New Code of Judicial
Conduct for the Philippine
Judiciary
Whereas Clauses
WHEREAS, at the Round Table Meeting of Chief Justices held at the
Peace Palace. The Hague, on 25–26 November 2002, at which the
Philippine Supreme Court was represented by the Chief Justice and
Associate Justice Reynato S. Puno, the Bangalore Draft of the Code of
Judicial Conduct adopted by the Judicial Group on Strengthening
Judicial Integrity was deliberated upon and approved after
incorporating therein several amendments;
WHEREAS, the Bangalore Draft, as amended, is intended to be the
Universal Declaration of Judicial Standards applicable in all
judiciaries;
WHEREAS, the Bangalore Draft is founded upon a universal
recognition that a competent, independent and impartial judiciary is
essential if the courts are to fulfill their role in upholding
constitutionalism and the rule of law; that public confidence in the
judicial system and in the moral authority and integrity of the judiciary
is of utmost importance in a modem democratic society; and, that it is
essential that judges, individually and collectively, respect and honor
judicial office as a public trust and strive to enhance and maintain
confidence in the judicial system;
WHEREAS, the adoption of the universal declaration of standards for
ethical conduct of judges embodied in the Bangalore Draft as revised
at the Round Table Conference of Chief Justices at The Hague is
imperative not only to update and correlate the Code of Judicial
Conduct and the Canons of Judicial Ethics adopted for the Philippines,
but also to stress the Philippines' solidarity with the universal clamor
for a universal code of judicial ethics.
NOW, THEREFORE, the Court hereby adopts this New Code of
Judicial Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary.
Canon 1
Independence
Judicial independence is a pre-requisite to the rule of law and a
fundamental guarantee of a fair trial. A judge shall therefore uphold
and exemplify judicial independence in both its individual and
institutional aspects.
Section 1
Judges shall exercise the judicial function independently on the basis
of their assessment of the facts and in accordance with a conscientious
understanding of the law, free of any extraneous influence,
inducement, pressure, threat or interference, direct or indirect, from
any quarter or for any reason.
Section 2
In performing judicial duties, Judges shall be independent from
judicial colleagues in respect of decisions which the judge is obliged to
make independently.
Section 3
Judges shall refrain from influencing in any manner the outcome of
litigation or dispute pending before another court or administrative
agency.
Section 4
Judges shall not allow family, social, or other relationships to
influence judicial conduct or judgment. The prestige of judicial office
shall not be used or lent to advance the private interests of others, nor
convey or permit others to convey the impression that they are in a
special position to influence the judge.
Section 5
Judges shall not only be free from inappropriate connections with, and
influence by, the executive and legislative branches of government, but
must also appear to be free therefrom to a reasonable observer.
Section 6
Judges shall be independent in relation to society in general and in
relation to the particular parties to a dispute which he or she has to
adjudicate.
Section 7
Judges shall encourage and uphold safeguards for the discharge of
judicial duties in order to maintain and enhance the institutional and
operational independence of the judiciary.
Section 8
Judges shall exhibit and promote high standards of judicial conduct in
order to reinforce public confidence in the judiciary which is
fundamental to the maintenance of judicial independence.
Canon 2
Integrity
Integrity is essential not only to the proper discharge of the judicial
office but also to the personal demeanor of judges.
Section 1
Judges shall ensure that not only is their conduct above reproach, but
that it is perceived to be so in the view of a reasonable observer.
Section 2
The behavior and conduct of judges must reaffirm the people's faith in
the integrity of the judiciary. Justice musty not merely be done but
must also be seen to be done.
Section 3
Judges should take or initiate appropriate disciplinary measures against
lawyers or court personnel for unprofessional conduct of which the
judge may have become aware.
Canon 3
Impartiality
Impartiality is essential to the proper discharge of the judicial office. It
applies not only to the decision itself but also to the process by which
the decision to made.
Section 1
Judges shall perform their judicial duties without favor, bias or
prejudice.
Section 2
Judges shall ensure that his or her conduct, both in and out of court,
maintains and enhances the confidence of the public, the legal
profession and litigants in the impartiality of the judge and of the
judiciary.
Section 3
Judges shall, so far as is reasonable, so conduct themselves as to
minimize the occasions on which it will be necessary for them to be
disqualified from hearing or deciding cases.
