— | Key Words transform efficient predict device safety s « Mn this unit you wilii¢arn to: fra changes eecigap and sole contibukons uct simple electric cicut and expan is function ecognize conductors and insulators ofan electrical curent I €xplain the importance of electricity and promote its Conservation arfd Deomnee your Predictions and your results. * Value the use of alternative energy sources,What Do You Know? tt ean 1. Mark all ofthe objects that need electricity with a 7 2. Mark the dangerous situation with an Scientitic Skits Compare presictions wit resus 3. Look at the photograph and answer the following questions. ‘a, Make a prediction for each case. Case 1: Would the flashlight turn on ifit only had one battery? (ase 2: Would the flashlight turn on if one of the batteries was placed backwards? Case 3: Would the flashlight turn on if there were a piece of copper between the batteries? b. Collect a flashlight, two batteries, and a piece of copper. Test each of the cases above. Record your results in the table, ¢. Compare your results with your predictions. Are they the same? Explain why or why not.Energy in Our Surroundings {Do you need energy to open and close your eyes? Yes, you do! You even need ‘energy to sleep. All living things need energy to complete their vital functions. This energy comes from nutrients in food. Energy is also needed to turn on a ‘TV or start a car. Energy can be found in many places. It is defined as the ability to produce changes in the properties or movements of a body or object. For example, it is used when you go from walking to running or turn on a fan. Read about the different forms of energy in the chart below. Unit 3 / Physics and Chemisty> > » , , Principal Energy Generators Fun Fact! Where does the electricity come from to tum on the TV? Hydroeleetiic power is. the principal source of energy in Chile. It powers all ofthe electronic things in ur homes, like our televisions, stereos, and video game consoles. However, it és now possible to generate electricity from various alternative sources, ike the wind, ocean, or Sun. Generators of eleciicity are the places where the energy is produced. The principal energy generators are: ‘China is home to the largest wind farms in the world. man-madelake that stores wa sneer sma eee eer ‘oer Wate conte nae ind tient nee steals tat 5 poe’ ues procs Sd produce eet eee. lectric energy. eater ener siete het rm energy plants use nergy of the Earths core to generate electric energy. Solar energy pants use the lft energy the Sun, Solar panels turn this natural enerey Ino electic energy. + building ‘or factory rays or waves © Education through Values (Ou poplaton and technological advances have bot increased in recent years ices the ned for eciciy. Icisnow necessary to find aerate energy sources that do no harm the environment ike Solar and wind power. = oChanges in Electric Energy * 1 eae ‘What happens when we use electric energy? Once the houses, itis used to turn on electric devices. These d vi energy into a different form of energy.4, Complete the sentences withthe given words, identity Se ‘are the principal sources of electric energy in Chie, b. ____is an alternative energy source. . Solar power plants use the energy of d. The electric energy that turns on a lamp transforms into 2. Write the change in energy related to each device. Recognize computer screenPec fom} ‘Luigi Galvani was an Italian physicist and doctor. He fxperimented with using electrical currents on a dea Thales of Mets was iscovered the foe's nist and er He proved that f you rub wool and amber ogee, the Wiliam Gilbert, an Engi octor, was the first person tose the word “electric Benjamin Franklin, 2 scientist and politician from the United States of America, flew a kite during a storm. He was trying to capture the electricity from Hightning, orange in color and is used most often to make jewelry.Samuel Morse, a painter from the United America, pert ed the telegraph. This was an important dev communication, iael Faraday, an English tis, faite evelopment of thee ‘Benerator and motor the his studies, made easier equations, he was able teexpiain the connection between electricity and Thomas Ed The word ele’ the Gree 4 meancontribution. Associate 4. Match the scientist with their scientific Bette the connection between eect and magnetism. sa Tid tocar ley from ering, ed O Observed that amber attracted objects when rubbed. et O Created the first electric battery. Poe > OQ dereoped the fist elecc generator and motor 2. How do the discoveries of these scientists help modern-day scientists study electricity? Explain. ApplyQuiz Yourself 1, Name the different types of energy studied in the last section. 