6116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? seise [FOF Aine] High petrmanceharmoplast and lt applied plastic reas matings how lrg do ey lat? matiarin —[E) SRoss [EM Roman ] Ls eet con @ coin | [v Chacon (6) Retorences (8) Fguoe (1) ‘Astact and Figures To function of road marengs i to prove guidance and warns to toi. These range shoul be Gay vsBle sal tna. t's emprca tat a mattis used should be curable especially on reads wth heavy WaPo ensue that ho set and como ot ot tacoma at ia vod eno eae fos good ad bad practoas inlay tho road marngs whch osu nsttatry art poor peormances respecte, Pld tal have been camo ou uingarrapaste snd Cold apple past produced and instal by various appeatrs. Various factors which ule poss aect the wnghiness and drab of thera rarknas suchas he ua SF he irler ean erop-on recive beads, cere tecvnques incorporating te Op- {on rfectne sade, raton nthe ling arsertire ard tikes ofthe ona matings. farina conations of te road suecedurnglayng, ar cussed, Test esl ha Show hat oe apple plas provides nghor retrotecvy than rermoplastic aor {our yours wncr ial athe former typo coud ha th tlc beads mae ey Jain for ras Reve Dorlcstor ——Aplcsor ——-Ebesment ot The optimum relecometr,.. machine wn, macs wih srp-onbeass — (ieknessls 2.0 Content may be subject copy a hntps:inwwncosearchgate.neUpublicalon/382642884_High_performance_thermoplastic_and_cold_appliod plastic road_markings how _long_do_tho... 1/126116723, 10:36AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? © Publ Fulltext D ‘contr may be abject o cone IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering PAPER OPEN ACCESS High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road markings how long do they last? “To ce this arte: MH Harun ea 2018 10P Con, Se: Mater, Sl Eng, $12 012002 hiups:i www rosearchgate.ne/publiction’332642884,High_porformance_thormoplastic_and_cold_applied_plastic_road_markings_how long_éo_the... 2/12(POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? This content was domnoaded trom Padsress 179.61.187.116 on 250472029 at 6:15 110kh Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2018 TOP Publishing JOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering $12 2019) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899X512/1/012002, High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road markings: how long do they last? MH Harun’, § Rosdi?and M Rosmanit 'Road Research Laboratory, Centre of Excellence for Engineering and Technology (CRE&TE) Public Works Department Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia *Engineeting Department, Roadcare (M) Sdn, Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Abstract. The function of road markings is to provide guidence end warnings to motorists ‘These. markings should be clearly vsile at all times. Its empirical thatthe materials used should be durable especially on roads with heavy traffic to ensure that the sefoty and comfor ‘of motors ae not compromised at all times, and to avoid the need to repaint regulaiy whick is cumbersome end requires a significant amount of funds. This paper highlights some good and bad practices in laying the road markings which result in satisfactory and poor performances respectively. Field trials have been carried out using thermoplastic and cold applied plastic produced and installed by various applicators. Various factors which could possibly affect tne brighiness and durabilty of the road markings such as the quality ofthe inzar-mix and drop-on reflective beads, differen: techniques in incorporating the drop-on reflective beads, variation inthe laying ‘emperalure end thickness of the road markings, andthe ‘conditions ofthe road surface during laying, are discussed, Test results have shown that cold applied plastic provides higher reiro-reflectivity than Uhermoplastic after four years which indicates thatthe former type could hold the reflective beads more firmly. 1. Introduction ‘Thormoplastic road markings will appear bright and glowing after installation. The ability to reflect light from vehicles’ headiamps at night could help motorists to see clearly the road markings, and thus feel safe and comforable. However, when it rains, conventional glass beads could not refled light effectively when submerged in thin film of water on the road surface, resulting in the road markings appear dull and difficult to see, Consequently, all-weather thermoplastic (AWT) or high performance thermoplastic road. markings have been introduced and included in the new specification of Public Works Department (PWD) Standard Specification for Road Works JKR/SPJ/2012 Section 6: Road Furniture, Sub-Section 6.3: Road Markings (2012) [1], hereinafter referred to as SPJ. Malaysia is the first counicy in Southeast Asia that uses the AWT toad markings, its inception in