REPORT ON

CLAY SOIL: THE BEHAVIOUR AND IMPROVEMENT METHODS

MUHAMMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI (AF180009)

MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI (AF180038)
MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI (AF180029)
NUR AFNI BINTI MOHD ALI (AF180108)
NUR ALFAIN AQILAH BINTI ABD HAFIZ (AF180004)
ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMED MOHAMUD (AF180002)

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, 86400 Parit Raja. Johor

 ABSTRACT
Soil is the most essential and second most abundant part of the earth. Huge activities in the world are either
directly or indirectly connected to property. Soil is very helpful to humans in many ways, such as natural water filtration,
mineral absorption, building shelters / homes and roads, and providing food through agriculture. In this paper, the reader
learns that soil has physical and chemical problems in nature and their types, such as changes in pH and water humidity.
Possible remedies for all problems are under consideration and enhancement techniques that are being used in the world
to make the soil more suitable and safe for use in forestry, agriculture and building. Land improvement techniques are
used to improve unfavourable soil conditions under favourable conditions. Adverse soil conditions include erosion,
salinity, solidity, sandy soil, hard soil, soft soil, etc.

Keywords: Soil, Condition, Physical, Chemical, Improvement

1.0 Introduction
After decades and millennial timeline, when it comes to construction of structure for a building, one of the most
essential and important subjects we need to take account is the reliability of the soil as well as its strength to resist a huge
amount of load and forces upon it. Soils have variety of behaviours and problems when it comes to regional areas and
places. When most areas are covered up in highly moisturized or damped water such as water logged, swampy place or
as such, they may result in failure to construct a structure due to its low stability to resist such structures. Soil plays an
important role as it is a critical element that influences success of a structure. Furthermore, when problems such as
deformation, consolidation of highly compressible clays and settlement are in the way, it is a major problem that may
endanger the structures.

Based on geotechnical engineering definition, soils are a mixture of these three familiar material phases which are
known as water, air or void, and rock or mineral particles. In coastal zones, the soil is influenced by the changes of sand
and clay grouping with an increasing rate of occurrence of clay within 10meters depth of the ground surface. According
to this statement, this area will have a low bearing limit and materials with the voids filled with water. At this rate, the
issues arise consists of the abundance of surface and ground water, poor drainages, high compressibility, low bearing
capacity as well as differential settlements. Any extensive leaching out of salt by rainwater and ground water may also
affect the detrimental of the effect on soil structure.

Next for the ground improvement, it involves any process of treating or modifying the soil condition by altering the
soil’s nature. This is to improve the selected engineering characteristics, its shear strength, stiffness and permeability at a
lower cost and high quality of control. Simply said that ground improvement is the adjustment of existing site foundation
for a better efficiency under design or operational loading conditions. With any weak soils that exists, it is possible to
improve its ability to strengthen it back by the use of methods provided by the engineers as well as studying its behaviour
and problem to improve and increase it lifetime strength on up holding, resisting and sustain the forces or load acting upon
the soil or ground surface.

In this project, our group are going to study and investigate about the problems related to expansive soil; clay soil
and ways to improve the quality of soil to avoid soil problems. Problematic soil is the soil that causes additional problems
as a result of the circumstances of its composition or a change in the environmental conditions. This problematic soil can
either be chemically problematic or physically problematic.
2.0 Cased Study of Clay Soil
2.1 Characteristics of Expansive Soil; Clay Soil

Expansive soils belong to the soil group of fine grains and are known as clays that change dramatically in volume
due to changes in water content. During rainfall, minerals undergo hydration and dehydration during evaporation. Two
factors depend on the access of water to individual clay particles (i) soil structure and (ii) soil status. Owing to its swelling
and shrinkage potential when it comes into contact with water, this soil is said to be a troublesome soil and ultimately
causes damage to structures. The soil will become heavily water-logged during the rainy seasons, although it will quickly
dry up during hot weather. For countries experiencing the four seasons, this issue becomes a more stressful situation
because when snow falls on the cracked earth, the clay can swell, creating a closed crack and finally contributing to the
heaving of the ground.

2.2 Problems Related to Expansive Soils (Clay Soil)

This can cause substantial damage to the base and structures because of the adverse and volatile properties of clay
soil that will undergo major volume changes associated with changes in water content. On the basis of Dr M.S. Dixit's
analysis of the Harm Mechanism in Problem Soils, there will be multiple problems that will arise in the construction of
the area with this type of soil.

