C9 - Flowmeter Demonstration Unit INDEX TO EXPERIMENTS Experiment Page No. Characteristics of an Orifice Plate (C9/1), (C9/16 if purchased) Al 4 Characteristics of a Venturi Tube (C9/2), (C9/16 if purchased) B41 e Characteristics of a Pitot Tube (C9/3), (C9/16 if purchased) C1 a Characteristics of a Direct Reading Flowmeter ina Closed Conduit (C9/4, 5, 6, 7,8, 9) D1 x Characteristics of Flow over a Vee Notch Weir El S Characteristics of Flow over a Rectangular Notch Weir Fl 24 Scanned with CamScannerC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT A OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the application of an Orifice Plate in the measurement of flow rate and velocity in a pipe. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert Orifice Plate test section into position and connect to mercury or water manometer (or C9/16 if purchased), SUMMARY OF THEORY: For an orifice plate, the flow rate and differential head are related by the Bernoulli equation with a correction coefficient for energy degradation. 27% ancanli-($) | Pg where Q = Flowratem’/s C, = Discharge coefficient C, = 06 for an orifice plate A, = Area of the orifice m® dO = 22mm Al = _ Area of the pipe upstream m* dl = 39mm h-h, = Differential head mH,O & = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s’) READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Prime the pipe network with water. Open the control valve to obtain flow of water through the flowmeter. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow. control valve, Measure differential head between tappings on the flowmeter using the mercury manometer or water manometer as appropriate. Al Scanned with CamScanner(C9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT Obtain readings on the orifice plate. All readings should be tabulated as follows: Volume |] Time | Flow rate | Pipe | Velocity | Head loss | Head loss VLitres | Tsecs | Q=m'/s | dm | Um/s | HmmHg | hmH,O 4Q (hy-h,) (he- ho) w nd? or 12.6H RESULTS: For the orifice plate, calculate the theoretical differential head at each flow rate. Compare this result with the differential head measured. A2 Scanned with CamScanner a a aaa ee eR @AMAAAAAAANAANAANANS:C9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT B OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the application of a Venturi in the measurement of flow rate and velocity ina pipe EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert Venturi test section into position and connect to mercury or water manometer (or C9/16 if purchased). SUMMARY OF THEORY: For a Venturi tube, the flow rate and differential head are related by the Bernoulli equation with a correction coefficient for energy degradation. oncan{i(28) | amr) 1 where Q = Flowratem’/s 2 = _ Discharge coefficient C, = 0.98 for a Venturi tube A, = Area of the throat m’ do = 18mm Al = __ Area of the pipe upstream m* 41 =39mm h-h, = _ Differential head mH,O & = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s’) READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Prime the pipe network with water. Open the control valve to obtain flow of water through the flowmeter. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve. Measure differential head between tappings on the flowmeter using the mercury manometer or water manometer as appropriate. Ba Scanned with CamScanner(CELOWMETER) DEMONSTRATION UNIT ‘Obtain readings on the Venturi. All readings should be tabulated as follows: Volume | Time | Flowrate | Pipe | Velocity | Head loss | Head loss V Litres | Tsecs | Q=m'/s | dm | Um/s_| HmmHg | _hmH,O 40} (y-h) | (hehe) aaat or 12.6H RESULTS: For the Venturi, calculate the theoretical differential head at each flow rate. Compare this result with the differential head measured. Note: The function of the longer downstream or exit cone is to allow the pressure in the fluid to recover to its original magnitude. B2 Scanned with CamScanner PEALATALAALT ALLL LATTUTVATVVVTVIAVAV AAC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT C OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the application of a pitot tube in the measurement of flow rate and velocity in a pipe. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert pitot tube test section into position and connect to mercury or water manometer (or C9/16 if purchased). SUMMARY OF THEORY: For a pitot tube, the differential head measured between the total and static tappings is equivalent to the velocity head of the fluid. v fo (hy -ha) U=2glh; hy where U__ = _mean velocity of water through the pipe (m/s) (h-h) = differential head mH,O 8 = 9.81 (acceleration due to gravity, m/s’) READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Prime the pipe network with water. Open the control valve to obtain flow of water through the flowmeter. