1.

- -
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Hausdorff
9.
10.
11. Urysohn Tietze
12.
13.
14.
15.
1
2
3
4
5

4
7
10
13
15
19
24
26
29
31
33
35
38
40
44
46
48
49
50
51

1. - -
.
(1) (X, T ), X T
X :
() , X T .
[
() T () . Gi T , i I ,
Gi T .
iI

() T . U, V T , U V T .
T .
(2) T1 , T2 T1 T2 , T2
T1 .
(3) (X, T ) x X . U T x U x.

. (X, ) D(x, r) = {y X : (x, y) < r} x

r.

T = {G X : x G r D(x, r) G} = {G X : G }
X . T .
. (X, T ) X
T = T ( ).
( ). X . T = {, X} .
T X . X ,
T . , T = T .
a, b X a , b 0 < r < (a, b). D(a, r) ,
X , .
( ). X . T = P(X) (
X ) . T X

0, x = y
.
(x, y) =

1, x , y

( ). X .

T = {G X : X r G } {}
X . X , T . X
T (
).
. (X, T ) B T . B T
[
B , G T Bi B , i I , G =
Bi .
iI

.
(1) (X, T ) B T . B T
G T x G B B x B G.
(2) (X, T ) B T T . G X
x G B B x B G.
.
(1) () [
G X x G. B Bi B , i I ,
G=
Bi . i0 I x Bi0 G.
iI

() G X
[. , x G B x B x B x G.
G =
B x , G B .
xG

(2) () () (1).
() G X . x G B x B
4

 x B x G. G =
.

B x. G

xG


.
(1) .
(2) (X, ) .

{D(x, r) : x X, r > 0},

{D(x, 1/n) : x X, n

N}

T .
(3)
( ),

{(a, b) : a, b

R, a < b},

{(p, q) : p, q

Q,

p < q}

( ).
(4) X ( (X, T )
), {{x} : x X} (
) .
. X B X . B
X :
(1)

B = X.

BB

(2) B1 , B2 B x B1 B2 B3 B x B3 B1 B2 .

B2
B1

B3

x
.
() [
B
[ . X Bi B , i I ,
X =
Bi , X =
B. , B1 , B2 B x B1 B2 . B1 B2 , ,
iI

BB

, B3 B x B3 B1 B2 .

()
T = {G X : x G B B x B G}.
T B . , T T
. X T (1). T
(2). , B B T
.

. ( B3 B1 B2 ).
. , , . .
, 2 , (
).

{(, a) : a

R} {(b, +) : b R}

,
.
5

 ( ).

{(a, b] : a, b

R, a < b}

, T .
T T .

(a, b) =

[
n=1

#
1
T.
a, b
n

T .
. T T . , (a, b] < T , T $ T .
. X C X .

\
Ck : Ck C , k = 1, . . . , n, n
BC =

k=1

{X}

( C ) X . (C ) C . C (C )
C (C ).
. X BC , BC .
, BC , .
(C ). T X
C T . BC C . T
, BC T . , (C ) BC .
(C ) T T . (C )
C .

.
(1) (C )
C .
(2) X T B , (B) = (T ) = T .
(3) C .
(C ). , .
.

R,

{(, a) : a

R} {(b, +) : b R}

( ). ,

{(, a] : a

R} {(b, +) : b R}

( ).
. X x X . B
x, :
(1) B B x B .
(2) U x B B B U .
.

R
R

(1)
{(x 1/n, x + 1/n) : n }
x.
{(x 1/n, x] : n }
(2)
x.
, , (, x],
x, x.

2.
. .
. ()
.
.

R
R

(1)
, (a, b] ,

, , {1/n : n } .
(2) , (a, b] ,
, {1/n : n } , .
(3) , .
(4) .

. X A X . A

A = cl A =

F.

F
AF

A A.
.
(1) A A , , A
.
(2) A A = A.
.
(1)
(2)

R , (a, b) = (a, b].

R , Z = R.

. X , A X , x X . x A U
x U A , , x A x A.
.