2.2.1 Swell-Shrink Characteristics

The shrink/swell features of expansive clay soils rely on changes in moisture content that will cause substantial
changes in volume. The stresses in a base or structure's active motion would be induced and ultimately lead to structural
problems caused by the structure's differential movement. This condition will destroy foundations, houses, road retention
walls, etc.

2.2.2 Consequences of Swelling

After a few years of building, the damage mechanisms or pain patterns of a structure will start to occur. As the
soil below exerts the swelling pressure upwards and laterally, the raising of a floor slab that ultimately contributes to the
cracking of the floor cracking can occur. In addition, the resultant leakage of their contents will result in more wetting of
the soil and increase the swelling if the utilities such as water pipes and sewage lines that were buried in the soil are
damaged due to the movement in the soil.

Figure 1: Cracking due to swelling

2.2.3 Structural Distress Patterns

A structure's distress patterns can be triggered by variables such as climates and the difference in water content.
Buildings tend to experience an edge raise on desserts or dry ground, while in humid climates, the shrinkage of the edge
can depress the clay soils. In addition, on the interior footings and walls, uplift force and shrinkage. Owing to the difference
in water content between the interior and exterior of a house, settlement of the outer wall will occur. Here are several other
examples of trends of systemic distress:
a) Separation of the roof slab from the exterior wall
b) Separation of the floor from exterior wall
c) Crack in the roof slab due to cantilever action
d) Lateral thrust on exterior wall
e) Moisture loss due to evaporation/transpiration
f) Moisture increase by suction force

2.2.4 Horizontal Thrust

As additional horizontal pressure is applied to the foundation walls located in the basements, horizontal thrust
occurs. Because of the expansion of soils caused by the increased water content in the soils adjacent to the foundation
wall, the lateral pressure applied to the foundation wall would increase. If the foundation wall does not have sufficient
strength, minor cracking, bowing or movement of the wall and severe structural damage or wall collapse can occur.

2.2.5 Creep and Landslides

When it begins to grow or swell, the soil may have sudden settlement or collapse due to unknown reasons.
Therefore, the purpose of this case study is to identify all the problems and causes that can occur physically or chemically
in a clay type of soil. Other than that, this case study is to provide the solution to certain problems in order to enhance the
building and other complex use of the problematic soil.

3.0 Objectives

Usually, soil can have unexpected settlement or collapse due to unforeseen uncontrollable reasons when it starts to expand
or swell. Therefore, the objective of this case study are as following
 To identify all the problems and the cause that can occur in a clay type of soils, physically or chemically.
 To provide the solution to those problems to improve that problematic soil for construction and another dynamic
usage.

4.0 Application
Ground improvement techniques are techniques that are used to modify the soil properties in order to
achieve favourable soil conditions for a particular purpose, such as soil densification, acceleration of
consolidation, use of blending, etc. All of these methods have a common goal of stabilizing the soil for
building purposes.
4.1 Lime Slurry Pressure Injection

Lime Slurry Pressure Injection (LSPI) is a stabilization operation that has been used by transportation
industries to improve the geotechnical performance of problematic subgrades and embankments that persistently fail
to meet serviceability requirements. The immediate physical goal of lime injection is to achieve economically a
uniform dispersal of the lime slurry throughout the treated soil mass. The equipment used for modern lime injection
was designed and engineered for LSPI stabilization economically feasible and routinely practical. An injection flees
that normally operated by three or more crewmen, typically comprises a storage tank, a slurry mixing unit, slurry
transport and the hirail injection truck.

Figure. 4. Pressure injection of subgrade

LSPI method involves the use of a hirail rig fitted with three vertical probes forced to target depths in
problematic soils, usually within the seasonal moisture fluctuation zone approximately at 2-4m. A slurry of lime and
fly ash agents is injected under a typical hydraulic pressure of 800-1000 kPa and ceases when slurry is about to break
the surface of when maximum pressure of 1450 kPa is reached. This procedure is repeated at upstaged intervals of
typically 1-2m to achieve a complex network of chemically active slurry seams intersecting subgrade strata. Heave of
the overburden may be observed during injection although jacking is not a specific aim of this procedure. This
pressurized slurry penetrates fissures and void spaces, additionally opening planes of hydraulic fracture to convey
slurry agents within the problematic soil profiles. Slurry additives can include various grades and combinations of
time with fly ash.