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank in conjunction with flow control valve. Measure differential head between tapings on the flowmeter using the mercury manometer or water manometer as appropriate. Scanned with CamScannerC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT Obtain readings on the Venturi plate. All readings should be tabulated as follows: | Volume | Time | Flowrate | Pipe | Velocity | Headloss | Head loss VLitres | Tsecs | Q=m'/s | dm | Um/s | HmmHg | hmH,O (h,-h,) (he - hp) or 12.6H 4Q “xd? RESULTS: For the pitot tube, calculate the theoretical differential head at each flow rate. Compare this result with the differential head measured. POMP PAEDPDETDPUDOLTDDDTUTSANA NA AAANANAAAANAAA Scanned with CamScannerC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT D OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate the operational characteristics of a direct reading flowmeter ina closed circuit. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert shunt gapmeter test section into position. SUMMARY OF THEORY: The operational characteristics ie. range, pressure drop/flow rate, stability, accuracy and ease of convenience, vary for different designs of flowmeter. These factors all contribute to the selection of the meter. Factors such as cost also influence this decision. The operational characteristics of direct reading, ‘flowmeters can be examined in this experiment. READINGS TO BE TAKEN: Prime the pipe network with water. Open the control valve. Set flowmeter to give a low flow rate on meter, and record depth of water in volumetric tank over a suitable time difference, Repeat at middle and high flow rates. %e Error Indicated Pressure Drop Ciera | ran gerne Volume | Time | Actual Flow Rate | Indicated Vlitres | Tsecs Q=m/s Flow Rate Plot pressure drop against indicated flow rate and pressure drop against actual flow rate. Compare actual flow rate with the indicated flow rate and comment on the accuracy of the meter. Da Scanned with CamScannerC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT E OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate characteristics of flow over a Vee notch weir. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert Venturi test section into test pipe. Hook and Point Gauge, Vee notch weir. Stop watch (not supplied). ScREW A FINE £O,USTMENT NUT SCALE VERNER W1STRUNENT CARRIER WEIR PLATE SCREW 6 SUDING Hast SCREW c WOOK or PowT SUMMARY OF THEORY: 8 6.8 = Cy. 2g tans H? Q= C7526 tan 5H where C, = Coefficient of discharge = Half the enclosed angle of the vee. Nie \ H = Head above bottom of notch El Scanned with CamScanneree C9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT PROCEDURE: Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram and then admit water to channel until the water discharges over the weir plate. Close flow control valve and allow water to stop flowing over weir. Set Vernier Height Gauge to a datum reading using the top of the hook Position the gauge about half way between the notch plate and stilling baffle. ‘Admit water to the channel and adjust flow control valve to obtain heads, H, increasing in steps of lcm. For each flow rate, stabilise conditions, measure and record H. Take readings of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine the flow rate. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS: Record breadth of notch. Tabulate volumes, times and heads. 2 Compute and tabulate Q and Q5. 2 Plot Q$ against H and find C, from the slope of the graph. CONCLUSIONS Is, constant for the conditions of the experiment? 2 What are the advantages and disadvantages of plotting Q> against H instead of Qagainst H?? Note: The technique described does not comply with British Standards but is advisable to prevent damage to the knife edge of the weir plate. A small head will be present due to meniscus at the weir plate which will result ina slight error. However, use of this technique should eliminate damage to the notches. E2 Scanned with CamScanner a,C9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT EXPERIMENT F OBJECT OF EXPERIMENT: To demonstrate characteristics of flow over a rectangular notch weir. EQUIPMENT SET-UP: Insert Venturi meter into test pipe. Hook and Point Gauge, Rectangular notch weir. Stop watch (not supplied) screw 4 FINE AOJUSTMENT NUT screw 8 SUDING Mast SCREW c HOOK or Pout SUMMARY OF THEORY: : oe C38 2BH where C, = Coefficient of discharge B = __Widthof notch H = Head above bottom of notch Fl Scanned with CamScanner DONNA ALOLL ATLAC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT PROCEDURE: Set up the equipment as shown in the diagram. Admit water to channel until the water discharges over the weir plate. Close flow control valve and allow water level to stabilise. Set Vernier Height Gauge to a datum reading using the top of the hook. Position the gauge about half way between the notch plate and diffuser inlet ‘Admit water to the channel, adjust flow control valve to obtain