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Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis

Eindhoven

Publication date first version: 12 February 2022 | 12022_02-12 New Human Era NHE

Publication date last version: 21 April 2022 | 12022_04-21 New Human Era NHE

Author: Rody Mens - r.w.mens@student.tue.nl

Compiled for Nutritionfactsnederlands.nl, which is a website dedicated to the exploration of the impact
of nutrition on health, started upon the findings of Dr. Michael Herschel Greger.

Citation: Mens RW. 12 February 2022. Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis;
www.nutritionfactsnederlands.nl/videoscript/2022/2/15/cayenne-pepper-capsicum-continual-meta-
analysis ;
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358617675_cayenne_pepper_capsicum_continual_meta-
analysis

Some keywords: Cayenne pepper capsicum, capsicum, red peppers, African chilies, tabasco peppers,
Mexican chilies, Louisiana long pepper, pimiento, irritable bowel syndrome IBS, postinfectious irritable
bowel syndrome, PI-IBS, chronic indigestion, chronic dyspepsia, dyspepsia, indigestion, substance P,
capsaicin, cluster headache, suicide headache, blood pressure, human animal brown adipose fatty acid
tissue, fat, vet, vetweefsel, arginine, antioxidant, obesity, postinfectieus prikkelbare darm syndroom,
Afrikaanse pepers, Mexicaanse pepers, PDS, PDS-PI, chronische indigestie, chronische dyspepsie,
dyspepsia, clusterhoofdpijn, propulsid, cisapride, capsaïcine, clusterhoofdpijn, zelfmoordhoofdpijn,
headache syndrome, hoofdpijnsyndroom

Summary: The cayenne pepper, which is derived from the fruit of capsicum pepper spp. could be helpful
as nutrition for the digestive tract, helpful as nutrition for the brain, helpful as nutrition the
cardiovascular system, and as nutrition for the immune system.

Cayenne pepper picture provided by JJ Jordan available at https://www.pexels.com/photo/food-nature-

dark-meal-7999181/

Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 1 / 8

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Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 2 / 8

most major health organizations agree that there is the risk for serious harm for people in establishing a
regular physician-patient relationship, and all major health organizations have agreed that routine
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physician could definitely be recommended because developing a partnership with good communication
focused on improving the quality and time-quantity of your life and in case of need if you want to get
yourself and the ones dear to you the best available personalized treatment, it is something that I think
anyone should want and which achievement is probably well worth the hours required in the search),
people seek services such as obtaining advice from a physician who could monitor their bodily condition
while undergoing health-significant lifestyle changes and thus working together, possibly towards the
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the case that a certain physician has bad habits that should not have to lead to that certain physician
giving unhealthy recommendations, and one should look for a physician who is genuinely interested in
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is in favor of second opinions of other physicians and researchers (one should hear about all of the
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could potentially mean that the physicians arguments are internally flawed), which brings me to the
point that anything in my writings that might be categorized as an opinion are to be considered my and
thus the writer’s own personal views only.

Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 3 / 8

Article: Cayenne [Sources below]

The fruit of the cayenne pepper capsicum spp. plant (also called capsicum, red peppers, African chilies,

tabasco peppers, Mexican chilies, Louisiana long pepper, piment and pimiento; e.g. the species

capsicum annuum) which is among the most widely consumed culinary spices is categorizable in the in

the nightshade solanaceae plant family is possible usable as:

> It could be helpful as nutrition for the digestive tract since it could help with food poisoning and

potential food poisoning induced diseases such as irritable bowel syndrome IBS (in this case then also

called postinfectious irritable bowel syndrome PI-IBS) and the chronic indigestion problems called

chronic dyspepsia since of 48 million cases of annual food poisoning [10] about 10 [%] may end up with

IBS and even more may end up with the chronic indigestion chronic dyspepsia [9].

When taken orally it might help with irritable bowel syndrome IBS lessening the painful effects of IBS

since the ability of hot pepper compounds could deplete pain fibers of a neurotransmitter the body

uses to transmit pain called substance P [4, 8]. The result of a preliminary study indicates that the

chronic administration of red pepper powder in IBS patients with enteric-coated pills was significantly

more effective than placebo in decreasing the intensity of abdominal pain and bloating and was by the

patients considered to be significantly more effective than the placebo [3]. It could also help with

chronic indigestion problems called chronic dyspepsia, because if you give capsules of red pepper

powder to people suffering from chronic indigestion of about 3/2 (one-and-a-half) teaspoons’ a day

worth and compared to placebo, within a month their overall symptoms dropped, including their

stomach pain, and bloated feelings, and it also led to less experienced nausea too [5].

Thus, red pepper could be helpful and increasing intake could also be superior to the use of the

frequently prescribed drug propulsid (also called cisapride) which worked almost as good as the red

cayenne pepper powder and was considered generally well tolerated until it killed people which is why

propulsid was pulled from the market after causing dozens of deaths [6, 7].

Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 4 / 8

> It could be helpful as nutrition for the brain since it could help treating cluster headaches. Since

researchers found that if we cut a hot pepper and thus use the compound capsaicin (capsaicin is the

burning component of hot peppers) by rubbing it inside our nostrils thus topically applying in our nose

then our will start burning, possible hurting, running and we will start sneezing. Applying this day after

day did surprisingly not lead to increased irritation but the pain fibers, the nerves that carry pain

sensation, possibly dumped so much of the pain neurotransmitter called substance P that people

possible run out of stock of this substance. So, day after day application possibly led to the nerves

exhausting their stores possibly resulting in no longer being able to transmit pain messages until they

made more from scratch, which process to recover the stock took on average about a couple weeks [4].