0 . 2. Match the principal energy generator A with its description B. Column A Column B 3. Look at the following images of electrical devices. Remember that they all transform electric energy into ¢ different type of energy. Write the form of energy that they change electrical energy into below each image. blender i eee at ‘4. Ge three examples of scientific contribution to the study of elecElectric Circuits Electrical Current Did You Know. All physical things are made up of small pparticles called atorns. ‘Atoms are made up of, smaller units called protons, electrons, and neutrons, Protons @ have a positive charge, electrons @ a negative charge, and neutrons @ have no charge. Nuclear energy comes from splitting the nucleus, or center, of an atom. Look at the following images. refrigerator computer toaster What do these images have in common? They all need an electric current to work, but what is an electric current? An. ‘electric current is the movement of electric charges inside ‘of a material. The electric charges that move through the «electronic devices we use every day are negative charges. The Word Focus Electric charge is the electric property of particles. The charge can be positive or negative. Positive charges ofan electric current transport energy, which can then and negative usually mean good and be easly transformed into another type of energy. bad, but in the study of electricity they are simply opposites. OF OOO) [OOF OF OSS | arte sesive sci chores One move the ee declan h ‘an tdery manner. © . Unit 3.1 Phesies nd Chemist.s Different Types of Electric Currents Electric currents can be clasiid into two groups: Polarity is a characteristic ® in the same direction, a differentiates the two Polarity. Batteries have a pats of a direct current E battery. Each side iscalled a ® Altemating current: this , ‘can be positive @ changes. The electric char OF negative in the same direction, a © varies. The cunent tnt “| . D houses is an alternating current. ect le peti oe . > =a > Did You Know...? is an electric current? explain p 2 Whats an elect current? rep The alternating current we mee _t Use in Chile changes its » = as polarity 50 or 60 times per a5 id » a) secon! a aT at i. , = ) 2. Complete the table. Describe 'Electric Circuits ‘Why does the television remain off even if its plugged in? That is the {uncton ofthe electric circuits inside the TV. An electric circuits @ system in which the electric current circulates, The circuits transform electric ‘energy into a different form of energy. A simple electric circu has these basic elements: ‘A conductor is any material that allows electric charges ‘to circulate freely within it ‘The elements of a circuit can be combined in different ways. However, they should be elosed so that the current can circulate. Circuit symbology Electric circuits can be represented by symbols, too. The mast commonly a This sa symbole representation ofthe crcui above, SAHRHHHHHAHHHHHHHHHEHRHNAAAKRAKAAKAAAAKE |~-ewere Series Circuit Did You Know... Ee 25 through each of the receptors i is type Of circuit is not used ristmas light cords us, For example if one receptor is darnogen ta C2 have probes, to be series circuits, so et receptor and the circuit stops working, A toana ot PASS 10 the ram burnt out, they alt series circuit. ng. A flashlight is an example of a ee off. Now, Christmas sea parallel circuit, soifone burns out the others stay on 3 somes circuit Parallel Circuit In parallel circuit, the current passes through electrical , ee cords that split and go in different directions. The &- current that passes through each receptor is different. This type of circuit is used often. It is useful because if & ‘one of the parts has a problem, the electrical current stil reaches the other parts and the circuit stl functions. The electric outlets in our houses are parallel circuits. paral! circuit > 4 Tl RichmondThe Electric Circuit of a Flashlight ‘The electric circuit of a flashlight is a simple circuit. Read about its components and functions below. ‘When the switch is turned ‘The batteries connect to the circuit on, the circuit closes. This through a metal spring that is in allows the current to circulate contact with one of the poles of the in the circuit, and this turns battery, the light bulb on, When the switch is turned off, the circuit opens and the current cannot