heads, increasing in steps of about Icm. For each flow rate, stabilise conditions, measure and record H. Take readings of volume and time using the volumetric tank to determine the flow rate. RESULTS AND CALCULATIONS: Record breadth of notch. Tabulate volumes, times and heads. Compute and tabulate 3Q a I =H#,Ca 10g QI Q 2B 2g” log Q, log H Plot: Q? against H log Q against log H C, against H CONCLUSIONS Is C, constant for this notch? Estimate an average value of C, for the range of the test. Can the Q-H relationship be described by an empirical formula Q = kH'? If 80, find values of k and n. IEC, varies, suggest a functional relationship between C, and a. Note: The technique described does not comply with British Standards but is advisable to prevent damage to the knife edge of the weir plate. A small head will be present due to meniscus at the weir plate which will Scanned with CamScannerC9 FLOWMETER DEMONSTRATION UNIT te result in a slight error, However, use of this technique should eliminat damage to the notches. F3 Scanned with CamScannerGENERAL SAFETY RULES as a, Follow Relevant Instructions Before attempting to install, commission or operate equipment, all relevant suppliers’ /manufacturers’ instructions and local regulations should be understood and implemented. It is irresponsible and dangerous to misuse equipment or ignore instructions, regulations or warnings. Do not exceed specified maximum operating conditions (eg. temperature, pressure, speed etc.). Installation Use lifting tackle where possible to install heavy equipment. Where manual lifting is necessary beware of strained backs and crushed toes. Get help from an assistant if necessary. Wear safety shoes where appropriate. Extreme care should be exercised to avoid damage to the equipment during handling and unpacking. When using slings to lift equipment, ensure that the slings are attached to structural framework and do not foul adjacent pipework, glassware etc. When using fork lift trucks, position the forks beneath structural framework ensuring that the forks do not foul adjacent pipework, glassware etc. Damage may go unseen during commissioning creating a potential hazard to subsequent operators. Where special foundations are required follow the instructions provided and do not improvise. Locate heavy equipment at low level. Equipment involving inflammable or corrosive liquids should be sited in a containment area or bund with a capacity 50% greater than the maximum equipment contents. Ensure that all services are compatible with the equipment and that independent isolators are always provided and labelled. Use reliable connections in all instances, do not improvise. Ensure that all equipment is reliably earthed and connected to an electrical supply at the correct voltage. The electrical supply must incorporate a Residual Current Device (RCD) (alternatively called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker - ELCB) to protect the operator from severe electric shock in the event of misuse or accident, Potential hazards should always be the first consideration when deciding on a suitable location for equipment, Leave sufficient space between equipment and between walls and equipment. Scanned with CamScannera. Commissioning Ensure that equipment is commissioned and checked by a competent member of staff before permitting students to operate it Operation Ensure that students are fully aware of the potential hazards when operating equipment. Students should be supervised by a competent member of staff at all times when in the laboratory. No one should operate equipment alone. Do not leave equipment running unattended. Do not allow students to derive their own experimental procedures unless they are competent to do so. Serious injury can result from touching apparently stationary equipment when using a stroboscope to ‘freeze’ rotary motion. Maintenance Badly maintained equipment is a potential hazard. Ensure that a competent member of staff is responsible for organising maintenance and repairs on a planned basis. Do not permit faulty equipment to be operated. Ensure that repairs are carried out competently and checked before students are permitted to operate the equipment. Using Electricity ‘At least once each month, check that ELCBs (RCCBs) are operating correctly by pressing the TEST button. The circuit breaker must trip when the button is pressed (failure to trip means that the operator is not protected and a repair must be effected by a competent electrician before the equipment or electrical supply is used). Electricity is the commonest cause of accidents in the laboratory. Ensure that all members of staff and students respect it. Ensure that the electrical supply has been disconnected from the equipment before attempting repairs or adjustments. Water and electricity are not compatible and can cause serious injury if they come into contact. Never operate portable