The calculation of pneumatic trail for a car is like that of a bike, with some differences in the values

used. The formula for calculating pneumatic trail for a car is as follows:

Pneumatic Trail = (Caster Angle + Kingpin Inclination Angle) * Effective Rolling Radius

Caster angle =

Kpi angle= 3.656

Effective rolling radius=

where:

- Caster Angle is the angle between the steering axis and the vertical plane, as seen from the side of
the vehicle

- Kingpin Inclination Angle is the angle between the steering axis and the vertical plane, as seen from
the front of the vehicle

- Effective Rolling Radius is the distance between the wheel's axle and the center of the contact patch
in the direction of travel, taking into account the deformation of the tire due to the load.

The effective rolling radius can be calculated using a similar formula as for a bike:

Effective Rolling Radius = (Static Loaded Radius * (1 - Traction Loss)) - Deflection

where:

- Static Loaded Radius is the distance between the wheel's axle and the center of the contact patch
when the tire is loaded but not deformed

- Traction Loss is the percentage of the tire's load that is lost due to slip

- Deflection is the amount of deformation of the tire's contact patch due to the load.

Note that the values of caster angle, kingpin inclination angle, static loaded radius, and deflection can
be measured experimentally, while the traction loss can be estimated based on the tire's
characteristics and the surface it is rolling on.

The effective rolling radius of a car's tire can be calculated using the following formula:

Effective Rolling Radius = (Static Loaded Radius * (1 - Traction Loss)) - Deflection

Static load radius=

Traction loss =
Deflection=

where:

- Static Loaded Radius is the distance between the wheel's axle and the center of the contact patch
when the tire is loaded but not deformed. This value can be measured by jacking up the car and
measuring the distance between the wheel hub and the ground, then subtracting the radius of the
tire.

- Traction Loss is the percentage of the tire's load that is lost due to slip. This value can be estimated
based on the tire's characteristics and the surface it is rolling on.

- Deflection is the amount of deformation of the tire's contact patch due to the load. This value can
be estimated based on the tire's construction and the load on the tire.

To estimate the traction loss, you can use the following formula:

Traction Loss = (Mu * Load) / (C * Fz)

Mu=0.8

C=

Load = 150 kg = 1500 N

Fz= (500 * 0.4)/2=100 kg =1000 N

where:

- Mu is the coefficient of friction between the tire and the road surface. This value can vary
depending on the road conditions and the type of tire.

- Load is the vertical load on the tire.

- C is the stiffness of the tire.

- Fz is the vertical force acting on the tire, which can be calculated as the weight of the car divided by
the number of tires.

To estimate the deflection, you can use the following formula:

Deflection = Load / (C * Pressure)

Load = 150 kg = 1500 N

C=

Pressure= 5 bar

where:
- Load is the vertical load on the tire.

- C is the stiffness of the tire.

- Pressure is the inflation pressure of the tire.

Note that the values of Mu, C, and tire pressure can be found in the tire manufacturer's
specifications, while the values of load and Fz can be calculated based on the weight distribution of
the car.