ELETRONIC DEVIC ES & CIRCUITS LAR Tt oo) Splomitted fo - Akshat Kuma OO MY OI SLO d° oN Da. Chakaesh kum Qtech IT P* Sem yt-25'S- Tmansister ¢8 | Fallwave Rechte : fae arr me oft a a Pa J: ‘ks Name ofthe Experiment | Page | Dateof Remarks : No. Experiment oat poe ee P eI 1. PN Tonchon Bio de. fas | ie Tenn Diode # — | Hatt wave Rech bien Ea [6C—O eee Eee Akshat Kuma OOTLGNOISLO Btecn IT amisem IN Junctien Disde Chastactensics AWM To pioe the VT Cranacrnstis of & PN Guaction Fr foath Hosusrd —eend Mayerse, dinehow Bad ud in Cenee vortag ec) rare amd dynamic nesistance es Yomuand dinection & Pomannd Aint Sie amt Y ImA Secqecively, Fad gate ond Cae mesistance ak \OV in, maose bias conden digde ee COMPNENTS & EQUIPMENT REQUIRED —_;—— . ; a Fone | baring | Quomes (Une) SNe Denice | 1 4. | Sewdconda doen a — |Amainen Board Contain a) | dC Losey Some Corns) V \ } Biede Caiticon) LN 4D07 « Divde C Hamann) Onaga \ Con bon Fim Resiste \ka, low ¥ ra DE Volmayy Conyv 1 bE Valtmuy W228) V ‘ 3 | de Prmmay (@-208) wR ‘ 1 | pc mms O-28) mA \ 4. | Goonecting Wistey nesn Suarelta (esas \oTHEORY een A : ; : . : a. fen yonchen ode conduds o In one- dine ds TRE VAL cro din choy of diode ane cove blo VSIAYS BOOSS the diode and covert torough the pete CHkomal Voltage ic Tero, aust ts open and The aed bemsicy dou inst allag “he aawtent ty Glaus, HOTeKOr 3 We unuut is qeoo. When I-THpe Chrode Is connede Ho We taminal and HAYNE Ceathode) is conneded AD -Ne Mina of sunnlg veltage (is Enon aa foswand BU. The fotental basa, angeahan Uiminabed ard Gaseat stents blown: Aout the Mode and ads0o 1% Me douit. The diode is sud ty be In ON clade, The CHSENH IMareagey with (ngicasi, [pe ocnd, Walrog eth tq N Aq Ceathode) ig canneded to We taminal ond Ayre Chrede) is canneGed ve minal oe the sorely. Voltage is Eraon o MAORe biK Pee beseierh Sess The juncigg MCA Terekome | the Swoon nesistance becomes very Wah and ea genau wssent Cnwosed catvstatan assent) bows In the dtu The ode ig Said ty be m OFF Chede The mevoue biey aornent due to reeset Change earsci CU‘Bo cenure Posnoand Bios Le Commed the Ge 2 Naouy ane Soul Ae cosmess ponding VAN ce cuir variage Esta stea Ee g ond nove denn yo!) ont Ty © Renense Rios A ee Cory Poroce dUSLE onin games ponding, Ve gommard BINS and Hee QR- Regent We co Awwn Are © Shown. oe En ord In z, (one Omh ; . ve A) yee aes os “ rp Corton) A 4 oe + N Yo @ Le (o-2/) : " Wwee ceee aes Say ULAR CoLUKNl Fostwond Dias (EW) | LO) Hee) Fa) | Esluny Sie | za Falun) ee 2 4 eh é Ses ae c 4 \o cares ‘T AD 7] 4 Eee ee ee2a — Utcautions : Venere anak the potasatn OF are power SU Meares OS | HE comets iagnary: | ec Ynee oe Oe sequisde & yon: € a & 4 we : eee beth whed cutting ON oF suitering OFF the Pn Avner: B- Neo tose contads ab tHE Gunenen YU. Ersuste thay