METALS and NON-METALSMetals and Non-Metals There are 118 elements (ref. IUPAC/ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) known at present There are similarity as well as differences in the properties of these elements on the basis of their properties, all the elements can be divided into metals, non metals and metalloids. Metals and non metals are categorized on the basis of their characteristics, such as MALLEABILITY: It is the ability of a metals to hammered into a sheet. DUCTILITY: It is when a solid material stretches under tensile strength. SONOROUS: The ability of a metal to produce sound on collision with the metal.METALS vs. NON METALS SETS Possess Malleability They are ductile LT] Does not possess Malleability el Non-ductile in nature Good conductors of heat and electricity Bad conductors of electricity They are lustrous and can be polished They are non-lustrous. Except: lodine. Solid at room temperature. Except: Mercury liquid at room temperature. They can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature. Melting and boiling points are generally high. Have low melting and boiling points as compared to metals. All metals are strong Non metals are not strongMETALS vs. NON METAL Dy Metals are hard eel Non-metals are light substances. Metals are sonorous Non-metals are non-sonorous Metals react with oxides to form metal-oxides or basic-oxides Non-metals reacts with oxides to form acidic or neutral oxides. Metal reacts with water to produce to metal- oxides (metal-hydroxides) and hydrogen gas Metal reacts with dilute acids to form a metal salt and hydrogen gas They do not react with water They do not react with dilute acids Only few metals like Na, K, Ca and Mg react with hydrogen to form metal hydrides Non metals react with hydrogen to form hydridesREACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS * The more is the reactivity of metal, the more it has the ability to replace other metal which have less reactivity. The more reactive and less reactive are separated by the hydrogen atom reactivity. cortex of Metals (toseREACTIVITY SERIES OF METALS The more is the reactivity of metal, the more it has the ability to replace other metal which have less reactivity. The more reactive and less reactive are separated by the hydrogen atom reactivity. These metals are some reassive Aluminium than hydrogen Zine Iron Tin Lead [Hydrogen] Copper These metals are | Mercury less reactive than 4 Silver hydrogen Gold ity Series of Metals. (Most reactive metal) (Least reactive metal)MINERALS AND ORES The natural materials in which the metals or their compounds are found are called minerals. Those minerals from which the metal can be extracted conveniently and profitably are ores. Relative abundance of metal on earth : Al>Fe>Ca>K>Mg>Ti Ore of aluminium — Bauxite Gangue:- The impurities of ores is called gangue. It can be removed by chemical called Flux. Flux and gangue mixes together to form slag. The impurities are removed in the form of slag.Metallurgy The various process involved in extraction of metals from their ores and refining. * Step 1: Concentration of ore :- * The process of removing unwanted materials by different methods = Hydraulic washing o It is based on the density difference of ore and gangue. The lighter one comes at the surface with water and separated from the metals.Metallurgy = Magnetic separation o If the ore has iron impurities, than that metal is grounded and passed onto a conveyor belt with magnet attached at the ground level. Thus, iron gets attracted by the magnet and separated out from the metal. = Froth floatation method o It is for zinc sulfide and lead sulfide ore. co It is based on the principal of wettability. o Pine oil is added to dissolve sulphide in it and then it comes at the surface in the form of bubbles and gets separated from it.WV Cehecd UL ea = Leaching : o For bauxite(aluminium ore) o Also known as Bayer-process oln this, ore is treated with suitable reagent (sodium aluminium hydroxide) which dissolves ore leaving behind impurities. This process is commonly referred to as extraction, particularly in the chemical industry. Three basic steps are involved in the leaching process: contact, separation, and extraction.Step 2: Conversion of concentrated ore into metal oxides:- Vi Cehecl UL ea Roasting : the process in which the ore is heated below its melting point in presence of air to oxidize the impurities. ZnS +202 -> ZnSO4 CuS + 202 > CuSO4 Calcination : the process of heating the ore below its melting point in absence of air to remove volatile impurities. Al203.2H20 > AI203 + 2H20 Smelting : Reduction of oxide ore with Carbon at high temperature is known as Smelting. Fe203+3C 2Fe+3CO; PbO+C > Pb+COROASTING vs. CALCINATIONS Crna -4 Ore is heated in excess of air. Calcinations Ore is heated in absence or limited supply of heat This is used for sulphide ores This is used for carbonate ores S02 is produced along with metal oxides C02 is produced along with metal oxide. Ex: 22nS+302 gives 2Zn0+2SO2 Ex: ZnCO3 gives ZnO and CO2ORY aie) It is the corrosion of iron and readily occurs in the alloy steel. The formation of a reddish brown flakes which loosely adheres to the iron is called rust. In rusting, the weight of the iron is increased. 