() x A U x U A = . X r U
A X r U . A X r U . , x < U , .
() x A x < A. X r A
x. A (X r A) , , A A.

. X A, B X . :
(1) A B A B.
(2) (A B) = A B.
(3) (A B) A B.

.
(1) B A, A B.
(2) A B A B, (A B) A B. , (1)
A (A B) B (A B). (A B) A B.
(3) (1) (A B) A (A B) B. (A B) A B.


.
(1) (2) , , .

{x} = (0, 1) = [0, 1] , (0, 1) =

0<x<1

0<x<1

{x}.

(2) (3) , :

(0, 1) (1, 2) = , {1} = (0, 1) (1, 2).

. A X A = X .

.

.

. X A X . A

A = int A =

G.

G
GA

A A.
.
(1) A A A.
(2) A A = A , .
(3) x X A U x
U A.
.
(1)
(2)

R , [a, b] = (a, b].

R , [a, b] = .

. X A, B X . :
(1) A B A B .
(2) (A B) = A B.
(3) (A B) A B.

.
(1) A B, A B .
(2) A B A B, A B (A B). , (1),
(A B) A (A B) B , (A B) A B .
(3) (1) A (A B) B (A B). A B (A B) .


.
(1) (2) , , .

\
\

(x, x) = {0} = , {0} =

(x, x) .
x>0

x>0

(2) (3) , :

([0, 1] [1, 2]) = (0, 2) , (0, 1) (1, 2) = [0, 1] [1, 2].

. X A X . :
(1) X r A = X r A .
(2) (X r A) = X r A.

.
(1) X r A X r A, X r A X r A . x < A .
U x U 1 A, U (X r A) , . x X r A,
X r A X r A.
(2) (1) X r A A
.


8

. X , A X , x X . x A
U x A U r {x} , , x A
x. A A
A . A .
. .
.
, = .

.
, a [a, b], b ( ,
).
. X A X . A = A A .
. , AA A. , x A. x A
. x < A. U x U A
( x ) x ( x < A). U A r {x} = U A , ,
x A .


3.

. X , xn X , n , , x X . xn
x xn x, U x, n0 xn U n n0 .
.
(1) , .
(2) , ,
.
(3) ,
. , , xn = n
. , U .
rU , n0 {n0 , n0 +1, n0 +2, . . . } U .
xn = n U n n0 .

.
(1) , (
x n0 xn = x n n0 ).
(2) ,
.
(3) ,
.
(4)
1/n .
, 0
.
(, 0].

,
. , X , A X ,
x A, A x (
. 1 .
X = [0, 1 ] (, ],
< 1 ( {0}). A = [0, 1 ). A = X . supremum ,
A 1 ).
. .
. (, ) 
:

 ().
, , ,    ().
.
.

C z  w |z| |w|. (C, )

. (, )
1 , 2 , 3 1  3 2  3 .
.

(1) ( , ), , : n1 , n2
n3 = max{n1 , n2 } n1 n3 n2 n3 .
(2) X , x X , B x x.
(B x , ) . , B1 , B2 B x B1 B2 x,
B3 B x B3 B1 B2 . B3 B1 B3 B2 .

. X , (, ) . x : X
X . x x() x - .
.

(1) , (, ) = ( , ).
10

(2) xn , , : x4
x1 x10 .

x1

x10

x4

x , , x1 , x2
x3 x1 x2 . 1 2 , ,
. , (, ) = (P( ), ),
x{1,3,5} xN x{3,5} x{1} , x{1}
x{3,5} .

x{1}
xN

x{1,3,5}

x{3,5}

(3)
. , xq = sin q, q ,
,
, , ,
, .

. X , x X , , , x X . x x
x x, U x, 0 x U  0 .
.
(1) B x x, x x U B x 0
x U  0 .
(2)
. x
,
{n
: n < n0 } . , ,
{ :  0 }.
x.

(1)
, xr , r
),

r 0
r,

Z ( Z

xr =
.

1/r, r > 0

xr 0. ,
0. , , . ,
, ,
{xr : r } = {yn : n }, yn .
, xa = a, a
(

(2)
). xa .
, xa .