AHO DT A a he Ciseir s aeslnd Ben gtcision ona ME Fe a i CAECUIERSI SNS Riawend Bis Stet Recistance ax BA = ep Gee Qraric Yrigrance OF Ame = evlay* Sapramic. Recisdance at IR = AE, [A247 beans S Secivence OF 8 ORG Ate | O41¢ Reyense, BIS ehede Recistance ak (lov) = fal Is= Se seiviance ar (toy = 5 AEs (449° RESOLT ver Choractenctics of PN Tuncian one . plotted. rt s oir Fomenad and evEsE dimeciens and voabied iq Fraverd aimcchen Gar Em vOtEgE ov a a) Bier Resistance (Cab Bm A) = by dynamic Red stance Cor amAd™ y ay Satta ResiVARce Car Bb )= vy sare Resistance (ar Ime)= w nse Uaecien atone Reaistance Cat 1Qv) = 4 ; ee acd Reastance Cad lov) = Ww)Akshar koma —_ OOWGXOIS 20 RBetech TT asd Sem Expati ment No DL Zenen Bode chosactenshs and voltage Requtaton AM Plot the Ve 2 Chanactensthoy, of a Zenen Aigde, bind teney baeakddon Volroge in MYSE bias Conditiva, pind Stare amd dynamic Mecistance ia beth fomwosid and MWe biey Conditians and Perbosim zenen diode valtage, Reguiaton ComPoN ENTS & EQUIPMENT RE QUIRED SNo Devices mang ES | De | Lene Mode smn Board containing, | | pbe Yoo Setntg @e-tN)V | \ | | | | zen Blode | way | Zenene Bade @2rV \ Conon Ri Resited \vuae, Haw \ a pC VMaAmeten 0 V 1 be Volameten, wy v ' Da | ye amu (o-> es) MA ; be frames 0) A \ 4 Connecting SL se wsTh Lor a Tea Mode is heawl doped Yow jon dion ode, ae nade Ad panes A ‘ a in the Tes dUncken Giede Kosmas con duct ee Saou, bias But if tHe geveore biag 15 InGeaged ak Port cto; Vootage i+ ghogts conducting Aeawily, This Perea SS Taled — Reeak clown Volt age. High aocat MStogh the diode Can ® POM anen break down reqyer- does not damage. ne darce Te avai d Nah aooten t | WR Coe Ne sich Conn ect @ in sous SHH Zemin dlode Once gre diode Stents con duck it ALCHegs Shoots MO maine aterg st Constant vaiieg & ‘H SGueg with renan ddde once the diode conduck th mainteing almost congtant Vobage ACCHOSS Fhe ASiminals chateyady mM be he assent Peevey TENS 3 easy Tt is wed Low namic esl stence, im se Mwactom,RRO CEDURE Pomuna Bars \F Comme ck the Gant 3: Nosy tre. Suroly veroge Exim Steps : Coser cponding Vataey of EQ and Ty oy Shown - ~o Reverse. Bias \e Connect tre Cac Xe Regeak the GMoce CURE OA hy dyson the Comme sponding Wize) A? and Hote down fpoxeand bias and note Eg ard Ta ov Shoda CARLY IT DIRAR AME ts) yen a pieeaaeeus a AT Coney) 4 . Vs Mts y Fosunnd Bi 2 Cy seme \so . = ia = + Cosa, + Ne ce ao ZN Os Levey 5 Coady + Revense Biarobo: Lenen piode, Ms Vole 2 zl w T_ O-woymh : ©) * (@2V Ne Lorsyy 2 EXPECTED Ganth ty Um) at\ nN wa ————S—, : — EL) c env Fal) < | L Ty tm)TRauLee coum Fosuond Bir ayo) or Zenen bode Ag Vooqe Nin =ISVY Vee = RCL) | Nerv) | Teme Rwoe Bas \ 96 | 200 | [Sean SEECHUMORE [eae ad whe. lait OF he Veen ANG and te mauoy Wr the cimuut Vagrant A Meee ne Tague