October 2010. Befiting the tag ‘all-weather, the road markings could he clearly visible in all weather conditions, especially at night and when it rains. Fish (1996) defines all-weather road markings as markings thet are visible at night under dry conditions and also under rainy conditions up to 0.25 inches per hour of riups:ihwwu researchgale neiaublicalion’332642864,High_performance_thermaplastic_and_cold_appled_plastc_road_markings_how_long_do_the. ane(POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? rainfall (2. ‘fin work man mtn arin oh ae) an he i of he work, oral con nd DO, 10xh Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2018 TOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering $12 (2019) 012002 doi:10.1088/1757-899XI512/1/012002 road markings. Figure 1. All-weather thermopl However, there are dissatisfactions that the AWT road markings do not last Jong. This would cause discontent among the road authorities as the price of AWT road matkings is three times more expensive then the ordinary thermoplastic road lines. So what could have gone wrong? 2, Road markings AWT (or high performance thermoplastic) road markings comprise of high performance thermoplastic powder, inter-mix reflective beads and drop-on beads. In general, the performance of the AWT road markings depends on three parameters, namely materials, applicator machines and workers, 2.1 Materials 2.1.1. Material specifications. As specified in clause 6.3.2 ofthe SPJ, thermoplastic materials (i. the white or yellow powder) shall comply with BS EN 1871 (2000) (3). High performance thermoplastic Powder which complies with BS EN 1871 and certified by recognised agencies should always be used: materials of inferior quality will not hold the drop-on beads firmly even though the beads are properly embedded during application. If the white thermoplastic powder change its colour to oreyish or yellowish if overheated, that isa clear indication of inferior quality thermoplastic material that should bo immediately rejected ftom sites. Substantial different in cost (~ 35%) betweon the superior (RM2,700)ton) and inferior (RM2,000/ton) product may encourage the contractor to use the cheaper product if enforcement is lacking. Materials without certification should not be accepted, 2.1.2, Reflective beads. The thermoplastic material should contain inter-mix reflective beads, and these beads should comply with BS EN 1424 (1998) (4), In addition, during application on to the road sutface, drop-on reflective beads are dropped (usually by gravity) shorlly after the heated thermoplastic material is spread, and these beads should comply with BS EN 1423 (1998) (5]. Both BS EN 1424 and 1423 refer to glass beads, with a minimum value of refractive index (ability to react light in water) of 1.5. Other types of reflective material such as micro-crystalline ceramic beads* have higher refrective index of 2.4. The ability ofthe ceramic beads to reflect light towards the source ofthe light (e.retro- reflection. In the context of road lines, itis the ability of the beads to reflect light towards vehicles’ driver) is claimed to be similer to diamonds. For normal glass beads, the refractive index is relative low (usually about 1.5), but there are high performance glass beads with refractive index of 1.9. Beads rnupsihwuu researchgale neipublication’332642894,High_performance_thermaplastic_and_cold_appled_plastc_road_markings_how_long_do_the. ane(POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? feo ay wil pl be ale ree ai soa he ahi’ ero rl he ge aa aPUM kts Anna NIA! Sana RAP aN te glass beads are sufficient, but at night or ‘when jets: ‘at ‘especially when it rains, the super jority of the ceramic beads will be more pronounced. Micro-crystalline ceramic beads are claimed to be seven limes brighter than glass beads. 1th Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2018 oP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering $12 (2019) 012002 do:10.1088/1757-899X/512/1/012002, Figure 2. Glass beads. Figure 3. Microcrystalline Figure 4. Comparison of size ‘ceramic beads. between gla. The quantity of inter-mix beads is not specified in the SPJ. [tis recommended that it should be nat less than 10% by weight of the thermoplastic powder with atleast 3% ceramic beads. For drop-on beads, the quantity is specified to be not less than 400 g/m". However, the proportion of each type of beads is not specified. tis recommended that the drop-on beads should contain at least 30% of micro- crystalline ceramic beads (refractive index > 2.4) with the remaining composition consists of 70% high performance glass beads (refractive index > 1.9). Figure 5, Inter-mix miero-crystaine Figure. 