circulate. The switch i connected tothe lightbulb Usually, ‘The flashlight has flashlights need a plastic cover two batteries that protects the that are stored lightbulb side the ashi, he and connected batteries turn chemical ina small ‘energy into electri The reflector is inside the plastic cover and serves, ral & 4s a mirror, reflecting the ae Projected light. ‘The light bulb is connected to the other side of the battery. | This forms a closed circuit Tis sa symbolic representation of a flashlight’s electric circuit: H Did You Know...? Instead of using light bulbs, many Peoplenow use LEDs. They perform the same function as light bulbs, but are more efficient because they need less energy. ‘ ‘ ‘‘=a , 1. Explain the function of cireuit in the image. explain hecUMnavigate, and man > I start with cire. orcircum: > Search these prefixes ans explain toyour GSS how these worden related. Present » the information to Your class , ' ay, a 2. They oe casted as. ‘Their parts are. | RichmondZ t eS Electric Circuits in Our Homes tone feht bl in your house burns out; do allthe others turnoff, too? The answer isno, because the network of cicuits in your house is parallel. ‘one receptor stops working, the others continue to work. In every house, the electric network is formed by various electric circuits. ve © The outlet box connects the whole electric network and sends the electric current to all ofthe different circuit. d a) The electricity meter fs located outside of the house, or in large buildings there is usually ‘a meter room. The meter measures how much ‘energy is used in each home. Many ofthe electric devices we use connect to the electronic network through outlets. The outlet Connects the device to the circuit. @ ) Nosy an electronic device is plugged into the outlet, \) electric network turns on and the current starts to circulate. reulate, This is what makes our electronic devices © < Moder outlets have three holes so ‘connect to the current, Unit 3‘malfunction Did You Know...? Electricity can be measured in volts, and each country uses a different voltage in their homes. Chile uses 220 volt but the USA uses 140 volts. ‘Makes sure tobringan adaptor if you travel! she switches open or close to alow the ‘current to pass to different parts of the house. ‘The electrical cords transport the energy throughout the house. © The electric current reaches the house through cables called power lines.lec Circuits in Our Homes Qremnomme orn sorte Oren tte ren nein Det Pat pmo rca earning aeScientific Skil Compare predictions with results Series and Parallel Circuits Basic Framework In groups of three, write the basic framework for this activity The basic framework isthe basic thecry of an experiment. It should contain the important concepts needed to develop the science experiment based on what is known about the topic to be investigated {pera bse renew nd oration Be sere, he yr tok eee bok { or journals. n ths experiment, the imporiant concepts oe series and paral! crcuts W Observations > trustworthy Look at the following situation M@ Research Question What happens when a series circuit receptor is damaged? What happens to a parallel circuit receptor? Hypothesis Mark the hypothesis you think is correct. {| Ina-seris circuit i one ofthe receptors is damaged, the others stop working, In 2 parallel circuit, if one of the receptors is damaged, the others continue working, Ina series circuit, i one of the receptors is damaged, the others continue working, In a parallel circuit, if one of the receptors is damaged, the others stop working. © 2777-7 V ww eHeeee attery with comectorMark the devices that transform electric energy. Write the new form of energy below each device. 2. Use the timeline to record the principal contributions of scientists to the study of electricity.4. Place each of the materials in the spot marked @ 5. What happened tothe tight bulb wth Complete the table wih our resus, Mark he Ot On or ayo the correct answer with ay FAAS 6. What are the characteristics of the materials that were able to tum on the light but? ee 7. What are the characteristics of the materials that were nat able fo turn onthe light bulb? SCOHOHSHHOKCHSHHHHHHHEHHES ; connected to a material that conducted ‘to urd ne i ‘called electrical conductors. The tat vias connecied to materials that id rot conduct He Fun Fact! ‘The first ight bub swasinvertedin 179 by Thomas Alva EdisonObjects can be classified as conductors or insulators, according to their capacity to conduct an electric current, = ability Conductors Conductors are materials that allow electrical charges to move freely within them. Examples are: copper, aluminum, iron, siver, gold, and other metals. 