4Fe + 30, + 2H,O » 2Fe,O,-H,O Iron Oxygen Water Hydrated iron(II) oxide (Rust)Galvanization and Quenching * GALVANIZATION = It is the process of coating iron with zinc layer to prevent it from the contact of oxygen and water vapours. * QUENCHING ™ Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are strengthened and hardened. = These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys. This is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the material.Quenching This produces a harder material by either surface hardening or through-hardening varying on the rate at which the material is cooled. The material is then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that may increase from the quench hardening process. Items that may be quenched include gears, shafts, and wear blocks. Steel is heated to very high temperature, it becomes bright red and then suddenly cooled in water or oil, it becomes extra ordinary hard and brittle.PAYS Tc) It is a heat treatment that alters the physical and sometimes chemical properties of a material to increase its ductility and reduce its hardness, making it more workable. It involves heating a material above its recrystallization temperature, maintaining a suitable temperature for a suitable amount of time, and then cooling. Steel is heated to a temperature well below red hot and then cooled slowly which turns it soft.Annealing vs. Quenching OU 4 Coletta Metal gets soft Metals get hard and brittle Gradually cooling, heating less than its Direct cooling, heating at its boiling point boiling pointLiquidation and Distillation * LIQUIDATION = Those metals which have impurities with melting point higher than metal. = The material must be heated until one of the metals starts to melt and drain away from the other and can be collected. * DISTILLATION = It is used for the separation of components of a mixture containing two miscible liquids that boil without decomposition and have sufficient difference in their boiling points. Ex:- Na, K, Zn and Hg.IMPORTANT METALS Metal most abundant in earth's crust Aluminum Metal which forms amalgam with other elements Mercury Metal used in a fuse wire and also in solder Lead tin alloy Metal used in the filament of a bulb Tungsten Metal which pollutes the air of cities having large number of vehicles Lead (reason: for using unleaded petrol)IMPORTANT METALS Metal used in the filaments of electric heaters Nichrome Metal used as radiation shield Lead Metal into which uranium turns when it loses all its radioactivity | Lead Metal used for making boats Titanium The metal with highest melting point Tungsten Silver The metal with highest thermal conductivityIMPORTANT METALS The metal with highest electrical conductivity Silver The metal with highest density Osmium The metal with the lowest density Lithium The most malleable and ductile metal Gold The metal with highest melting point Tungstun The least reactive metal PlatinumALLOYS A mixture made by the homogeneous or heterogenous mixture of metals or non metals, especially to give greater strength or resistance to corrosion. An Alloy is a mixture of two or more different elements, at least one of which is a metal. Alloys Composition Uses Duralumin Aluminum, magnesium, __ | For making utensils manganese and copper / Al,Mg,Mn,Cu/ 94,2,1,3 Magnalium | Aluminum, magnesium/ Al, | For frame of aeroplanes Mg/ 95,5Alloys Composition Uses Delta metal Copper, zinc, iron/ Cu,Zn,Fe (60,38,2) In making blades of aeroplane. Stainless steel Iron, chromium nickel carbon/ Fe, Cr, Ni, C ( 75,15,10,.05) Utensil, surgical cutlery Cu Sn ( 90 : 10) Nickel steel | Iron, nickel/ Fe, Ni ( 95,5) Electrical wire, automobile parts, iron carbon nails, screw bridges and railway lines Brass Copper, zinc ; Cu+ Zn( 70:30) _ | Decorative material handles Bronze Copper and tin Statues coin and medalsAlloys Composition Uses German silver Copper, Zinc, Aluminium ; Cu, Zn,Al ( 60,20,20) In making utensils Rolled gold _| Copper, aluminum; Cu,Al (90,10) | In making cheap ornaments Gunmetal Copper, tin, zinc and lead, Guns barrels gears and bearing Cu,Sn,Zn,Pb ( 88,10,1,1) Dutch metal | Copper and Zinc/ Cu, Zn / 80,20 _| In making artificial ornaments Solder Lead and tin Pb, Sn ( 50,50) For Soldering ‘Amalgam Mercury and others Used by dentist for filling in teethMetallurgy The branch of science and technology that studies the properties of metals and their production and _ purification is known as metallurgy. Naturally occurring solid inorganic substance is known as a mineral. Naturally occurring solid material from which valuable mineral or metal can be extracted is known as ore. The following table