Current practice based on international and local experience is to use a slurry composition of 33% quicklime
to 66% fly ash. Alternatively, 43% hydrated lime can be used with 57% fly ash to achieve parity of free- lime content.
These agents are typically mixed at 0.50 kg to 1 L of water to create the slurry liquor. Geotechnical properties of LSPI
stabilized soils may be improved with the subsequent reaction of soil and slurry components to affect a favorable
shrink/swell, compressibility, and shear strength response of the underlying formation. The distinct advantages of this
technology include its relative economy and minimal disruption to traffic when compared to other ground
improvement options such as deep mixing, lime piles, or replacement or reconstruction.
4.2 Using Jet Grouting Method for Road Construction on Clay Soil

In 1960, jet grouting technique was developed to change the conventional pile driving method that are very
time consuming, costly and may cause significant delay of the project. The application of jet grouting technique was
developed as a soil stabilization for road construction on clay soil. This technique used a high velocity jet stream to
cut, remove and grout cement into the soil to form columns, panels, and slabs. Jet grouting technique is using soil-
cement mixture to create a sub-base foundation when soft clay is used and it also can be conducted vertically,
horizontally, above or below water table. This can be applied to a wide range of soils, from non-cohesive, poorly
graded granular soils to cohesive plastic clays.
Jet grouting method involves injecting a continuous selected mix of cement grout at high pressure from a
nozzle to cut into the surrounding subsoil, mixing and replacing it with cement slurry to form a hardened cemented
mass. It is one of the most successful techniques to achieve most notable compressive soil and to decreases its
permeability. Before the installation of jet grouting piles, the preliminary trial test jetting has been conducted on site
to finalize the optimum values of grout mix and the operating parameters to achieve designed jet grouting piles
diameter and strength parameters. Moreover, the jet grouted piles could be installed easily and accurately.

Steps:

1. Drill a borehole to the required depth of treatment.

2. Erode the ground with jetting under high pressure.
3. Removing the excess soil-grout mixture through the borehole by using airlifting action.
4. Harden the treated soil into a cylindrical soil-cement mass.

Figure 5. Jet Grouting Method Steps

Based on the analysis of the jet grouted piles, the reduction of the total settlement was found to increase
with increasing column area ratio, with increasing column length ratio, and with increasing shear strength of the jet
grouted columns. The jet grouted piles in the form of sub-base foundation is an effective way to reduce settlement
and prevent sliding of soft soil. This method increases the bearing capacity of the sub-base, which allowed civil
engineer to design embankment and still meet safety requirements.
4.3 Ground Improvement of Problematic Soft Soils Using Shredded Waste Tyre

The growth of the automobile industry and the use of cars as the main means of transport have increased in
recent decades. The number of tyres produced greatly. It has been deemed industrial waste in Malaysia, and there are
no clear laws regulating its management. As the world shifts towards green environment and development, the use of
waste materials such as agricultural and industrial for stabilizing or strengthening different forms of soil is at the
forefront. Shredded tyre wastes are considered for this study in order to improve soft soils for subgrade purposes.
Due to its resistance to biodegradation and its chemical stability, waste tyres were chosen to enhance soft soil
grounding. There is huge research to stabilize soft soil using shredded waste tyre. Shredded waste tyre can also be
used in atop soil as a mixture with a turf product. Techniques for soil alteration used solid rubber particles to be
blended with soil to increase porosity and reduce soil compaction under turf such as soccer fields, golf courses,
roads, etc. Applications of rubber waste have been widely used in the engineering sector, in particular as an additive
to improve the subgrade for road construction.

Figure 6. The usage of shredded waste tyre in subgrade improvement

In this method, the broken tyre was combined with collected soil samples. Before testing, the soil sample was
thoroughly mixed with 0 %, 10%, 20%and 30% shredded waste tyre. Laboratory tests were carried out to determine
the index properties of clay and peat soil in their natural state and with mixture of shredded waste tyres, in accordance
with British Standard. The mechanical properties tests carried out include the shear strength, hydraulic conductivity
and the British Standard California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test.
The long-term durability and sustainability of soft soil reinforced with shredded waste tyres, in different soil
types, needs to be further investigated before they are used in practice, particularly for subgrade applications.