. X , A X , x X . x A x A,
, x x.
.

() (N , ) x ,
U  V U V . (N , ) U V
x U V x U V U , U V V . x A,
U N xU A U . xU , U N , x.
W x, U N U W xU U W .
11

() x A, , A x x. x A. U
x. 0 x0 U . x0 A U , U A , ,
x A.


12

4.
. X , Y , f : X Y , x X . f x
V Y f (x) U X x f (U) V . f
X .

f
f (x)

f (U)

.
(1) , , .
(2) .
. X , Y , f : X Y , x X . f x
x X , , x x, f (x ) f (x).
.

() x X , , x x, V f (x). f
x, U x f (U) V . x x. 0
x U  0 . f (x ) f (U) V  0 .
() f x. V f (x)
U x f (U) 1 V . U x xU U
f (xU ) < V . N x
. xU , U N , x,
f (xU ) f (x). U0 N f (xU0 ) V , .

. f : X Y .
.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

f .
G Y , f 1 (G) .
1
F Y ,
  f (F) .
A A, f A f (A).

(1) (2) f 1 (G) . x f 1 (G).

f (x) G, G f (x), U x
f (U) G, U f 1 ( f (U)) f 1 (G).
(2) (1) x X V f (x). , U := f 1 (V) ,
x. f (U) = f ( f 1 (V)) V .
(2) (3) F Y . Y r F , f 1 (Y r F) = X r f 1 (F)
, f 1 (F) .
(3) (2) .
13





(3) (4) f (A) , , f 1 f (A) . , A f 1 f (A) .


 



A f 1 f (A) . f A f f 1 f (A) f (A).


(4) (3) F Y . f f 1 (F) f ( f 1 (F)) F = F .
f 1 (F) f 1 (F), f 1 (F) .

.
(1) (2) (1)
, Y .
(2) :

x x f (x ) f (x) g( f (x )) g( f (x)).

. T . f, g : ( , T )
( ),

0, x 0
f (x) =

1, x > 0

0, x < 0
.
g(x) =

1, x 0

f , , (0, +),
(, 0]. . g
1 0 [0, +). ,
.
. X , Y f : X Y (1-1 ) . f
.
, .
. f : X Y . .
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

f .
f G X , f (G) .
f  F X , f (F) .
A X , f A = f (A).

(1) (2) f 1 : Y X G X , ( f 1 )1 (G) = f (G)

.

(2) (3) F X . X r F , f (X r F) = Y r f (F)

, f (F) .
(3) (2)   .
 
 
(3) (4) f A . f (A) f A . f (A) f A . f
 
 
, , , f (A) f A . f (A) = f A
 
 
(4) (3) F X . f (F) = f F = f (F). f (F) . , f A f (A)
A X , f .

.
(1) .
(2) , T
. , f : ( , T )
f ((a, b])
, , ( ).
.

. . , .

14

5.
. (X, T ) Y X . TY = {G Y : G T }
Y . TY Y ( T ).

GY
G

TY Y . . ,
A Y cl Y (A),
... , , ... ,
X .
.
(1) Y
{G T : G Y}. Y
. .
(2) Y
: Y X , (y) = y, .
.
Y X .
.

R
R

(1)
Y = [0, 1] {2}. [0, 1/2) {2}
Y ( ).
(2) 2 Y = {0}. (0, 1) {0}
Y . Y 2 ( Y
). {(0, 0)} Y
.

. X Y X . :

(1) B ( ) X {B Y : B B}
( ) Y .
(2) A Y Y F X A = F Y .
(3) Y ( ), A Y ( )
Y ( ).
(4) y Y Y , y Y . y y ,
y y.
(5) A Y , cl Y (A) = Y cl (A) int Y (A) Y int (A).
(6) Z f : X Z ,
f |Y : Y Z .