6, Drop-on micro-crystalline ceramic beads and glass beads inside ceramic beads and glass heads on road road markings. markings, 2.1.3.Performance specifications. SPJ clause 6.3.2 stipulates thatthe performance of the thermoplastic road line material shall comply with BS EN 1436 (2007) [6]. Among other things, the BS EN 1436 specifies; (1) Luminance factor fin dry condition not less than 0.60; (2) Luminance coefficient under diffuse illumination Qd not less than 160 med/m*/lux.(Note: If the luminance factor f ean be achieved, hiups:iwww rosearchgale.ne/publiction’332642884,High_porformance_thormoplastic_and_cold_applied_plastic_road_markings_how long_éo_the... 5/12(POR Hen omar holes an cd ppd st rd mang how a do hy? 3 a air od sh Ca of nl nian iy. sandag TASTY Reais cit a es CS See nr te twos of eset tgs Gy He llrenec an ace aes cea ere Cheri ica setae cea The SPJ specifies that the Ri. shall be not less than 300 med/mi/lux in dry condition, and not less than 75 med'me/lux in wet condition, within 7 days after the road markings are laid. However, after se acnal teiage ceatad tel pact eg adit Spateden Se Pere Me HO me Sennen rer tet Se Ae ee ee ee ee ee ee eee 1th Malaysian Road Conference & Exhibition 2018 TOP Publishing IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering $12 (2019) 012002 do:10.1088/1757-899X/512/1/012002 be reviewed and changed accordingly. It has been suggested that the requirement for the test to be caried out ‘within 7 days? be changed to “within 10 ~ 20 days’ while the minimum valve of Remain unchanged, Inthe opinion of the European Union Road Federation, ERF (2013) [9], a good road markings are those with performance level under dey conditions not less than 150 medtmlux, whereas for wet conditions, the minimum performance level should be 3$ med//lux. Apart from this, ish (1996) [2] stated that most research has come to @ conclusion that a minimum acceptable level of reto- reflectivity is around 100 to 120 med Tux Asdrubali etal 2013) observed that while the only performance parameter considered was Ry, al vban level the reflection in daylight condition Qa is equally (or more) important [10]. Figure 7. Retro-reflectometer Figure &. A range of coefficient of retro-reflected luminance, 2.2, Applicator machines 2.2.1, Drop facility for beads, If mixture of glass beads and micro-crystaline ceramic beads is used as a drop-on reflective element, the applicator machine should be equipped with a double-drop facility with two units of dispenser, The larger ceramic beads (typically 1.1 - 1.3 mm) should be dropped first, followed by the smaller glass beads (usually 0.7 - 0.8 mm). If the smaller glass beads fall first, it ‘would impede the larger ceremic beads from filing up the space in Between the smaller beads, and tis can lead to the larger beads get easily detached from the road markings by the passing traffic. ‘Similarly, the larger ceramic beads would be loosely embedded into the road markings if both types of bead drop simultaneously from a single-drop facility with one unit of dispenser. rnupsihwuu researchgale neipublication’332642884,High_performance_thermaplastic_and_cold_appled_plastc_road_markings_how_long_do_the. ene6116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? Figure 9, Applicator machine with double-drop faity, Figure 10. Applicator machine wit single- drop facility hiups www rosearchgate.ne/publiction’332642884,High_porformance_thermoplastic_and_cold_applied_plastic_road_markings_how long_éo_the... 7/126116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? hiups:i www rosearchgale.ne/pubiction’332642884,High_porformance_thormoplastic_and_cold_applied_plastic_road_markings_how long_éo_the... 8/126116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? Cctabone (8) Relerancas 0) the por exploratory esoarcn371to sass the eolubon of GB since qual Sesticton daa raion, The erer ropors that soma G8 umishsxqusto nal RL that cick fos, wte thor GB provid are stg RL (39.40 se aatent manasa tnenaton a G8 sarap aro oye Tee, prom of big 8 ‘ter suacad'o abrasion under aborsory covotins; a the esting progressed nel sagas wer cbse unser Imoptenl icrescope and a Seanng lacon Wicostope (SEM, "This wat ato refed in th cleat coetints of RL cecay C and Othe able valu af or same Hl wae Bios ties ignor than for sarc SF (te case ofthe trib et, he carspnding D was 3.2 times lage). Te ‘uoome of prevovaly epatad research [33,0] oaing tat nia ®Leannot be Usd to dearmna ong arn Keun M, Wonzol Tomas E Brghara. Anton Pashkeen. Wihol A iow Show aberect Niodowne opubikowane wrk 2 baeanaterenowege masytrmoplestycne o soecaine ys) tre take Potwerdzry naomi xclaskowoooes | ewa'ooaaa sysxan z maleta'ow nay sz) Klsy do oznakowania trogowago 16, Naexypodkreelne, ce pocshowe party canakowarla te amaze pecleade sl na ezutay lryekane w perpekiyio Pugotominane| 7.38) ‘Rca epotad eet rom fe tasting ofa temoplst rd markings wih # spall high vrs ‘ented exceptional high ettorfectyy and