4.4 Behavior of Clayey Soil Stabilized with Rice Husk Ash and Lime

This is a type of Clay soil in which the construction of sub grade is problematic. In recent times the demands
for sub grade materials has increased due to increased constructional activities in the road sector and due to paucity of
available nearby lands to allow excavate fill materials for making sub grade. Agricultural waste materials like Rice
Husk Ash (RHA) which was mixed with soil to study improvement of weak sub grade in terms of compaction and
strength characteristics. To overcome this problem is to utilize the different alternative generated waste materials,
which cause not only environmental hazards and also the depositional problems. Keeping this in view stabilization of
weak soil in situ may be done with suitable admixtures to save the construction cost considerably. Silica produced
from rice husk ashes have investigated successfully as a pozzolanic material in soil stabilization. Rice husk ash shall
be mixed with other cementitious materials such as lime and cement to have a solid chemical reaction in stabilization
process. Lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. Thus the use of agricultural waste (such as rice husk ash) will
considerably reduce the cost of construction and as well reducing the environmental hazards they cause. Silica
produced from rice husk ashes have investigated successfully as a pozzolanic material in soil stabilization.
Lime is a general term for calcium-containing inorganic materials in which carbonates, oxides and hydroxides
predominate. Strictly speaking, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide. It is the name of the natural mineral
(native lime) CaO occurs as a product of coal seam fires and in altered lime stone xenoliths in volcanic ejection. The
word “lime” originates with its earliest use as building mortar and has a sense of “sticking and or
adhering”. “Burning” converts them into the highly caustic material quicklime (calcium oxide, Cao) and through
subsequent addition of water, into less caustic (but still strongly alkaline) slaked lime or hydrated lime (calcium
hydroxide, CA (OH)2 =74.10), the process of which is called slaking of lime.

Figure 7. The Lime Cycle

Rice husk is an agricultural waste obtained from milling of rice. About 108 tons of rice husk is generated
annually in the world. Meanwhile, the ash has been categorized under pozzolana, with about 67-70% silica and about
4.9% and 0.95%, Alumina and iron oxides, respectively (Oyetola and Abdullah, 2006). The silica is substantially
contained in amorphous form, which can react with the CaOH liberated during the hardening of cement to further form
cementations compounds.

Figure 8. Rice husk

4.5 Electro-kinetic Treatment

As we can see, major settling of tilting of buildings and bridges, instability of dams and road embankments
have been observed and many attempts have been made in order to mitigate such damages and stabilize the existing
of soft problematics soils. Electro-kinetic is the physicochemical transport of charge, action of charged particles and
also effects of applied electric potentials on formation and fluid transport. Electrokinetic also termed as electrochemical
soil processing which uses of intensity direct current(DC) to an array of electrodes placed in the soil for removing
organic, inorganic and heavy metal particles from low permeable soils, mud, sludge, slurries, sediments and
groundwater by electric potential. Electro-kinetic soil treatment induces several changes in the pore fluid chemistry,
diffuse double layer, soil fabric and the hydraulic conductivity. In this regard, the presences of diffuse double layer of
clay minerals give rise to several Electro-kinetic phenomena in soil. This process can also be enhanced by use of some
non-toxic enhancement solutions that is stabilizing agents such as lime or calcium chloride solutions. By the addition
of an appropriate enhancement agent, some properties of the soil such as texture, plasticity, compressibility and
permeability will be altered. This is because some studies have investigated the role of Electrokinetic technology on
strengthening and improving the engineering characteristic of the problematic clay soils. In situ Electrokinetic
treatment has been developed largely to address several contaminants in low permeable soils particularly with high
clay content. Due to fluid and solute transport through soil, several geochemical reactions take place within the porous
media. This interaction includes diverse processes such as sorption-desorption, precipitation and oxidation reduction
behavior during the Electro-kinetic process. Sorption refers to partitioning of contaminants from the solution to the
solid phase or soil surface. Desorption is the several process and is responsible for the release of contaminants from
the soil surface. Transport of fluid and solute through a porous media is highly influent by precipitation and dissolution
reaction which are dependent on the soil and pore fluid pH and the concentration of the species. The migration of
charged species through the soil involves 4 complex mechanisms such as electrolysis, electro-osmosis, electrophoresis
and electro-migration. The effect combinations of these complex electrochemical processes cause several changes in
physicochemical, hydrological and engineering properties of the soils under an electric field.