This gave researchers the idea to use this technique for the rare headache syndrome called

cluster headache which has been described as one of the worst pains human’s experiences since few if

any medical conditions are more painful, and it has also been named “suicide headache” because

patients often consider taking and patients also have taken their lives over it [11]. It is thought to be

caused by arterial dilation putting pressure on the trigeminal nerve in the face and thus treatments

diversely involve everything from nerve blocks to using botox and using surgery. The same nerve goes

down to the nose so it could also be tried to cause the whole nerve to dump all its substance P, thus

decreasing pain in that manner [4, 8]. Cluster headaches are one-sided headaches meaning that there is

only pain on one side of the head. This led to a study in which also this internal intra-individual control

was used showing that those who rubbed capsaicin in the nostril on the opposite side of the head as the

side where they felt the pain coming from had no significant difference happen since those individuals

started out having around 40 attacks a day, and 1 (one) month later the headaches were still heavily

present. But in those that rubbed capsaicin in the nostril on the side of the head where the headaches

were present cut the average number of attacks in half. In fact, half the patients were “cured” which

term in this study meant that the cluster headaches were gone completely. All in all, 80 [%] of the

Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 5 / 8

individuals had a positive response which result is at least equal to if not better than all the current

therapies which where currently known out there [12].

> It could be helpful as nutrition the cardiovascular system for the following 2 (two) reasons.

One reason is that spicy foods may help with decreasing salt intake since oral capsaicin (which

capsaicin is the burning component of hot peppers) administration to participants in a study enhanced

salty taste sensations and could thereby lower daily natrium salt intake and decrease subsequent

natrium-salt induced blood pressure [1].

The other reason being that human animal brown adipose fatty acid (fat) tissue is generating

heat for warmth by burning fat, which process is called thermogenesis, which process in young children

[13] but also in adult humans is involved in cold-induced increases in whole-body caloric energy

expenditure and thereby part of the control of body temperature meaning that how fat we are is partly

dependent on environmental temperatures [14]. In 2013, researchers showed that one could activate

brown adipose tissue by chilling people out long enough since 2 (two) hours of cold exposure every day

for 6 (six) weeks can lead to a significant reduction in body fat [15]. Furthermore, instead of cold

exposure, our brown fat can also be activated by some food ingredients such as red pepper which

contains the compound capsaicin which compound makes hot peppers hot and could also be

responsible for brown fat burning in human animals [16]. There could be a significant rise in energy

expenditure by brown fat within 30 minutes of eating the equivalent of a jalapeno pepper [17].

Statistically normal speaking, when we cut down on calories, our

metabolism slows down undercutting our weight loss attempts. But sprinkling 1/3 (a third) of a

teaspoon of cayenne pepper powder onto our meals counteracts that metabolic slowdown and

promotes fat burning. The researchers were willing to try giving them more to try to match their study

to some of the studies done in Asia, but they were working with Caucasian people and there is a

difference in maximum tolerable dose of red chili pepper between Asian people and Caucasian people

Cayenne pepper capsicum continual meta-analysis 6 / 8

hence they did not increase the dose [18]. In Asian women such as some Japanese women you can

boost the fat burned after a high-fat meal significantly too by increasing the dose such as adding over 1

(one) tablespoon of red pepper powder [19].

It was generally known for decades that cayenne pepper increases

metabolic rate, but it was not generally known yet how it increased metabolic rate [20]. Now there are

studies generally available showing that this class of compounds increases energy expenditure in human

individuals with brown fat, but not in those without it, thus indicating that they increase expenditure

straight only of the brown fat tissue. There are also all sorts of structurally similar flavor molecules in

other foods like black pepper and ginger which could be expected to activate thermogenesis as well but

have not been directly tested for this property yet [17].

All these results thus suggest that the anti-obesity effects of pepper compounds

are based on the heat-generating activity of recruited brown fat. Thus, repeated ingestion can kind of

mimic the chronic effects of cold exposure in terms of brown fat burning property without us having to

freeze ourselves [15]. As extra side note since spicy foods are not liked by everyone for their sensory

burn and pain on our tongues, and sometimes in the stomach and further down in the intestines as well,

that arginine-rich foods may also stimulate brown adipose tissue through a variety of mechanisms,

meaning you could possibly for achieving the same result also be eating more seeds, nuts (real nuts so

for example not peanuts and cashews), and beans such as soy beans [22].

> It could also potentially be helpful as nutrition for the immune system. This could be since in vitro,

lignan glycosides isolated from capsicum pepper appear to have a strong scavenging activity against free

radicals, which is a reason for why cayenne pepper may help the immune system by thus potentially in

vivo increasing antioxidant activity [2].

Source references
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[2] Lee DY, Lee DG, Cho JG, et al. Lignans from the fruits of the red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their antioxidant effects. Arch Pharm Res.
Oct 2009;32(10):1345-1349. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19898795/

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 [3] Bortolotti M, Porta S. Effect of red pepper on symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome: preliminary study. Dig Dis Sci. 2011 Nov;56(11):3288-
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