voltage tnvlo of the mnegutad ed pwr Svptlg > minimum Position bath when qusiteWing ON 05 seating OFF the FOUN sugnlg. No laase cantadys as the Vpnction S Ensune tae the MaHNG? oF je mu, are MA PED fhe cnudt “design FON prcdston, CALCULATIONS \. Foswomd State = mesistance ak Oma = bey ae Fattuond dynes mesiStance a4 §mA = AEG (ATE mecistantea ab Om = EE ig mw Rene Stare GQ Rane hyperve mea stance ak Or A = AEG ASE RET A and (TRE NE hada, of Zener dinde ane Plotte Vesupied TH beth Gurwen and eneVe dimechors. ge. Tener bHeAKMo Valtage fer WIV Tenn diodes Wav Fomuostd Bia: a) Sred © nesistance ar OmA = by dynam METstance ab Qin f= zor (a) Reworge Blors a&) Static Messtance at Gma= v) dgnerie mesistance abr Gro f=are er ee Akshet \ruim ar oocsers 2° & Tech FTIR Com Ca wariment-3 ESCO NeN ono t Motfwove Recipes withfrtsheut bi MoU Ketone cls Aim & a ‘ Kamina the Capek and ted qer Leave foams TE a Wate MUI withoud and with Pos. Glatde ake Wave. S4ppe fachy with load nesistance of Soon, Vou semgertvey, , Cgludade sepgte ArctoM (lion AWM Capaatn op look and and (ORD sen pedy. the load we COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT FEQULIRED Ved One with «a \en, \ a Quentt ee [Ronse easing pantry 1 | meet Fen OAK YR Asner Bh G ata: | | fay AG SUQOY | (ee-av \ | |b) sitveon Biadd Fyn 4oed 1 | fey Capac oo \ I ay [ 2) V 1 Slay dG Yin 62 ; b) we Vo lr d (0-28) ¥ | . is | >C pmev® CO-) mA : me HS Gloscare (0-20 R471 \ 4 Carod & tov | Decade Resistance Bon Jo -100K 1 re | Conneding wiay SA jane1 Stony ye positive Hath -cyade of the ingad voltoge, on vee DI is in fomwand biar and conduct rool! load seciste AL. Rence the Gdotemt poe dice) ON SUFQUt Vetage adess the Load esisten Mt, Wh hay the Same chage as the tye ally ne SE the ingut Voltage 4 Resuny, the neqahve Raub ye of FRE Sg voltage, We dicac 5 ououc Fite ord ee fc Fo cuoerent HWoroogn he Chub ie, the volhage Acwss el te Teao The net result is that o the tue halh tqtte ole Are ingud vOlESQe anesss a cers tne land . The overage value af ted the hale Wave meHKped ol? vortage Us tre value meowudted on ac vattmald fon proctaad dauit , ton sheer 14 ig oar prow ded fpr two easy. (> Fate The vairage com be Stegped 4p 0% Stegped— dey jor needed ) The oe Sadie iy oe trabbeded VSolodeh FSM the MEH IT Thur psver SnockK hazondd in the ot dunks.OSS pve hy Laity AUS tosve, Rech pie lothoud (Her OMeed the Gaadt a gon a, A i BY Ae load Becidnce , @ to SOON, Ard ute On the Maadiqs of iapah . owdya voltayen Hanoy 2 OSAMo sta pe aouiqat, dc vetage ond OO Note dhe stendiagn og dc Votiage toad mesisdante , \- Row, Change Ihe siesistance she she paecedoe of atboave. ANd RL tp en acd = megeat Megead fom |OKD column S. Rentinga &% jabuiaded oo yr dhe tabular » Rearing Habe wave Recall ot arow n and pegead