drat ablaine vin premium marl [1 rl be ‘atthe tia poromanee des nl always carespond fo resus acPived in kong-torm [7,38 [A sudy of promlum glass beads for road marking materials Arie Tomasz E,Burghant Aron Pashkoveh Kevin. Wonzs! View Show aberact No univers frm fr pedton of serie eof RM was developed capt numaroue stamps (Bab al 2019), appar the eet of entvonrental an abrasion fac (ine ato, wea, aelaas and ype, sebly ‘considered as a sufficient indicator forthe service Ife of RM (Harun eta, 2019; Burghardt ot a 20218). Susainabe Road Markings Captor Feo070 Tomasz. Buighedt- Arson Pashhovch View “The same stuton could apply to GB ana thor intracton wth he pat ayer. Coneequenty one shoul never aks ihe naa parameters of RM as an indent for longterm pefamance (Haru et, 2078 Burra et a, 202%. n ‘Susainabiy of thin ayer road markings based on thelr serves ‘hug 2022 - IRANSPORT RES D. Townsse E.Sughat Darke able. Anton Pasheoich hntps:inwwnrosearchgate.neUpublicalon/382642884High_performance_thermoplastic_and_cold_appliod plastic road_markings how _long_do_tho... 8/126116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? View Show aberect, Itmust be essumed that because both pss of reoretlecive materia were costo wih aslene capable of coral ioneing wn ca paste, thar enacton fo the oad masks would bate sme, Sea oes, igh ital hat rine iy, wa repre om arate! of bcelayer rad marking eth Mm sls exceeding men) lone in Malaysia 38). Perormance and environmental assessment of prefabricated retrorefective spts for road marking rice [Fulton avaiable ec 202 Tomasz. Burghest. Darko Babié. Aton Pasheveh View Show aberect, 2018 Onueu ea. 0) Revew a he developed male of Lcegradton of tarmoplasti road marge, 2019 Hiarun etal (1) Fels tesingn Malaya, «comparson betweanthermoplate and cl sas oad markings including 9 ahd les beads and engnearos elements relecoraaton. Good cra was eared with ‘anmoplast, but beter resus ware ahioved wit ok plas Yehow Thermoplastic Road Markings wth High Retrorflecivity: Demonstration Study in Te Pile Tomasz E.Bugher- Erk Was Arton Pashhovich View Show aberect Visioitty of fattine and structured road markings for machine vision ele 2023 Tomasz, Surghat -Olksandr Chto. Thomas Rete Fradch Wiesinger View ‘An asset management methodology for value-for-money sinstatoment of pavement markings ‘Obina Alaa Damen Douglas - David Arowsmh Mk Darel Yow Show aberact, hntps:inwwncosearchgate.neUpublicalon/382642884High_performance_thermoplastic_and_cold_appliod plastic road_markings_how_long_do_th... 10/126116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? Recommended pusteaions S'co08" note Drab of arama fer enorad plato pretenione elements under tdlinermal yes Rajan Son. Mohsen Shanawy- J Rosas S. Sukumar This paper recess eau rom a38-mont exposure sudo asses hel fet of duralisasonal temperature caange onthe arity of aramid tbr tented plas (AFRP)petens.cned ples ve inal wars. The ami fee composte ARAPREE ‘a used nheinvasignion, Twelve procvacked AFRP prlensoned seams, designed os by rupture othe prorosing ade wore "Show fllabstact Pvomentmaccing malate: Now York experonce January 1984 James E. Brydon - Gary F Gury ‘wide range of seprng mir i valle for paveren-marking programs, The four basi yams; aie pain profomed'ge, ane Sek roacts raterale ae desrbed, se welas te varus materale uted each sytem, sch Suri, mstnods of stataton and mantenance, ely and nanding safe. New Yor Stats pavement marong plea are [Show abate Mososcale smulaton of fatigue bshavor of concsto materials daragod by teeze-haw cylas yuan Cong Tamon Ueda YiVlang [J Zha0 Wang Frost damages a common drabilty problem fr concrts structures in cold and wel eons and in many cases, he ost da cauploa wi fatigue lacings auch tho ae loads on ado dacs ct pavomaris. nis papa, nvsigat he base age behav’ of conte marl aed by Fes damage, amescaale approach bused on Fight Boy Soong Mthod (RASH) has boon . (Show til abeeac}) (cular Proacon agains Laser Harare Wot Jy Je RM Schafer JAE. Bie ‘Tie roprt datarites reach offs rected award he develapment of spectacles tht prove eye pletion kom laren Nullayerintarfrence costings were apoled to dm plas an las sates. The mulaysrcoabgs prove protectin for tho user by relocing te specie laser emission wavelanghs, The remaineg vile wavelength ha are hot elcod are use for [Show tubal hntps:inwwncosearchgate.neUpublicalon/382642884High_performance_thermoplastic_and_cold_appliod plastic road_markings_how_long_do_th... 11/126116723, 10:36 AM (POF) High performance thermoplastic and cold applied plastic road makings: how long do they last? ve — 7 Company ‘Support a center (© 7008-2028 RosearciGate GmbH. Al hts esorvod Tours Privacy» Copyoht: Imp hiups www rosearchgate.ne/publiction’332642884,High_porformance_thormoplastic_and_cold_applied_plastic_road_markings how long doth... 12/12