BIOLOGY

2ND Term, S.S. 1, Week 5

Periods 1-3
February
2023
Theme The Organism at work
Topic Mammalian Teeth and Digestive Enzymes
Lesson Duration 40 minutes (PERIOD 1)

Instruction by the end of this lesson, students should be able to:

Al 1. define a tooth
Objectives/ 2. list the two forms of human teeth

Learning 3. List and explain the various types of teeth

Outcomes 4. draw the anatomy of the mammalian tooth.
Instruction al • White board • Marker •Textbooks • Learners’ note
Resources/ Material
• Specimens of the various types of teeth from different animals

• Chart showing the anatomy of a mammalian tooth.

Teacher The teacher prepares the following ahead of the lesson;
Preparation • The different types of mammalian teeth, incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
• Chart of the anatomy of a mammalian tooth.
n for the

Lesson
Teaching Method Participatory and interactive
• Buzz group • Peer group • Cooperative learning • Learner report- back

Lesson Time Teacher Activity Students Core Skills

Procedure Activity
2
Step 1: 4 minutes Teacher does the following; Learners do the following; ● Critical thinking
Identification of Prior 1. Introduces the new topic to 1. Listen attentively ● Collaboration
ideas: students ● Communication
2. Asks students to discuss in 1. Participate in
groups what would happen if group
they do not have teeth discussion
3. Calls on one or two learners to
say what they discussed 1. One or two learners come out
to say what they discussed

1. A cheer is given for those

who came out to speak.

Step 2: 10 Teacher does the following; 1. Learners listen attentively ● Attentiveness

Main Lesson minutes ● Observation
1. explains mammalian teeth 2. Learners make an
● Communication
attempt at identifying the types of
teeth from the
specimens before them.
1. list and
explain the two forms of teeth.
3. using the specimens of
the types of teeth, guide
students to identify
the different types of
mammalian teeth. 3
Step 3: 10 minutes 1.Teacher 1. Students carry out ● Collaboration
Application displays the instructions given ● Observation
by the teacher. ● Communication
: Various
In-Class specimens on the

exercises table and also

students to

observe and
identify each type of tooth 2. They listen to teacher's
giving reasons. feedback
2. Teacher gives immediate
feedback
10 minutes
Copy the lesson summary on Learners copy
the chalk/white board the lesson summary into
their notebooks
Step 4: 3 minutes Ask students the following Students respond to the ● Critical thinking
Evaluation questions: questions asked ● Retention
1. What are the forms of teeth ● Communication
we have?
2. What are the various types
of teeth in mammals?
Step 5: 3 minutes In your Assignment notebooks, draw and label fully, the various types of mammalian teeth.
Assignment
:- Take Home
/Further Practice 4
Board Summary

Mammalian Teeth

A tooth is a hard, resistant structure found on the jaws and around the mouth areas of vertebrates. Mammals
have teeth that are located in their month. The teeth function as guides for chewing and tools for cracking
through food items. Teeth differ in form and structure due to the type of food they feed on.

Forms of Teeth

There are two forms of teeth

i. milk teeth

ii. permanent teeth

Milk Teeth

Milk teeth /primary teeth/deciduous teeth are the first teeth that start coming out through the gums of man
at about 6 months after birth. They are 20 in number.

Permanent Teeth

Permanent teeth /adult teeth /secondary teeth replace the milk teeth at about 6 years of age, the average
person has 32 permanent teeth, 16 at the upper jaw and 16 at the lower jaw.

Anatomy of a tooth is shown in the diagram below.

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Types of Teeth

There are four types of teeth in mammals. They are as follows;

1. Incisors teeth

2. Canines teeth

3. Premolars teeth

4. Molars teeth

Incisors Teeth

Incisors' teeth are the most visible in the human month. They are found in the front of the mouth. In
humans, each person has eight (8) incisors, four (4) on the bottom row and four (4) on the top row.
The primary function of the incisors is to bite into our food and are also used for cutting food during
mastication.

Canine Teeth

Canine teeth are pointed and found between the incisors and premolars of a mammal. They are four
(4) in numbers, two (2) canines on the top of the mouth and two (2) on the bottom. They have a
sharp, pointed surface for tearing food. Canine teeth have a single cusp.

Premolar Teeth

Premolar teeth are located in the mouth. They are found between canine and molar teeth and they
are also called bicuspid teeth. Premolar teeth are primarily used to grind and break up food. There
are four premolar teeth in each jaw of a man.