Fhe ine. worve ed EO walt heT S Neus) Lok wove Ree withod AVA,D\ Lae © 0-209) mA 3 ae fe EO T | awsoot | | | | | | | | | +| ee . -—— wi \4 otk Wave Rech voit yee oS Ingu o ret DR r Recker without Ys hae Want Rew, WI leyBKecaurions. VN loose contaus ab Ane Ri NGOs oH Comes MENYA reauyt be vde post on A fom qued sien. TR Bu LAR COLUMNS REC KH vol Froud BND. Rak Wave Ty Jema ee foone, ram fra] Sle ee I hasichewe | votroae votiase | qooent| BE [vetor bor) Oo | tek Woy | tet Woy) (40 lWacn (Wau) se | | . A : | | | a Frc el | ae | | | | | | | 2D} yen | | | | | | | : | | $|Lens jon one NO [OS ems | byge Rest sree! Voltage | voltage & | Yoltege me cacy | Rent Va)] ener [OOM LMS CY.) hrm Mee Ga) | asd =RENT r ee + Anque Wattage and Qatpect wove poms + vale ek UK (volta — HEE AE absaved and plotted . | aX. bo taal, wove Rech pormetdl” AS qf Ryde face ot Soon. = lene = Lo ee = Be Aa Bab Wee Reh or with Liber > Y Rg) form ot OF et eet ~ den {Loose = (own, (oo HF =Akshar EO” OT EHOLS =) 2 ig Experiment “4 | FUMUwWe ReGifed Lith (without ker AWM anlage Txamine he inpd? and quad wave brim of a but wav Cocrtate topped) yechipior Lotto and with puro Calusa the supe face wor load wesstance St Seo mem and loka MeAPEH ey. Chased e sugpte GOP WIR a PUN cagecttemee cCagaute of LOOHE and he load oe Wa ota and loka oa CoMPONENTS ANB EC QUIEMENT REQUIRED : es 3 ‘ Range | Quand (8 oS Toning (ie No “S) | Ren and Lili dxainy | a Boand Contain | | aac Sola @-0-9V | \ | b) Sticon, Died VN 4o0T) | | C Cogan our Ne | oa = = J.) 27 DC Voltmeyy con3s}V : b) Ae vo Vrndy Ca->8)V \ CRIne | (o-39) MAT \ H "| cual ee €| ecade Resistance Rox (Wo r= toes ‘ (| clea molytie — Cogacitey Woo \ 1 TD | Canne chy Lory, SA netrey “ue? . geo The cour dea conten = tagged Get wave oe was Whe two ody BLK BE - dust oa OQ , De second yotroge. Cingak vstl Ss UE oa fe Second 2 7 Wee Ss (neo ta and DX Devense, bias ed The. diode Bi conducss amd GBstent LOS wroroug load sresistem RL POing neg anve ally wgctes Mode DL betames GIoNd Bras and DY ANoOSe lofoSed . Naw, BL conducts and caanceat pos Seca the load Resisten A, dung, whe kgih he Woe dew and wilt ae uni dimect anal eae OF ean ws oe Wek yne* Tre BYs rene Nola Fuse wave and half wave rec fication is Her & qed Rep allows oni dimecional Cone wong) of the wove jussient tf the load dung he edhe 360° wg Signa ord hatp-wave ewe) atows the As ae duxing one hath age Cate’)EE EE Ei Locenure Ful wave RECHHA waithood” NOD \ Cammect the cimuit OS Shown Re Aa LAK Ae gS Load Reaistance 1 ‘ ; ro} Connece a Capad > me yooMe vale UN yore fags 7 food ord meee he meading> A AA omy oscilloscope cuostent | SC eeae with the Durpurk vetoes Nore Ine sreadingn TE PS oS AC Volrage - c Yo Now Ganga the lyad accistance a OA abeve dhe Jabuhoy Colon mn Ww Aw DOO