3 — | Insulators Insulators, or bad conductors, resist the electric charges that move through them, and do not allow them to move freely. These materials are used to avoid electricity-related accidents. Examples are: plastic, wood, rubber, cloth, and glass. In between conductors and insulators there are semiconductors, These are materials that are not good conductors but do not resist electricity either. wool ‘wood rubber pstic glass c Unit 3 / Physics and Chemistryeeeu 34933533355 eeeousees Components of a Circuit: Conductors and Insulators Electric circuits are built using both conductors and insulators, ‘The poles of a batery are conductors. They alow electric charges to circulate. (i get sen es ma | fie cic e Becnasens ‘The fet but to has a metal part at the tom that serves a a conduct, ectical cords are tays made of conductive materia cards are covered by 2 nt oul lasts atSection 3/ Conductors and Insulators =m Safe Ways to use Electronic Devices Electricity is very important and useful for humans. However, fwe do not use itcarefully,itcan be very dangerous. Here are some recommendations to help avoid accidents when using electricity. I When connecting or disconnecting a plug to ‘an outlet, always touch the covered part and ‘never the metal prongs. When disconnecting, pull the plug and never the cord. "Never use electronic devices in water or when your hands are wet. Water is a conductor of electric currents. Do not put electric cords below rugs or in ; laces where people can trip over them, Leta professional handle electronic repairs, Do not try to fix broken cords or wires yourself ee Unit 3 / Physics and ChainsPUVO SVT STV SCPHTUSHSHHHHHHHHHEKEUESE ee a lamp before changing the Take precautions so that children do not stick objects or ther fingers into outs, Do not connect too many plugs to one outlet. The outlet could get hot and start a fire. Did You Know...? "To prevent accidents in companies or public places, this sign is used as 2 warning:electric connections for light or phone cables need to wear special clothing and take safety ‘ecaution is wearing rubber gloves and rubber-soled shoes. Use this information to answer precautions. One pr the following questions. 2. People who repair fa. Think about what you've learned about the conduction of electric curents, What kind of materials rubber? 1b. Why do they take these safety precautions?Electricity Use in Chile How much energy is consum Usually, we think that the mi However, although household fed in Our country, and how do we Use it? lost energy is consumed lectrical energy is actually used in mining and industry Most energy produced in Chile is hydroelectric. The pie chart below shows the distribution of electric energy use in Chile. In Chile, the use of electric energy per person grew 51% from 2002 to 2007, Distribution of Electricity Use in Chile secror RESIDENTIAL Wi commercia. Bras Wi scacuure HE nousraa Mons Whee ne | | | | |Uses of Electricity in the Home ‘eng and retigeation, Which household devices use the most energy? Li 1omes. Therefore, together, make up 60% of the electricity used in Chilean he we should remember to use these devices responsibly. ‘The table below shows the distribution of energy use in a household of five people. The largest use of energy in this Home comes from the kitchen. ‘The refigorator, electric kettle, toaster, and electric oven all require enerey to function —_= ll Measuring Monthly Household Energy Use Electric companies measure the amount of energy used in each home. If you know how much electricity your family curently uses, you can help save and use electricity responsibly. Look atthe bill learn how to read the data. Remember ‘The symbol % is read as percent. Therefore, 94%isread as “nine point four percent.” Did You Know...? ‘The kilowatt hour (kWh) is the unit of measurement used to express electric enetgy. One kilowatt hours equal to the energy needed to power a 100-watt light bulb for 10 hours. @ ‘Amount of energy, measured in kilowatt hours, used the previot month, ai ‘Amount of: it nt of energy used during the sured by calculating the difference Dbeteen the current month and the oee ‘The bil shows a tied ocr aianeni pe Laas ee | Unit 3 / Physics'and Chemiste Comore eee eee eS Seo La ean HA AnanneneUsing Energy Efficiently Humans have learned to use energy to change their lives. We now have better