Molar Teeth

Molar teeth are flat, found at the rear of the mouth. Each molar tooth typically has four or five
cusps. They are used exclusively for grinding food. Wisdom teeth are also called third molars 6

Diagrams of the different types of teeth in mammals

BIOLOGY

PERIOD 2

7
Theme The Organism at work
Topic Mammalian Teeth, dental formula and adaptation of dentition to mode of nutrition.
Lesson Duration 40 minutes (PERIOD 2)
Instruction by the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Al 1. classify animals based on the food they eat
Objectives/ 2. write the dental formula of man, dog and sheep
Learning 3. explain how herbivores adapt to their mode of feeding.
Outcomes
Instructional Resources/ • White board • Marker •Textbooks • Learners’ note
Material
• Specimens of the various type of teeth
• Chart of the mammalian skull (teeth intact)
Teacher The teacher prepares the following ahead of the lesson;
Preparation • Teacher collects different types of teeth from the abattoir and from killed cats and dogs, ask students to observe the different teeth, draw and
n for the label them
Lesson • Chart of the Mammalian skull with teeth
Teaching Method Participatory and interactive
• Buzz group • Peer group • Cooperative learning • Learner report- back
Lesson Time Teacher Activity Students Core Skills
Procedure Activity
Step 1: 4 minutes Teacher does the following; Learner does the following; ● Critical thinking
Identification of Prior ideas: 1. Introduces the new topic to 1. Listen attentively ● Collaboration
students ● Communication
2. Asks students to discuss in 1. Participate
groups what would happen if they in group
do not have teeth discussion
3. Calls on one or two students to
say what they discussed 1. One or two students come out to
say what they discussed

1. A cheer is given for those who

8
came out to speak.
Step 2: 10 Teacher does the following; 1. Learners listen attentively ● Attentiveness
Main Lesson Minutes ● Observation
1. classify animals based on the 2. Learners make an
● Communication
food they eat attempt at identifying the types of
teeth from the
2. write the dental formula of man, specimens before them
dog and sheep
3. explain how herbivores adapt
to their mode of feeding
Step 3: 10 minutes 1.Teacher 1. Students carry out ● Collaboration
Application displays the instructions given ● Observation
: Various by the teacher. ● Communication
In-Class specimens on the
Exercises table and asks
students to
observe and
identify each type of teeth from 2. They listen to teacher's
the specimen, giving reasons. feedback
2. Teacher gives immediate
feedback
10 minutes
Copy the lesson summary on the Learners copy
chalk/white board the lesson summary
into their notebooks
Step 4: 3 minutes Teacher asks students the Students respond to the ● Critical thinking
Evaluation following questions: questions asked ● Retention
1.What is the dental formula of ● Communication
man, sheep and dog?
2.How do herbivores adapt to
their mode of feeding
Step 5: 3 minutes In your Assignment notebooks, Draw and label fully, the anatomy of a tooth.
9
Assignment
:- Take Home
/Further Practice
BOARD SUMMARY
Dental Formula and Adaptation to Mode of Nutrition

Dental Formula shows the arrangement of the different types of teeth in the mouth. The letters correspond to the type of teeth. For example, the dental formula of a man is i =
incisors, c= canine, pm =premolar, m = molar. It tells us how many incisors, canines, Premolars and molars are in each half of the top and down jaws. For example, the dental formula
2 1 4 3
of an adult man is i2, c 1 , pm4, m 3 .

Animals can be classified based on the food they feed on. Herbivores are animals that feed on plants. Carnivores are animals that eat flesh. Omnivores are those animals that feed
on both plants and animals.

1. Dentition of herbivores (sheep)

The sheep is an herbivore and mainly feeds on grasses or other available vegetation and so its dentition is adapted for this mode of feeding. The dentition of sheep is designed for
the cutting of grasses and for grinding them efficiently.

The sheep has no incisors and canine on each side of the upper jaw but has three (3) incisors and one (1) canine on the lower jaw. There are three premolar and three molars on
0 0 3
each side of both upper and lower jaws. The dental formula of a sheep is i3, c 1 , pm3,
3
m 3 =32.

The space between the honey pad and the upper premolars and between the lower canines and the lower premolar is called diastema.

Dentition of Carnivores (Dog)

The dog is carnivore (Meat eaters) and their teeth are adapted for this mode of nutrition. The dog has three incisors, one canine and four premolars. The Upper jaw has two
3 1 4 2
molars and the lower jaw has three molars. The dental formula of a dog is i3, c 1 , pm4, m 3 =42.

The last upper premolar and the first lower molar are very large with sharp upper surfaces and vertical sides. They are called carnassial teeth.