Figure 3. Elektrokinetic process

Electrolysis stands for chemical reactions associated with the electric field which generate H2 and OH- at the
cathode (reduction) and O2 and H+ at the anode (oxidation) as follows:
Anode: 2H20 - 4e-_O2_+4H+ E0 = -1.229 anode
Cathode: 2H20 + 2e-_H2_+2OH- E0 = -0.828 cathode
 As a result of these reactions, an acid front will be generated near the anode and a base front will be
produce near the cathode and that migrate towards each other. Theoretical understanding and simulation of
the Electro-kinetic treatment requires the mathematical formulation of transport processes, which are
controlled by different variables such as pH and soil-surface chemistry, electrolysis reactions at the electrodes,
equilibrium chemistry of the aqueous system, and geotechnical or hydrological characteristics of the porous
medium. The results of laboratory tests and field applications, Electro-kinetic has been shown to be a
promising method to remediate low permeable soils. However, the process has the following limitations, such
as in some cases, during the Electro-kinetic treatment excessive heat generated in the vicinities of electrodes
can cause some adverse effects such as desiccation or cracking in the specimen. These successful studies and
applications encouraged some other researchers and in- situ studies, resulting in some breakthroughs in the
understanding of Electro-kinetic phenomena to improve physical properties of low permeable soils for many
approaches such as improving stability of excavations and unstable embankments, backfill strengthening and
slope stabilization, stabilization of soils by consolidation, soil drainage and ground water lowering, soil
improvement stabilization of fine-grained soils, remediation of salt affected soils, dewatering of sludge,
assisting pile driving and treatment of dispersive soils.

5.0 Conclusion
In a nutshell, clay can be found in nature, and it has a great influence and affect the engineering behaviour
of soils. Next, deposition, weathering and stresses during geological processes ensure that the natural structure is
different. In geotechnical engineering, besides determining the settlement, swelling and strength, mineral
properties of the soil, particle structure and strength must be known when clay is encountered. There are many
kind of technique in improving the clay soil following the problem statement based on place and situation.
Inevitably, clay is shown to have different properties and it is understood that some soils behave differently

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to express our sincere appreciation to our BFC34402 Geotechnics II lecturer,
PROF. MADYA Dr. Saiful Azhar bin Ahmad Tajudin and above for the guidance given during the discussion
and throughout completing this project. This project would also not be completed without the effort and co-
operation from our group members. Last but not least, this reward is given to anyone who either directly or
indirectly help in the production of this project especially my friend and families.

REFERENCES
S. B, Akpila. G. W. T, Jaja. Reliability of Soil and Ground Improvement Techniques on Peaty Clay Soil – A Review. 2019.

Dr. M.S.Dixit.. Damage Mechanism In Problematic Soils. Marathwada Institute of Technology, Aurangabad, Maharashtra,
India. 2016.

N. N. Nik Daud and A. S. Mohammed, “Material Characterization of Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) Mixed with Granite Residual
Soil” in Advanced Materials Research. Vol. 955, pp. 2093-2097. 2014.

A. H. Faek, A. H. Mohamed, A. M. Nahed, D. H. Mostafa and A. A. Ali, “Improvement of Soft Clay Characteristics Using
Sand Cushion Reinforced With Shredded Waste Tyre” in Waste Engineering, 2005.

S. H. Ghatge and P.G. Rakaraddi, “Soil Stabilization Using Waste Shredded Rubber Tyre Chips” in IOSR Journal of
Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE), Vol. 11, Issue 1, Pg. 20-27. 2014.

H. Meei-Hoan and C. M. Chan, “The Potential of Using Rubber chips as a Soft Clay Stabilizer Enhancing Agent” in Modern
Applied Science, Vol. 4. No. 10. Pg. 122-131. 2010.

B. Tiwari, B. Ajmera, S. Moubayed, A. Lemmon and K. Styler, “Soil Modification with Shredded Rubber Tyres” in
GeoCongress 2012, Pg. 3701-3708.