.
(1) A Y Y . G X A = G Y . B
S
S
Bi B , i I , G = iI Bi . A = iI Bi Y .
.
(2) A Y Y r A Y , G X
Y r A = G Y , A = (X r G) Y X r G . , A = F Y
F , Y r A = (X r F) Y X r F . Y r A Y ,
A Y .
15

(3) Y . A Y A = G Y G .
A . , A
A = A Y A Y
. .
(4) y y , U y. U Y
y , 0 y U Y U
 0 . y y. , y y, A y
. A = V Y V y.
0 y V  0 . Y , y V Y = A
 0 , y y .
(5) y cl Y (A) Y . y A y y .
, (4), y y, y Y cl (A). , y Y cl (A).
y A y y. y Y , (4) y y
, y cl Y (A).
y Y int (A). U y U A. U Y
y A. y int Y (A).
(6) y Y Y , y Y , y y . (4), y y. f , f (y ) f (y),
f |Y (y ) f |Y (y). f |Y .

. (5) int Y (A) , Y int (A). ,

, int Z ({1}) = {1}, int ({1}) = .

.
. Xi , i I , . j I

pj :

Y
iI

Xi X j ,

p j (x) = x( j),

C = {p1
i (G i ) : G i Xi , i I}.
Q
C iI Xi .
.

(1) iI Xi
.
(2)
n
\
k=1

p1
ik (G ik ), G ik Xik , i1 , . . . , ik I, n

N,

C . ,
Q
iI Gi , Gi Xi Gi , Xi
i.
(3) X1 , X2 , . . . , Xm
X1 Xm G1 Gm , Gk Xk
.
n
Y
k=1

Gk =

n
\

p1
k (G k ).

k=1

(4) G iI Xi p j (G) j.
(5) .
F = {(x, 1/x) : x > 0} , p1 (F) = p2 (F) = (0, +).
.

R2 ,

(1) n
.
, .
16

(2)

Rn ,
n
Y
k=1

(0, 1) = (0, 1)n = (0, 1) (0, 1)

|
{z
}
n

( ).
(3) N ,

A=

Y
n=1

(0, 1) = (0, 1)N = (0, 1) (0, 1)

. A = . A ,
i1 , . . . , in Gi1 , . . . , Gin

n
\
k=1

p1
ik (G ik ) A.

N r {i1, . . . , in}.
R

\ 1

= pm pik (Gik ) pm (A) = (0, 1),

k=1

. , , ,
.
(4) {0, 1} {0, 1}n
n N. , {0, 1}N .
. Xi , i I , . X =

iI

Xi .

(1) x X x X pi (x ) pi (x) i I .
.
(2) Ai Xi , i I ,

Y Y

cl
Ai ,
Ai =
iI

Y Y

Ai
Ai .

iI

iI

iI

(3) Y f : Y X . f
pi f i I .
f

- X

pi f @

pi

R ?
@
Xi

.
(1) pi . ,
Tn
1
k=1 pik (G ik ) x. G ik pik (x). pik (x ) pik (x),
1 , . . . , n pik (x ) Gik  k . 0 0  k
T
k = 1, 2, . . . , n. x nk=1 p1
 0 , x x.
ik (G ik )
Q


Q
(2) x cl
.

iI i
iI Ai x x. ,
Q
(1), pi (x ) pi (x) i. pi (x) Ai i, x
iI Ai .
Tn
Q
1
, x
iI Ai ,
k=1 pik (G ik ) x. G ik
pik (x) Aik Gik Aik , .

Tn

p1
ik (G ik )

Ai , ik -

Gik Aik , i

Q
Xi Ai . x cl
iI Ai .
Tn

1
k=1 pik (G ik )

k=1

iI

, .
Q


x
iI Ai . G ik Xik , k = 1, . . . , n,

n
\
k=1

p1
ik (G ik )
17

Y
iI

Ai .

 pik (x) Gik Aik k, , A j = X j j ik .

Q
pik (x) Aik k. x iI Ai . ,
(3) .
(3) f pi f .
, y Y y y. pi ( f (y )) pi ( f (y)) i. ,
(1), f (y ) f (y). f .

(1)

R .
fn f fn f
.
(2) C([0, 1]) [0,1] (10) 1
.
(3) s . A = {(x, x) : x } ( )
s s . , x (, x] (, x] A
(x, x). A
2 , A = .