r- and Mepeark the pro cedoe s Readings one Jabolede oF (1 FUL wove REC EIR With BUD \ Gincee See Goan > doa a. AAT Ane Voodk Resistance QL Ay Were ond Conned ioe (ooar ees In yomatiah win the Load and note Ane areading > ok ney and gudged oe avronrgy Hseitto SCORe carmen, SO WEAVE and %. Wote Khe mending of BC Ke watlages change Ahe load Re aK ond menstance y Now rege HE precede OS above .atio Megear GOA PEO , foo yal Ss. Readings are Aabutade 039 (Oo Faber Gloumn,DLV prin wens y\ Dac Carers hn —+; py ay HE —_ ino —— i \ uy YooT sen tes, (carta Tag) witout A wave, Reork DY Spe Cordes) 8 ay ws a rp if — = aise ae e al 6 i \ 2a : oe Be { ke be Fak - worse Reaklioy Cente Tan) wait OSsa Deg ee ey a Alectey cams Nee \ \ centads ar gonekions “io fe ur oeve, Rech with AIT \. Woe lore Qe MAY OH Caanede Sange WHAT be Ack (p> qeedision —ppBUk fre COLUMNS Falk wave REGHEA volthour Gillo Toad | ee Pug oe - ae aeciance |v SFASE vol cea ities se olrege | dc ac fa S|ao Beak Ver) | terte Var] Hosen acieve Gad] ed Neo [eM | Wig] ae { Soot | “as 7 ter LoKnu >Fun Weoe Rech, en? Rien: Ac = ME Q [tread] Hos : oo a Load |] tera] eae | fa Tay Pee | eae ay oa veliage | SC acl | vee BOD en Wn) | fae (a) | gstent bacteal ai Mas | cae | Gad Wao a Nae | | Syoe a pape Vea 1 | | | | | | B | ok} | | LL | | ‘ 7 | RESULT (. [que and Burput yoeve fSS ak a Pul-wove Coent re Acep ned) and pede ne Hi ebhfwithow GEA ane Qoceaned and getied. >: Posh Weve Recta, Litho” its - OTe Jaton oF Goo KL, oonk = 2 an, ONE go pe pec ty BRENT WYRE \eoss os goo , work 2 en oon = rr NTE:Ext eeaimMeNt-5 Akshat Komen ae ae OorlgUg 1Sr0 TRANSISTOR CB CURRACTERISTICS Bech IT 3 Sem EdCLab It-151 A\M Plot de ingr charackensha ego fransisten connected WA Common — BALE Conhiqg Wiarton Cotustare the vague mecistance Ri OF T= Pim A tedpee me sstance Ry ot Veg = BV and Une? gun ot Vig = bY. ComPoNENTts EQUIPMENT REQUIRED sus peice Pearce) | Quantity : | Rating Can Nosy | ) Transisten ©8 traine, rn a Board Contining | | a BE Power Soon | n2) Vv = | bY PNP Tran si stem CK 100 | ©) Carkog Blin Resists | MWA QW) a AY DC Vermeer og \ bd dC Vv etmMUL, (2) V \ = DC Prom © —-S°)ma on y Connecting wines SA oy ba aTV WEORY ___ A dsancigteh The amined ane emuithn, bare Caledon, tn CB Conti qurstion the looke Vs Lammen ty booth iapuh Comite) and opr (collector) Fr normal opoaton Whe F-& function ig Frauond bi aed cm and CB Sunctien ce Revere blared. In CB Conti gudahon ee ete de Chee . = = , Veg FICN ag Te) ond te $2Cveq, TQ) the Senoue Collen Nottoge With a Wrcaeos ing Ane qqate - Change width at we Golqutk Jonson base width Hwl decreoru, imcrantey and the cbbechve “ . Ly kumar tory ehh eUe . Shen, tothin TS a See teminal auhve device. THis pheno me non Abane will be Less Chance HOA Recombination the ore region. Wh