living conditions and rapid sharing of information thanks to electricity. We would not be as comfortable living today without the ‘modern technology that depends on electricity, but what do we do to protect it? Energy Efficient Devices Starting in 2007, some devices have been marked as energy efficient. This initiative certifies and labels devices we use every day which consume the most energy, lke light bulbs and refrigerators, according to their energy use. ‘What does the label indicate? It gives us information about the energy Consumption, duration, and quaity of the device, so that consumers can, ‘compare products and choose the most efficient. They are graded on 4 scale that goes from A to G. The products in Category A are the most efficient, meaning they use the least energy. The products in category G are the least efficient, meaning they use more energy Energy efficiency means the intelligent use of energy, or using energy without wasting too much. Thanks to this, we can do more things with the same amount of energy. This makes our quality of life better and helps the environment. Did You Know...? Energy used by your computer on “stand by” or by plugged-in phone and MP3 chargers even when you are not using them can total 8% of the electricity consumption in your house. ‘4 What category of devices is beter to use in our homes?Efficient Energy Use in Your Home Here are some recommendations to helo us save energy dirty clothes S Only wash ful oad of yn the washing machine s BQ QE KEKE VEVe Ve: COCO UKdOOEY Hang clothes out to dry on the tne, A clothes dryer uses a lot of energy, Unplug devices when they are nat being used. ‘Do not leave the refrigerator door open, Turn off lignts when you are notin the room, Use energy efficient lights labeled category A, Se... 4 < Paint walls and ceilings in ight colors to maximize use of natural, light from the sun, (Only light your work area, instead of the whole room. Using @ 40- Watt light bulb on your desk is better than using a 100-watt ight bulb on the celing Use 40-watt bulbs in the hallway or outside. 4M ‘at ese could you dof save enerey? Education through Values ‘Share these recommendations with your fiends and ‘Washing Machine During one hour of use, washing machine Clothes tron Consumes 073 kwh or one hour, an iron uses 1 kWh. To conserve Always do a full load of Snerey. collect a lot of clothes to iron at the JTaundry, same time. Hair Dryer Abhair dryer consumes 025 kWh in ten minutes. allowing your hair to dry Television naturally. Hair dryers should Gane hour of use, atv not be used to dry clothin, 108 'YoU are not watching A a ‘eum itott and unplugit eect) when you are not usingit. iin a 2 On Your Own ie to do them all efficiently? Write three actions and promise What can you do to use energy more this month.The Place We Call Home Cone way to generate energy so use the sus radiation. The same way plants use sunightto make foad, we can make electric energy using solar panels. ‘The function of the panels is based on the photovoltaic effect. Ths effect is produced when the sun's radiation falls on semi-conductive materials. When the panel is exposed to sunlight, the solar energy is transmitted to the electrons of the semi-conductive material. Then, the energy flows to the exterior circuit that generates electric energy. This energy can be directly used or stored in batteries. J The charge regulator isa device that protects the battery from variations devices by using Sera generated from the solar panels. ‘Solar energy is an alternative energy source for homes. Using solar energy can reduce the consumption of conventional electric energy by 50%-80% each year. This also helps the environment, because the use of solar energy does not pollute, and it is an inexhaustible resource. ISCUSS AND ANSWER WITH A CLASSMATE. + Where could you instal a solar panel? What are the benefits of using solar energy? * Why does solar energy not pollute the planet?@ Simcee Strategies This is how you should answer Simce questions, Which of the circuits below wil tum on the light but? ° ° e e 2 8 A. ® , > . . > , , ' | Meee OL C664 644464eS... What Did You Learn? 1. Identy the form(s) of energy in each of the images. 2. Mark the devices that need electric energy to function. Then, write the name of the type of energy into which each one transforms the electric energy. & J 0 @ e 6 @ é é é « 4 4 4 « 4 ‘ 4 4 4 4 4 ‘ \ ‘y placing a screw and » piece €2pper nse ofthe enon, 3 ‘hemical reaction i produced ‘electrons move, and electiiy 's generates,