R R

18

6.
. X U, V X ,
X = U V . A X
.
.
(1) .
(2) , x X

X = {x} (X r {x}).
(3) A = [0, 1) {2}
 {2}
 A.
 [0, 1)

(4)
( 2, +) .

= (, 2)
(5)

Q
R

R = (, 0] (0, +).

U, V
(6)
,
= U V , U = r V , ,
, .

. X . :
(1) X .
(2) X X .
(3) f : X {0, 1} .
.

(1) (2) A X . A X r A ,
X = A (X r A). X , A = X r A = . A =
A = X.
(2) (3) f : X {0, 1} . f 1 ({0}) , ,
X , .
(3) (1) X . U, V X
X = U V . f : X {0, 1}

1, x U
f (x) =

0, x V
, .

R .
. A R , x, y A z < A x < z < y.
A = ((, z) A) ((z, +) A), . , A
, f : A R .
.

. X f : X Y . Y .
. Y g : Y {0, 1} .
g f : X {0, 1} , .

.

(1) S 1 = {(x, y) 2 : x2 + y2 = 1} [0, 2]

f (t) = (cos t, sin t), .
(2) n x0 e
f (t) = x0 + te.

.
. X f : X
.

R . f
19

. X f (X) , .
1 , 2 f (X) f 1 < 2 , (1 , 2 ). f (X) , f (X),
f .

. Ai , i I , .
iI Ai .

. x0 iI Ai , f : iI Ai {0, 1} . f .
S
x iI Ai . x Ai i. f |Ai Ai
. f (x) = f (x0 ). x, f .

. . ,
, .
. A A B A, B . ,
.
. f : B {0, 1} . A , f |A
, f (A) .

f (B) = f (B A) = f (cl B A) f (A) = f (A).

f (B) . f . B .

. 2 X = {(x, sin(1/x)) : x > 0}. X

. X = X ({0} [1, 1]) .

{0} [1, 1],

.
. Xi , i I , .
Xi .

iI

Xi
Q

. X j iI Xi
p j . , X Y
X Y . (x0 , y0 ) X Y x X

C x = ({x} Y) (X {y0 }) .
Y

(x0 , y0 )
(x, y0 )

x
20

 {x} Y Y . X {y0 }
X .

(x, y0 ) ({x} Y) (X {y0 }) .

C x . , (x0 , y0 )
S
C x , xX C x = X Y . ,
. .
Q
Xi , i I , . z = (zi )iI iI Xi
J I
\
[

YJ =

iIrJ

p1
i ({zi }),

YJ .

Y=

JI

Y J j- X j , j J .
Q
. Y J jJ X j ,
. z Y J , Y , .
T
, nk=1 p1
ik (G ik )
Y{i1 ,...,in } . , ik - Xik
ik - , i , ik i- Xi
i- . Y . ,
, .

.

R Rn.
. h : R Rn . R r {0}
Rn r{h(0)}. R r{0} = (, 0)(0, +) , A = Rn r{h(0)}
. n 2.

. , x0 A x0
h(0). x A x
h(0). L x = x . L x A, x0 L x
A. A .

.

. X . x X

C(x) =

A.

xA

A X

C(x) X x.
.
(1) C(x) {x} .
(2) C(x) .
(3) X , B
C(x) B C(x) = B.
C(x).
.
(1) C(x) = {x} x.
(2) (0, 1] [2, 3] {4} ( )

(0, 1], x (0, 1]

C(x) =
[2,
3], x [2, 3] .

{4},
x = 4

.
(3)
( )
x, y A x < y, x y
A = ((, ) A) ((, +) A). C(x) = {x} x .
,
(4)
, C(x) = {x} x.

21

. X C(x) = {x} x X , .

. .
,

{0, 1}N
.
. X .
(1) .
(2) .
(3) .
.
(1) .
(2) C(x) C(x),
C(x) = C(x).
(3) C(x) C(y) C(x) C(y)

C(x), C(y) C(x) C(y),

, C(x) = C(x) C(y) = C(y).


