PRESENT PAST MODAL PERFECT

MUST V
 personal obligations, especially
when the speaker thinks that it is
necessary to do something.
OLIGATION OR NECESSITY
HAVE TO V
 obligations imposed on us such as
laws, regulations, official rules. 
HAVE GOT TO V
 less formal, used in spoken English
MUST NOT/MUSTN’T V
PROHIBITION
AM/IS/ARE NOT ALLOWED TO V
HAD TO V
 don’t have to V and didn’t have
to V express possibility, you can
or you cannot do something
depend on your own choice.
Ex: She doesn’t have to wake up early in
the morning. All her classes are in the
afternoon.
WAS/WERE NOT ALLOWED TO V
MUST HAVE Vpp (chắc hẳn là)
 based on current consequences, recent results, or memories with 100%
sure happening in the past, we infer or deduce that something had
happened in the past (with 90% certainty)
Ex: Lan passed the exam with flying colors. She must have studied hard.
MUST HAVE BEEN V-ING (chắc hẳn lúc ấy đang)
Ex: I didn't hear the ringtone. I must have been listening to music when you called.
WOULD HAVE Vpp (đã … rồi)
 used in conditional sentence type III
Ex: If I had had enough money, I would have bought a new house last year.
 express a possibility in the past, but in fact it did not happen.
Ex: I would have been happy to see him off for California, but I didn't come to the
airport because it was too late.

NEEDED to V NEEDN'T HAVE Vpp (đáng lẽ không cần)

NEED to V
did not/didn't need to V = needn't V  neither obligatory nor necessary, but because we did not know, we still
MILD NECESSITY do/does not need to V = needn't to V
 neither obligatory nor necessary
 neither obligatory nor necessary, did it.
and we did not do it. Ex: She needn't have taken the umbrella. It did not rain the whole day yesterday.
COULD/MIGHT/MAY HAVE Vpp (có lẽ đã)
COULD/MIGHT V
CAN/MAY V  about 50% certainty that something was true
 might/may not V: express
 MIGHT can also be used in Ex: Jenny might have been here before. Look at her shoes!
prohibition in some cases,
present, but it expresses less COULD/MIGHT/MAY NOT HAVE Vpp (có lẽ đã không)
especially in formal documents.
probability.  about 50% certainty that something was not true
Ex: You might not use Wikipedia for
 “well” can be added to express Ex: Mike could not have written this letter. I am quite sure this is not his
academic citation. It is an untrustworthy
stronger possibility handwriting.
PERMISSION source. (Bạn không được phép sử dụng
Ex: Sue may well pass the exam. She is very  “well” can be added to express stronger possibility
Wikipedia cho trích dẫn học thuật. Đó là
intelligent. Ex: She might well have forgotten about the meeting. The meeting started at 2PM.
một nguồn không đáng tin.)
It’s now 2:15 and she is still nowhere to be seen.

MUSTN’T HAVE Vpp or CANN’T HAVE Vpp (chắc là đã không thể)

AM/IS/ARE ALLOWED TO V WAS/WERE ALLOWED TO V  almost sure that something was not true or did not happen in the past
Ex: Lan told me that she went to the zoo yesterday but it must not have been/
cannot have been so, because the zoo is closed on Sunday and today is Monday.
SHOULD V
should not/shouldn't
 shouldn’t is more common than oughtn’t to and had better not
 should is used to express obligations, suggestions, or advice from a personal SHOULD (NOT) HAVE Vpp (lẽ ra phải, lẽ ra nên)
point of view.   express regret about what you did or what you did not do in the past
OUGHT TO V Ex: I should have worked harder when I was in undergraduate school. Now I
ought not to/oughtn't to V (less common) cannot find a job because of my low grades.
ADVICE  ought to is used to express obligations, recommendations, or advice that is  express criticism about an action in the past
correct ethically or according to society’s point of view.  Ex: The president candidate should not have made misogynistic comments in the
past. They are now negatively affect his votes.
HAD BETTER V  
had better not V (less common) OUGHT (NOT) TO HAVE Vpp (lẽ ra nên)
 should because it is a good idea to do so   Similar to SHOULD (NOT) HAVE Vpp, but less common.
AM/IS/ARE (NOT) SUPPOSED TO V
 should because it is a normal and WAS/WERE (NOT) SUPPOSED TO V
correct way to do something