BS 1377 "Methods of Testing Soil for Civil Engineering Purposes” British Standards Institute, London. 1990.
 Appendix 1
MINUTE OF MEETING 1
GEOTECHNICAL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DATE : 23 DECEMBER 2020

TIME : 2.00PM – 4.00PM.
VENUE : GOOGLE MEET

Members Present:

1. MUHAMMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI

2. MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI
3. NUR AFNI BINTI MOHD ALI

Members Apologies

1. NUR ALFAIN AQILAH BINTI ABD HAFIZ

2. ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMED MOHAMUD
3. MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI

No ITEM ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 The meeting was started with the recitation of Representatives
surah al-fatihah with the recitation of the opening of the group
prayer of the council from the representatives of
the group.
2.0 A welcome speech from the Group Head and a Group head
giving appreciation to all members present.
3.0 Identification sessions from each member of the Group Member
group. Each member should state their name,
year of study, residency and age
4.0 Appoint a secretary of the group for Group Member
correspondence purposes.
5.0 Group task plan - Listing of material - Distribution Group Member
of tasks.
6.0 Closing speech from Group Head and closing Group head
prayer letter from group representatives. Delay and
meeting to next date for second meeting representatives
of the group
 Appendix 1
MINUTE OF MEETING 2
GEOTECHNICAL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DATE : 30 DECEMBER 2020

TIME : 8.15PM – 12.00AM.
VENUE : WHATSAPP VIDEO CALL

Members Present:

1. MUHAMMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI

2. MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI
3. NUR AFNI BINTI MOHD ALI
4. NUR ALFAIN AQILAH BINTI ABD HAFIZ
5. ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMED MOHAMUD

Members Apologies

1. MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI

No ITEM ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 The meeting was started with the recitation of Representatives
surah al-fatihah with the recitation of the opening of the group
prayer of the council from the representatives of
the group.
2.0 A welcome speech from the Group Head and a Group head
giving appreciation to all members present.
3.0 Progress update - Task confirmed Group Member
4.0 Closing speech from Group Head and closing Group head
prayer letter from group representatives. Delay and
meeting to next date for third meeting representatives
of the group
 Appendix 1
MINUTE OF MEETING 3
GEOTECHNICAL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DATE : 4 JANUARY 2021

TIME : 1.15PM – 3.30PM
VENUE : GOOGLE MEET

Members Present:

1. MUHAMMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI

2. MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI
3. NUR AFNI BINTI MOHD ALI
4. NUR ALFAIN AQILAH BINTI ABD HAFIZ

Members Apologies

1. ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMED MOHAMUD

2. MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI

No ITEM ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 The meeting was started with the recitation of Representatives
surah al-fatihah with the recitation of the opening of the group
prayer of the council from the representatives of
the group.
2.0 A welcome speech from the Group Head and a Group head
giving appreciation to all members present.
3.0 Identification sessions from each member of the Group Member
group. Each member should state their name,
year of study, residency and age
4.0 Appoint a secretary of the group for Group Member
correspondence purposes.
5.0 Group task plan - Listing of material - Distribution Group Member
of tasks.
6.0 Closing speech from Group Head and closing Group head
prayer letter from group representatives. Delay and
meeting to next date for second meeting representatives
of the group
 Appendix 1
MINUTE OF MEETING 4
GEOTECHNICAL PROJECT
FACULTY OF CIVIL ENGINEERING & BUILT ENVIRONMENT

DATE : 10 JANUARY 2021

TIME : 8.15PM – 12.00PM.
VENUE : WHATSAPP VIDEO CALL

Members Present:

1. MUHAMMAD AKRAM HAKIMI BIN ALI

2. MOHAMAD AFIQ AFIFZUDDIN BIN ABADI
3. NUR AFNI BINTI MOHD ALI
4. NUR ALFAIN AQILAH BINTI ABD HAFIZ
5. ABDIRAHMAN MOHAMED MOHAMUD

Members Apologies

1. MOHAMAD AMIRUL FAHMI BIN MOHD ZULKIFLI

No ITEM ACTION FEEDBACK

1.0 The meeting was started with the recitation of Representatives
surah al-fatihah with the recitation of the opening of the group
prayer of the council from the representatives of
the group.
2.0 A welcome speech from the Group Head and Group head
a giving appreciation to all members present.
3.0 Progress update Group Member

- The report completely done

- Finishing progress done
- Discuss about presentation video
4.0 Group task plan Group Member
- Review the report
- Compile all task
5.0 Closing speech from Group Head and closing Group Member
prayer letter from group representatives.