illustrates the major elements and their oresElement Chemical Composition Bauxite Al2032H20 Corundum Al203 Kryolite NasAlFe Aluminum Dyspore Al203.H20 Copper Pyrite CuFeS2 Copper Malachite 2CuCO3Cu(OH)2 Hematite Fe203 Magnetite Fe3O4 Iron Siderite FeCO3Metallurgy (eget Chemical Composition Sodium Carbonate NazCOs ‘Sodium Chloride NaCl Sodium Nitrate NaNos Sali Sodium Sulphate NazSOa Potassium Chloride KCl Potassium Carbonate keCO3 Potessium Potassium Nitrate KNO3 Magnesite MgcOs Dolomite CaMg(COs)2 Epsom Salt MgsO+ MagnesiumWWiCehecl UL ea aud ees Chemical Composition Calcium Calcium Carbonate Tin Cassiterite SnO2 Galena PbS Cerussite PbCOs Lead Anglesite PbSO« Argentite ‘Ages Silver Tetrahedrite SbiSaWWiCehecl UL ea ies Chemical Composition Zinc Carbonate (known as calamine) ZnCOs Zinc Zinc Sulphide ZnS Mercury Cinnabar Hgs Manganese Pyrolusite Mno2z Phosphorite Ca3(POa)2 Fluorapatite Cas (PO4)3F Phosphorous Chlorapatite 3Caa(PO«)2,CaCl2WW Cehecl UT ea eed Chemical Composition Calaverite AuTe2 Sylvanite (Ag,Au)Te2 Nagyagite (PbsAu(Te, Sb)4Ss-8) Gold Petzite ‘AgsAuTe2 Stibnite Sb2S3 Antimony Stibiconite (Sb” Sb2”" O«(OH)) Cobalt Cobaltite CoAsS Nickel Pentlandite ((Ni, Fe)s) Chromium Chromite (FeCr204)IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS WITH THEIR CHEMICAL FORMULA AND USES CoHi206 Fruit sugar fructose ‘Added to foods and drinks for palatability and taste enhancement, and for browning of some foods, suchas baked goods. FeSO, Green vitriol Ferrous sulphate | Used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applicationsCompound with their chemical name Common name feu eS [Acid of sugar__|Oxalic acid Bone ash [Calcium phosphate jood alcohol __|Methyl alcohol |Carbolic acid _[Phenol lium [Aluminium potassium sulfate |Chalk [Calcium carbonate [Alumina \Aluminium oxide (Chile saltpeter_[Sodium nitrate [Antifreeze [Ethylene glycol Epsom salts [Magnesium sulfate [Aqua fortis INitric acid Ethanol Ethyl alcohol [Asbestos IMagnesium silicate Iluorspar [Natural calcium fluoride [Aspirin lAcetyl salicylic acid Formalin lAqueous formaldehydeeroJanlelolvaroMUi dam ar-imoa-tinl (=) marlon) eta} |Glauber’s salt eure arta Sodium sulfate eta} IMilk of lime (eee Er) [calcium hydroxide |Geen vitriol Ferrous sulfate crystals IMilk of magnesium Magnesium hydroxide |Hypo(photography) Sodium thiosulfate solution [pil of intergreen(artificial) [Methyl salicylate lampblack {Crude form of carbon; charcoal|Potash Potassium carbonate Quick lime \calcium oxide lauicksilver IMercury ISlaked lime (Calcium hydroxide ISoda ash ISodium carbonate laqueous solution of calcium lLime water hydroxide [Soluble glass [Sodium silicate [Magnesia [Magnesium dioxide [falc or talcum Magnesium silicateFacts of Metals and Non-metals All metals exist in the solid form at room temperature, except mercury. Gallium and caesium have very low melting points; these two metals get melt even on palm. lodine is a non-metal, but it is lustrous (lustrous is the property of metal). Carbon is a non-metal that can exist in different forms. Each form is called an allotrope. Diamond is an allotrope of carbon and it is the hardest natural substance known.Facts of Metals and Non-metals The melting and boiling point of diamond is very high. Graphite is also allotrope of carbon; it is a conductor of electricity. Alkali metals, such as lithium, potassium, sodium, are the examples of soft metals, as they can be cut with a knife. Nearly all metals when combined with oxygen, it forms metal oxides. Different metals have different frequency of reaction; some react slow, but some react very fast. E.g. potassium and sodium are very reactive and they catch fire only if kept in the open.Facts of Metals and Non-metals Therefore, potassium and sodium are kept immersed in kerosene oil so that they cannot catch fire. * However, among all metals, sodium (most likely), is the most reactive metal. * Anodizing is a process of forming a thick protective oxide layer of aluminum and it protects from corrosion. * The elements or compounds that occur naturally in the crust (upper layer) of the earth, are known as minerals.Facts of Metals and Non-metals When dry ice is heated it is directly converted into gas. Bones contain 58% calcium phosphate. Chlorine gas bleaches the color of flower. Urea contains 46% nitrogen. Power alcohal is prepared from mixing pure alcohal in benzene which is used as a rocket fuel. Urea was the first compound synthesised in laboratory. Vinegar contains 10% acetic acid. Ferric chloride is used to stop bleeding. Cesium is used in solar cells. Sea weeds contains iodine. For artificial respiration mixture of oxygen and helium gas cylinder is used. In cold places, to decrease the freezing poit ethylene glycol is used. Flourine is most oxidising agent.Bisphenol A is a chemical used for progress in food packaging material. Xenon is called stranger gas. Bones are compossed of 8 percent phosphorous. Platinum is also called white Gold.Ae