. : [0, 1] X . (0)
(1) .
.
(1) x y, e
e
(t) = (1 t) y x.
(2) , ([0, 1]).

. x, y X
X x y.

. A n , x, y A,
(t) = (1 t)x + ty, t [0, 1], A x y.
. X x0 x
x0 x, X . , x, y X , 1 , 2 : [0, 1] X
1 (0) = x, 1 (1) = x0 , 2 (0) = x0 , 2 (1) = y. : [0, 1] X

t [0, 1/2]
1 (2t),
(t) =

2 (2t 1), t [1/2, 1]

x y.

. X .
. x0 X . x X x : [0, 1] X x0
x. x ([0, 1]) ( [0, 1]), x0
, X . X .

. . ,

R2

Y = {(x, sin(1/x)) : x > 0} ({0} [1, 1]).

, Y . (0, 0) (1/, 0)
Y . : [0, 1] Y (t) = (x(t), y(t))
(0) = (0, 0) (1) = (1/, 0). x(t) > 0 (x(t), y(t))
sin(1/x), y(t) = sin(1/x(t)). , x(0) = 0 x(1) = 1/,
, t1 (0, 1) x(t1 ) = 2/(3). , t2 (0, t1 )
x(t2 ) = 2/(5) ... , , tn (0, 1)
x(tn ) = 2/((2n + 1)) y(tn ) = sin(1/x(tn )) = (1)n .

!
2
n
, (1) .
(tn ) =
(2n + 1)

.
22

 .
. G

Rn . G .

. x0 G

A = {x G : G x0 x}.

x0 A, A . G, ,
G , G. x A. G
, D(x, r) G. , y x
(t) = (1 t)x + ty, t [0, 1], G
G. , x0 x : [0, 1] G, (0) = x0 , (1) = x.
, x0 y

t [0, 1/2]
(2t),
(t) =

(2t 1), t [1/2, 1]

G ( ) G.
y A, D(x, r) A, A .

x
D(x, r)

x0

a j A a j a a G. G ,
D(a, r) G. a j a, j0 a j0 D(a, r). ,
, a a j0 a j0 x0
G a A. A .
A = G, G x0 ,
G .


23

7.
. X , Y , f : X Y .

T f = {G Y : f 1 (G) }.

T f Y f .
. Y f
.

. X =
, Y = [0, +), f (x) = x2 ,
Y f .
. X , (Y, T ) , f : X Y , ( ) .
T = Tf .
. T f Y f ,
T T f . , G T f , , f 1 (G) .
f , G = f ( f 1 (G)) T .

. X , Y , f : X Y , Z .
g : (Y, T f ) Z g f .
f

- (Y, T f )

@
@
g
g f
@
R ?
@
Z
. g g f . ,
g f , G Z f 1 (g1 (G)) = (g f )1 (G) ,
, , g1 (G) .

, , x, y
R (x, y) R. , .
. X R X X .
Q : X X/R, Q(x) = [x], [x] x X/R = {[x] : x X}
. X/R Q . ,
(X) = {(x, x) : x X} , A X ,
R = (X) (A A). X/A X/R.
, X/R
. , X/A A .
. X , Y f : X Y .
R f = {(x1 , x2 ) : f (x1 ) = f (x2 )} ( , f ).
X/R f (Y, T f ).
. h : X/R f Y h([x]) = f (x). h 1-1 .
h Q = f h1 f = Q.

- (X/R f , TQ )

@
@
h
f@
@
R ?
@
Y

- (Y, T f )

@
@
h1
Q
@
R ?
@
X/R f

, , h h1 .

. X Y X Y . ,
S n1 n , .
2 .

24

(1) [0, 2]/{0, 2} S 1 . , f : [0, 2] S 1 f (t) = eit .

f , S 1
f . ([0, 2]) ({0, 2} {0, 2}) = R f .

[0, 2]/{0, 2} = [0, 2]/R f (S 1 , T f ) = S 1 .

(2) X = n r {0} R (x, y) R > 0

y = x,
0. X/R S n1 . f : X S n1 f (x) = x/|x|, |x|
x. f , S n1
f . R = R f ,

X/R = X/R f (S n1 , T f ) = S n1 .