Section 4
Judges shall not knowingly, while a proceeding is before, or could
come before, them make any comment that might reasonably be
expected to affect the outcome of such proceeding or impair the
manifest fairness of the process. Nor shall judges make any comment
in public or otherwise that might affect the fair trial of any person or
issue.
Section 5
Judges shall disqualify themselves from participating in any
proceedings in which they are unable to decide the matter impartially
or in which it may appear to a reasonable observer that they are unable
to decide the matter impartially. Such proceedings include, but are not
limited to, instances where
 a. The judge has actual bias or prejudice concerning a party or
personal knowledge of disputed evidentiary facts concerning
the proceedings;
b. The judge previously served as a lawyer or was a material
witness in the matter in controversy;
c. The judge, or a member of his or her family, has an economic
interest in the outcome of the matter in controversy;
d. The judge served as executor, administrator, guardian, trustee
or lawyer in the case or matter in controversy, or a former
associate of the judge served as counsel during their
association, or the judge or lawyer was a material witness
therein;
e. The judge's ruling in a lower court is the subject of review;
f. The judge is related by consanguinity or affinity to a party
litigant within the sixth civil degree or to counsel within the
fourth civil degree; or
g. The judge knows that his or her spouse or child has a financial
interest, as heir, legatee, creditor, fiduciary, or otherwise, in the
subject matter in controversy or in a party to the proceeding, or
any other interest that could be substantially affected by the
outcome of the proceedings;
Section 6
A judge disqualified as stated above may, instead of withdrawing from
the proceeding, disclose on the records the basis of disqualification. If,
based on such disclosure, the parties and lawyers independently of the
judge's participation, all agree in writing that the reason for the
inhibition is immaterial or unsubstantial, the judge may then
participate in the proceeding. The agreement, signed by all parties and
lawyers, shall be incorporated in the record of the proceedings.
Canon 4
Propriety
Propriety and the appearance of propriety are essential to the
performance of all the activities of a judge.
Section 1
Judges shall avoid impropriety and the appearance of impropriety in
all of their activities.
Section 2
As a subject of constant public scrutiny, judges must accept personal
restrictions that might be viewed as burdensome by the ordinary
citizen and should do so freely and willingly. In particular, judges
conduct themselves in a way that is consistent with the dignity of the
judicial office.
Section 3
Judges shall, in their personal relations with individual members of the
legal profession who practice regularly in their court, avoid situations
which might reasonably give rise to the suspicion or appearance of
favoritism or partiality.
Section 4
Judges shall not participate in the determination of a case in which any
member of their family represents a litigant or is associated in any
manner with the case.
Section 5
Judges shall not allow the use of their residence by a member of the
legal profession to receive clients of the latter or of other members of
the legal profession.
Section 6
Judges, like any other citizen, are entitled to freedom of expression,
belief, association and assembly, but in exercising such rights, they
shall always conduct themselves in such a manner as to preserve the
dignity of the judicial office and the impartiality and independence of
the judiciary.
Section 7
Judges shall inform themselves about their personal fiduciary financial
interests and shall make reasonable efforts to be informed about the
financial interests of members of their family.
Section 8
Judges shall not use or lend the prestige of the judicial office to
advance their private interests, or those of a member of their family or
of anyone else, nor shall they convey or permit others to convey the
impression that anyone is in a special position improperly to influence
them in the performance of judicial duties.
Section 9 as last updated by OCA Cir. 103-06 (2006)
Confidential information acquired by judges in their judicial capacity
shall not be used or disclosed for any other purpose NOT related to
their judicial duties.
Section 10
Subject to the proper performance of judicial duties, judges may:
a. Write, lecture, teach and participate in activities concerning the
law, the legal system, the administration of justice or related
matters;
b. Appear at a public hearing before an official body concerned
with matters relating to the law, the legal system, the
administration of justice or related matters;
c. Engage in other activities if such activities do not detract from
the dignity of the judicial office or otherwise interfere with the
performance of judicial duties.
Section 11
Judges shall not practice law whilst the holder of judicial office.
Section 12
Judges may form or join associations of judges or participate in other
organizations representing the interests of judges.