3. Dentition of an Omnivore (man)

2
Man is an omnivorous animal. They feed on both plants and animals. The dentition of man is adapted to his mode of nutrition. Therefore, the dental formula of an adult man is i2, c
1 2 3
, pm2, m 3 =32.
1

Dental Formula of Milk teeth In Children 10

2 1 0 2
The dental formula of milk teeth in children is two (2) incisors, one canine, zero premolar, and two molars in each quadrant or half. That is 12, C 1 , PM0, M 2 =20
11
BIOLOGY
PERIOD 3

12
Theme The Organism at work
Topic Digestive Enzymes
Lesson Duration 40 minutes (PERIOD 3)
Instruction by the end of this lesson, students should be able to:
Al 1. define enzymes
Objectives/ 2. state the characteristics of enzyme
Learning 3.discuss on how to test for the acidity of the enzyme ptyalin
Outcomes
Instructional Resources/ • White board • Marker •Textbooks • Learners’ note
Material
• Specimens of saliva, starch, test tubes, distilled water, iodine solution, Benedict’ solution

Teacher The teacher prepares the following ahead of the lesson;

Preparation • Teacher performs experiment to test for acidity of the enzyme ptyalin
n for the
lesson
Teaching Method Participatory and interactive
• Buzz group • Peer group • Cooperative learning • Learner r record and discuss their observations
Lesson Time Teacher Activity Students Core Skills
Procedure Activity
Step 1: 4 minutes Teacher does the following; Learners do the following; ● Critical thinking
Identification of Prior ideas: 1. introduces the new topic to 1. Listen attentively ● Collaboration
students ● Communication
2. asks students to discuss in 1. Observe the experiment and
groups what would happen if they record
do not have enzymes
3. call on one or two learners to
discuss their observation of the 1. One or two learners come out to
experiment. say what they observed

1. A cheer is given for those who

came out to speak.
13
Step 2: 10 Teacher does the following; 1. Learners listen attentively ● Attentiveness
Main Lesson minutes ● Observation
1. Defines enzyme as protein ● Communication
that speed up the rate of
chemical reaction

2. List and
explains the characteristics and
functions of enzymes
3. classify enzymes and
state their roles
Step 3: 10 minutes 1.Teacher perform experiment to 1. Students observe the ● Collaboration
test for the acidity of the enzyme experiment, record and ● Observation
ptyalin discuss ● Communication
Application
:
In-Class
exercises

2. They listen to teacher's feedback

10 minutes
Copy the lesson summary on the Learners copy
chalk/white board the lesson summary into their
notebooks
Step 4: 3. minutes Ask students the following questions Students respond to the questions ● Critical thinking
Evaluation asked ● Retention
State the functions of ptyalin in food ● Communication
digestion\

List the various types of enzymes and

state their importance in food digestion
14

Step 5: 3 minutes In your Assignment notebook. List the types of enzymes and carry out experiments to test for the acidity of the enzyme
BOARD SUMMARY
DIGESTIVE ENZYME
Enzymes are produced naturally in the body and help with important tasks. They are protein in nature and speed up the rate of specific chemical reactions in the
cell. The molecules enzymes act on are called substrates. Enzymes convert substrates into different molecules known as products. The enzyme is not destroyed
during the reaction and it is used over and over again..

Characteristic of Enzymes

1. They are protein and therefore, gets destroyed by heating

2. They speed up chemical reactions so they can be used again and again.
3. Enzymes act only on one kind of substance
4. They are affected by the rate of chemical reaction
5. They are required in small amount
6. They are affected by pH
7. Some require coenzymes
8. They are inhibited by inhibitors

Types of Digestive Enzymes

Digestive enzymes are substances that help to digest our food. They are released by the salivary glands and cells lining the stomach, pancreas, and small intestine

There are many types of digestive enzymes. Some of them are as follows;
1. Amylase
2. maltase
3. Lactase
4. Lipase
5. Proteases
6. Sucrase
Location of Enzymes
15
Enzymes are located in the saliva, stomach, small intestine and pancreas. The pancreas is really the enzyme “powerhouse” of digestion. It produces
the most important digestive enzymes that help to break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats

Foods that contain natural digestive enzymes are; pineapples, pawpaw, mangoes, honey, bananas, avocadoes, ginger etc.

Enzymes and Their Functions

1. Amylase :- in the saliva, amylase helps to change starches into sugars

2. Maltase :-it helps break the sugar maltose into glucose, in the saliva
3. Trypsin :- it helps to break proteins into amino acids in the small intestine
4. Lipases :- this group of enzymes help digest fats in the gut

Importance of enzymes

1. Enzymes help in the chemical digestion of food by breaking some complex food particles into simpler ones that can be easily absorbed by the
blood. And then they are transported to all the cells in the body.
2. Enzymes create chemical reaction in the body
3. They help in muscles building
4. They help in detoxification
5. They help to accelerate chemical reactions to support life.
6. They help to perform important functions in our body.

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 PRACTICE

TEACHER SHOULD PERFORM EXPERIMENT TO TEST FOR THE ACIDITY OF THE

ENZYME PTYALIN

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THANK YOU FOR PARTICIPATING

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