INCMEXE GI Change qnadienr within dre boe meqion, the Goaegr Or minodity Coaicy gine oOeEE the emit jonchon inane, The uoent ampiticorton becen ep CB Ce kt quanti on \S Qiven by, oh = Alc /{ At, Peo CEBLEE heuer ees [put Chanatnsta \e Gonnece He Fan sistey ay sheon a. Kace the Veg Constr ob UN and AV. V im ska Ord mute commesponding Te vatues ay por wne Vig abuter [posim,Qudpuk nay acken sho Ve Keep Mee Te constant ab Um fr and ama Venu the Neg © in Steph and note comes ponding Te valiaet, As Readings one albtained tabebaved CARCOLT Dr AWRAM te dic (0-20 wire eon the - \rgar Chara Fens a Ovapur Chanadon Soy Tea tma | Tes Uma Ww Ves ao Va = cma) | >| mayPRECAUTIONS Vi Keep the Knobs of Supply Voltages Veg & Vea At oinimum posites when SwoVieking oN OF ea OFF Me Jord SUONg QA No loose Comtaus ak The ocho BS Yo vot lead THE Met above. its Moced sranger CALC LATION ¢ \wour Resistance C4y=tama) =A Vag [ATES AL Veg auy \rgur Resistance Cte=Uma) = AVeg /Ate Ae Vege dv = AVeg | Otc = owiqur Reristance Cagstma) Ax Viqg=- dV posput Grevistance (Cte sUme) = Aveg | Aa. = ac Veg =-ev Guvient Pmplitication Faun ‘od = Ate (Ate = B-lomamedn Gluttony Wie = Ae, | 440 = eRe Qt aa howe ob > ATC /AN, = Wow = Aven [Veg =RE SULT \. ® Bapur Resistance + o Neg=v and Te =lama, owt Te slama, QF & WG) Nege= BV XL Be Gaspar Resistence: Oe Ne SY Vege BN amd TE tum A, Bee 3 Gasrent Amplitietion faut, x =Akshar Kumar OorwUats +o Bech (Tt ot Sem (EXRERIMENT-6 EdC lab TT2S1 FeansistoR CE CH ACTER SUG A\M Plot Ae Input and Quiqud Choacheshay Op Oo Asansistty commected iy Commmod Eo te) Cant quredion Coladate the InpuUr me Sistance py at Tas Louk, Susur mesistance Ry ar Vee= tov Ond Gnsent quia O+ Vee = lov ComnoNENTS & EQUUMENT REQUIRED pei ee eae ie! Se See eS et SNS Device Ronae Sung aes _ We Nes) | | posing ust | ie en aoe Ce rns) | | | Goosd Containing | | adc Poon Surely. @rA2V 28 | %) PNP dsanssten Be 0% \ | | © borbon Bilm Resistnn wea, aw \ | (ooka Maw \ | a ay he volimecy Ov ma = Bal bie Sc vsti en (o->0)N \ | 2 DC Arama OSs) waa floes - oo) WA \ %THE ony A teranciginy (6 a tree Hee fe\minal device, The AcSrminals ode emitter beae, Collected, Tn commen emittoy Contiqunaion, saga Vettane, is appied blu be and AMG deyminald and Cuspur iS taken accross and SH tmi nal Hee kere the emitor trminadl (¢ temmon tr both Vrgueé aad tpt, The Ing Cheacknstg Setemble thet Ob a beHwand biaed diode Gove. THE 1S evpedea aime fre Roane Emittth junction op the tmancisten ty fomoond Bind, As composed to CB comangement Be Morearey Less saat aly with Vee, Thenckone ingud resistance. Mm CE Gnuut is Wigner Ahan that oF CH cincurt Tre Butqut Chonackensticy che dmasn betoen Ic and Vee oF constant A, The collects Csment yostih with Veg unto |po Var o Aya Wis tre Colle cton cusmiegt