Section 13
Judges and members of their families shall neither ask for, nor accept,
any gift, bequest, loan or favor in relation to anything done or to be
done or omitted to be done by him or her in connection with the
performance of judicial duties.
Section 14
Judges shall not knowingly permit court staff or others subject to their
influence, direction or authority, to ask for, or accept, any gift, bequest,
loan or favor in relation to anything done or to be done or omitted to
be done in connection with their duties or functions.
Section 15
Subject to law and to any legal requirements of public disclosure,
judges may receive a token gift, award or benefit as appropriate to the
occasion on which it is made provided that such gift, award or benefit
might not reasonably be perceived as intended to influence the judge in
the performance of judicial duties or otherwise give rise to an
appearance of partiality.
Canon 5
Equality
Ensuring equality of treatment to all before the courts is essential to
the due performance of the judicial office.
Section 1
Judges shall be aware of, and understand, diversity in society and
differences arising from various sources, including but not limited to
race, color, sex, religion, national origin, caste, disability, age, marital
status, sexual orientation, social and economic status and other like
causes.
Section 2
Judges shall not, in the performance of judicial duties, by words or
conduct, manifest bias or prejudice towards any person or group on
irrelevant grounds.
Section 3
Judges shall carry out judicial duties with appropriate consideration for Section 4
all persons, such as the parties, witnesses, lawyers, court staff and
Judges shall keep themselves informed about relevant developments of
judicial colleagues, without differentiation on any irrelevant ground,
international law, including international conventions and other
immaterial to the proper performance of such duties.
instruments establishing human rights norms.
Section 4
Section 5
Judges shall not knowingly permit court staff or others subject to his or
Judges shall perform all judicial duties, including the delivery of
her influence, direction or control to differentiate between persons
reserved decisions, efficiently, fairly and with reasonable promptness.
concerned, in a matter before the judge on any irrelevant ground.
Section 6
Section 5
Judges shall maintain order and decorum in all proceedings before the
Judges shall require lawyers in proceedings before the court to refrain
court and be patient, dignified and courteous in relation to litigants,
from manifesting, by words or conduct, bias or prejudice based on
witnesses, lawyers and others with whom the judge deals in an official
irrelevant grounds, except such as are legally relevant to an issue in
capacity. Judges shall require similar conduct of legal representatives,
proceedings and may be the subject of legitimate advocacy.
court staff and others subject to their influence, direction or control.

Canon 6
Competence and Diligence
Competence and diligence are prerequisites to the due performance of
judicial office.
Section 1
The judicial duties of a judge take precedence over all other activities.
Section 2
Judges shall devote their professional activity to judicial duties, which
include not only the performance of judicial functions and
responsibilities in court and the making of decisions, but also other
tasks relevant to the judicial office or the court's operations.
Section 3
Judges shall take reasonable steps to maintain and enhance their
knowledge, skills and personal qualities necessary for the proper
performance of judicial duties, taking advantage for this purpose of the
training and other facilities which should be made available, under
judicial control, to judges.
Section 7
Judges shall not engage in conduct incompatible with the diligent
discharge of judicial duties.
Definitions
In this Code, unless the context otherwise permits or requires, the
following meanings shall be attributed to the words used:
"Court staff" includes the personal staff of the judge including law
clerks.
"Judge" means any person exercising judicial power, however
designated.
"Judge's family" includes a judge's spouse, son, daughter, son-in-law,
daughter-in-law, and any other relative by consanguinity or affinity
within the sixth civil degree, or person who is a companion or
employee of the judge and who lives in the judge's household.
This Code, which shall hereafter be referred to as the New Code of
Judicial Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary, supersedes the Canons
of Judicial Ethics and the Code of Judicial Conduct heretofore applied
in the Philippines to the extent that the provisions or concepts therein
are embodied in this Code: Provided, however, that in case of
deficiency or absence of specific provisions in this New Code, the
Canons of Judicial Ethics and the Code of Judicial Conduct shall be
applicable in a suppletory character.
This New Code of Judicial Conduct for the Philippine Judiciary shall
take effect on the first day of June 2004, following its publication not
later than 15 May 2004 in two newspapers of large circulation in the
Philippines to ensure its widest publicity.
Promulgated this 27 day of April 2004.