electric appliances adjacent to equipment involving water unless some form of constraint or barrier is incorporated to prevent accidental contact. Always disconnect equipment from the electrical supply when not in use, Scanned with CamScanner TY PeppprrrrereeeeeeEE Avoiding fires or explosion Ensure that the laboratory is provided with adequate fire extinguishers appropriate to the potential hazards. Where inflammable liquids are used, smoking must be forbidden. Notices should be displayed to enforce this. Beware since fine powders or dust can spontaneously ignite under certain conditions. Empty vessels having contained inflammable liquids can contain vapour and explode if ignited. Bulk quantities of inflammable liquids should be stored outside the laboratory in accordance with local regulations. Storage tanks on equipment should not be overfilled. All spillages should be immediately cleaned up, carefully disposing of any contaminated cloths etc. Beware of slippery floors. When liquids giving off inflammable vapours are handled in the laboratory, the area should be ventilated by an ex-proof extraction system. Vents on the equipment should be connected to the extraction system. Students should not be allowed to prepare mixtures for analysis or other purpose without competent supervision. Handling poisons, corrosive or toxic materials Certain liquids essential to the operation of equipment, for example mercury, are poisonous or can give off poisonous vapours. Wear appropriate protective clothing when handling such substances. Clean up any spillage immediately and ventilate areas thoroughly using extraction equipment. Beware of slippery floors. Do not allow food to be brought into or consumed in the laboratory. Never use chemical beakers as drinking vessels. Where poisonous vapours are involved, smoking must be forbidden. Notices should be displayed to enforce this. Poisons and very toxic materials must be kept in a locked cupboard or store and checked regularly. Use of such substances should be supervised. When diluting concentrated acids and alkalis, the acid or alkali should be added slowly to water while stirring. The reverse should never be attempted. Avoiding cuts and bums Take care when handling sharp edged components. Do not exert undue force on glass or fragile items. Hot surfaces cannot, in most cases, be totally shielded and can produce severe burns even when not “visibly hot’. Use common sense and think ‘which parts of the equipment are likely to be hot. Scanned with CamScanner10. 1 12. 13. 14, Eye protection Goggles must be worn whenever there is a risk to the eyes. Risk may arise from powders, liquid splashes, vapours or splinters. Beware of debris from fast moving air streams, Alkaline solutions are particularly dangerous to the eyes. Never look directly at a strong source of light such as a laser or Xenon arc lamp. Ensure that equipment using such a source is positioned so that passers-by cannot accidentally view the source or reflected ray. Facilities for eye irrigation should always be available. Ear protection Ear protectors must be worn when operating noisy equipment. Clothing Suitable clothing should be worn in the laboratory. Loose garments ‘can cause serious injury if caught in rotating machinery. Ties, rings on fingers etc. should be removed in these situations. ‘Additional protective clothing should be available for all members of staff and students as appropriate. Guards and safety devices Guards and safety devices are installed on equipment to protect the operator. The equipment must not be operated with such devices removed. Safety valves, cut-outs or other safety devices will have been set to protect the equipment. Interference with these devices may create a potential hazard. It is not possible to guard the operator against all contingencies. Use common sense at all times when in the laboratory. Before starting a rotating machine, make sure staff are aware how to stop it in an emergency. Ensure that speed control devices are always set at zero before starting equipment. First aid If an accident does occur in the laboratory it is essential that first aid equipment is available and that the supervisor knows how to use it. ‘A notice giving details of a proficient first-aider should be prominently displayed. ‘A ‘short list’ of the antidotes for the chemicals used in a particular laboratory should be prominently displayed. Scanned with CamScannered eed ae re eel Lead Cr Leet ee ed Pee ead Tel: (712) 263 5885 Ld a Cee Te es ‘Armfield product are distributed throughout the world. Itis our policy in most countries to del director through proven and accredited sales agents, who after suitable approval may become exdusive representatives. Tn exchange for this exclusivity they are required to offer ‘a comprehensive service including the highest degree of after sales support. ANU aberatori de Qu Scanned with CamScanner