becomeQ almost con stant, And Indegendegt Be Vee, The vaue ee Vee up to which the collecton qusnent we Oranges witn Vee is kodeen Ent os Knee voltage The tsan sists aktoayd operared in Ane Seqion dbwe Enee yo. eit oy ‘ fae Constant and is nat sorimaiiy equal my de The Ganent ampli feahon feces of CE conti ¥ o mach is qiven ie i B= AA JAI q enRoce = PRoceowee \mpuk cheraces hey, ©. Commcer the Amransisten as sev A. Keer the Vee tenstant at Iv ard OV 3 Nosy the Tg in # sig ard note don tne eer ene Veg Vales os por Sablucn Column, Bua = chanaurenshey \. Keep the Tp ceanstant ar JouA ard YGOUA As Nesug the Veg ie skgr and note covenea ponding he Veli 3 Readings bre tea butoted Oy Shean ClacuIT Dinacam (0-200me} Ynonm Ka Loe, CO-208 ua @AS)V ai“TABULAR COLUMN \ngur Cher atest, Qutpak chonadeashy [ Verav Nests curt] [See eeee [ tassoun | aes Tawa) | Vee Cy | Tew) [Mee w) [tere |Vee wy | dee) a | | F i VRE CAUTIONS eee eee \. Keep the robs ob Supe Voltages Vee & Veg ot minimum Qo sitios tshen aren. ON om Suaiteniog, OFF dye Josen Seeelg A No loose Contads oF junction. 2- Be not Weload He meay ate ite Maka RangeALcurariens \Wou Reristance Cag = 208) =AVge/ ag = Oe Neg SA \ngur Resistance Cagzy oaua) = AV ge | STR = AYN = ov Susque Resistance CUce = lev) = AV EJ AS At Tg= 2auA Suspur Rauistance Cvce = lov) = AVee /Ada= A+ Ig Dexa Goreat Amplification fects (B= Ate Als W-Pomamean CALCULATIONS Were = AV ec /Aty = Woe = Ste /aVee= i eee ees Wess So OV Ge 76vl esRE sot Ry TapuF Resistance A) Vege 2v and Se= dowA , FS ga 2ouh, Re n Vee = bv and A. Qe, Seepur Resistance a) Ue = tev and Fer dash, So = BD Veg = lsv ond Tig > Usuth , Bo = BZ Ceeategt Amelibication acts, B=Aw shat Komen Exp EeiMent- 1 Oeil cuoisoo Bech (Tt Bt Sem Edc ey It2531 A\M To sho dy N-L chanaaenshey Ot LED and find MMAKd _VOIFATE & Yosuword sesistance te LED PRP ARATOS a-teyv Nolametn | Ligh Ss Diode, O-T Vi vasiable su tely OSmh Ammen THEORY In a PN jendien Khernge Ceasticn ecombinaten tees pace When €7 acwts ChoSs from N to ? bias al The BeGhon ode in Conduchon band eon t-side awle Weer are in Valence bond On N-Side. The land Was Wighen energy level so wonen tb necombiney it QYA eroug in boom te heat and Mant th we ee Bicoq Bed Aomaniomn eningy 18 maheoed Gorm arene FW Gaktum Vigh® form The Hane isin aed Seon OF I Conducts in Weak ansenide it is in Visible. ange . Ganmaniom abour lev , fan not be Urea in omanugachne oy LED,Qaseavation TRAE SNo Voltage Cv) Gament Cv) CiecutPROCEDURE a \. Gannett the LEB od shaon Q- Slowly Increoue Frhuwad biay Neltage fe ol Steps Note csent RaSing “ateng eRe He PO moe Ee kteedk Cesene by dome S plot a Qregh og LED, Voltage Vis Gooent REWLT V-L thanader sho ee given LEB one Stodied ceah Calcutatey tasceold voltage. N = ™ Foowsaad Reyistance, RE =