, development and
environment protection.

3 ,The third generation rights. e .g . solidarity, positive involvement , fraternity, progressive .

WORK SHEET Regular& Extension Management&

Regular [health officer],
PART I;TRUE OR FALSE ITEMS.
Write true if the statement is correct or false if it is incorrect on the space provided.[1eachpt].
__1Females sit down when urinating” .This is the moral norm that they have.
__2.One of the main rule and regulations civil-servant due diligence.
__3. Ethics has nothing to do without morality.
__4.In the absences morality society cannot lead a peaceful existence.
__5.According to subjectivism moral judgments depends upon individual personal decisions
__6.Periodic election of rules is one of the important values and principles of democracy.
__7.The subject matter of ethics belongs to political science
__8.“Civil servants and public officials are required to obtain best values for public assets.
__9.The hyper globalist the authority and legitimacy of the state is undermined the National
Government.
__10.Morality is about socially agreed values that serve as a standard to evaluate human action.
PARTII: Multiple choices items:
Choose the correct answer and write the letter of your choices in the space provided [1pt].
___11.which of the following is a negative impact of globalization? .
A. Transfer of global information and knowledge.
B. Dependence of economically weak nations on the developed ones.
C. market completion between economically weak and strong nations.
D. advancement of technology.
E. all of the above.
___12.which of the following is an inclusive term? .
A .Responsibility. B. Accountability. C. Good governance. D. Transparency. E. all
___13.which of the following is not true about democratic constitution?.
A .It paves the way for constitutionalism and democracy.
 B .It limits the power of government.
C .It does not allow extra- constitutional authorities.
D. It does not stipulate directly the rights and duties of citizens.
E. all of the above.
___14. Identify the correct one.
A All the citizens of the country have the same moral values and norms.
B The citizens of a country have some commonly shared values and norms.
C. In our social activities individual values proceed over social values.
D. The entire social valves and norms are GOD-given. E. all of the above.

___15.The first social contract theory of politics in English language. ”The General will of state
“ .was written by _________.
A. Thomas Hobbes. C. Jean Jacque Rousseau.
B .John Locke. D. Jeremy Bentham. E .none.
___16.Action of any sort must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reasons. This refers
to__________________.
A. Kantian ethical theory. C .Platonic ethical doctrine.
B. Teleological ethical theory. D. Divine right ethical theory. E .A&C.
___17.Which of the following is correct statement about professional ethics?.
A .Partiality general work ethics for all profession.
B .All professions have their own peculiar professional ethics.
C .Ethical standards are not needed for all professions.
D. If there is a good pay there will be a good working environment. E .none.
____18.Which of the following is true about protecting the environment? .
A .it is helpful both to the present and the future generations.
B. it is the responsibility of the ministry of agriculture.
C .it worries those who earn income from the environment.
D .it has nothing to do with economic development of a country. E. None.
___19.Globalization has resulted in greater__________________________
A Property for all countries of the world.
B. Interdependence among nations of the world.
C . Unrest and civil wars in many parts of the world.
D. Flow of aid and loans to the poor countries.
E. all of the above.
___20.During the initial years of the Dergue regime binding decisions on the life, liberty
and property of Ethiopia was mostly taken by ________________________
A .various levels of courts. C .workers’ party of Ethiopia.
B .committees at various levels. D. chairman of the Dergue
E. C and D.
___21.One mark of the 1955 revised constitution of Ethiopia is that it.____________________
A .established a bicameral parliament for the first time.
 B .was presented as a grant given by the emperor to “his subjects”.
C. Was drafted, debated and approved by representatives of the nobility.
D. reflected the true desire of the people of the country.
E. all of the above
__22.Among the following one is not the fundamental constitutional principles? .
A. Popular sovereignty.
B. Independency of Judiciary.
C Judicial Review.
D. Directive Principles of state E. Arbitrary rule.
policy

___23.Which of the following factors essentially necessitated the revision of the 1931 constitution in
1955?.
A.The promulgation of Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
B.The federation of Eritrea with Ethiopia.
C.The outbreak of peasant rebellions.
D.The expansion of modern education.
A. All of the above.
___24.When the first written constitution appeared in the world.
A. 17th c B. 18th c. C. 19thc. D. 20th c. E. 16th c.
-----25. Which of the following is false the main assumption and policy prescription of
Washington Consensus?
A .The tight-fisted control of money supply and credit to burn away inflation and raise
interests rates.
B. The Devaluation of currencies.
C. The privatization of the government enterprises.
D. Cuts in the government spending particularly expenditure on services.
E .It helps citizens cultivate habits of self-confidence.
___26.An altruist is identified by his /her readiness to.
A..Lead people in protests against injustices.
B. Sacrifice ones happiness and welfare for others.
C. Oppose any form of dictatorship and tyranny.
D. Use any means to gain power and respect.
E .none of the above.
---27. What do you understand from the following statement?
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land any law, customary practice or decision of
an organ of state or public official which contravenes this constitution shall be no effect.
A .The separation of state and religion.
B .The supremacy of the constitution.
C .The sovereign authority of the power resides the citizens.
D. The separation of power.
E. all of the above.
___28. During the Ethiopian students’ movement of the 1960s and 1970 the main slogan of
The student was
A. “Cultural equality of nation and nationality”.
B. “Church and state should separated“.
C. “Land to the Tiller”.
D. .“One united Ethiopia or Death “.
E. All of the above.
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___29.What is the difference between constitution and constitutionalism? .
A. Constitution consists of a set of rules or norms creating, structuring and defining
The limit of the government but constitutionalism is the idea of the government should
be legally limited in its powers.
B. There is a close connection b/n constitution and constitutionalism.
C. Both constitution and rules of law were concerned about the limits on the state power
then its constitutionalism.
D. Constitutionalism also emphasized the political mandate and accountable government
and constitution is the fundamental laws of a nation.
E. E. all of the above.
___30.which of the following is not the principles and values of democracy?
A. Decision is made based on majority rule and minority.
B..recognizes and protects the individuals as well as group rights, liberties and equality.
C. it respects the rules of law.
D. It enables the people to be sovereign power.
E .All of the above.
__PART THREE; MACHING ITEMS; MATCHCOLUMN”A” to COLUMN”B” [each1pt].
“A”. “B”
___31 .Consequalism theory A .universal validity.
___32 .Non- consequalism B. no universal validity.
___33. Ethical relativism C. Ethical principle.
___35 .Kohl Berg .D. egoistic.
___36 . Ethical objectivism.. E. Theory of duty.
PART :IV WRITE ANSWERS PRECISLY AND NEATLY ON THE SPACE PROVIDED
37. List at least four principles of public service ethics.].
a___________________________________________c.____________________________
b.__________________________________________d.____________________________
38. What are the three basic forms of globalizations?.
a._____________________________________________c._________________________
b._____________________________________________
39. List out at least the five [RS] methods of over consumption and wastage of commodities of
the environment.[5pt].
40. What do you understand about rigid and flexible constitution? Mention at least four
differences in each.
a_________________________________c.______________________________________
b._______________________________ d.________________________________________
FILL IN THE BLANK SPACE BELOW WITH APPROPRIATE TERMS OR CONCEPTS THE GIVEN
BELOW.[1.5pt] .

Strategy professional ethics policy Industriousness.

41. Performing work great care and devotion under certain ethical norms is________________.

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42._______________is a guide lines which enables workers to differentiate the right way of
conduct from the wrong way of conduct.

43.__________is defines as a line of argument rationalizing the course of action of a

government.

44._________is defined as an elaborate and systematic plan of action.

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