(3) X = n r {0} R (x, y) R , 0

y = x,
n1
0. X/R

.
(4) [0, 1] [0, 1], x (x, 0) (x, 1) y (0, y) (1, y).
( "torus") S 1 S 1 .
(s, t) 7 (e2is , e2it ). S 1 S 1
.

RP

(5) [0, 1] [0, 1] (0, y) (1, 1 y) y

Mobius.

(6) [0, 1] [0, 1], y (0, y) (1, y) x (x, 0) (1 x, 1).

( Klein)
3 .

25

8. Hausdorff
. X T 2 Hausdorff x, y X x , y
U, V x, y U V = .

V
x

.
(1) (X, ) Hausdorff x, y X x , y D(x, ) D(y, ) =
= (x, y)/2.
(2) Hausdorff
.
Hausdorff
(3)
.

.
(1) (X, T ) Hausdorff S X T , (X, S )
Hausdorff. , ,

Hausdorff.
(2) Hausdorff , , .

. X Hausdorff
.
. X Hausdorff x , , x x
x y x , y. U, V x, y U V = . 1 , 2
x U  1 x V  2 . 0 0  1 0  1 ,
x0 U V , .
, X Hausdorff. x, y X x , y U V ,
U x V y.

= {(U, V) : U x, V y}

(U1 , V1 )  (U2 , V2 ) U2 U1 & V2 V1 .

(, ) . , (U, V) x(U,V) U V . x(U,V) x

x(U,V) y. , U0 , V0 x, y, (U, V)  (U0 , V0 )
x(U,V) U V U0 V0 U0 x(U,V) U V U0 V0 V0 .

. X . .
(1) X Hausdorff.
(2) x, y X x , y, U x y < U .
(3) x X
\

U = {x}.

U x

(4) (X) = {(x, x) : x X} X X .

. A B = (A B) (X) = , A, B X .
(1) (2) X Hausdorff U, V x, y U V = .
y U . y U .
(2) (3) x
\
U.
U x
26

 y x U x
y < U .

y<

U.

U x

x .
(3) (4) (x, y) < (X). x , y,
\
U.
y<

U x

 U x

 y < U . X r U


 y
U X r U = . U X r U (x, y) U X r U (X) = .
(X) .
(4) (1) x, y X x , y. (x, y) < (X). (X) , U, V
x, y (U V) (X) = . U V = .


. Xi , i I , .
Xi Hausdorff.

iI

Xi Hausdorff

. Xi Hausdorff, x, y iI Xi x , y. j I
p j (x) , p j (y). X j Hausdorff, U, V p j (x), p j (y) U V = .
1
p1
j (U), p j (V) x, y. Hausdorff.
, Hausdorff. j I X j
Q
Hausdorff. x j , y j X j x j , y j . x, y iI Xi pi (x) = pi (y) i , j
Q
Q
p j (x) = x j , p j (y) = y j . x , y. Hausdorff iI Ui , iI Vi
Q

Q


x, y
iI U i
iI Vi = . i , j U i Vi
pi (x) = pi (y). , , U j V j = . U j
x j V j y j . X j Hausdorff.

.
(1) X Hausdorff Y X , Y Hausdorff.
(2) Hausdorff, , (,
). , X = {0, 1} T = {, X, {0}}, (X, T )
Hausdorff 1 .
f : X f = {1} , .
(3) Hausdorff Hausdorff. ,
/ , n = [0] [] = {},
r .
Q : / , Q(x) = [x], , G []. Q1 (G)
, r Q1 (G).

R
RQ
R RQ

R Q

n = [0] = [r] = Q(r) G

n.
. X R X
(1) R X X .
(2) Q : X X/R, Q(x) = [x], .

X/R Hausdorff.

. Q(x), Q(y) X/R Q(x) , Q(y). x, y , (x, y) < R.

R , U, V x, y (U V) R = . Q
Q(U), Q(V) Q(x), Q(y) ( Q(U), Q(V) , z1 U , z2 V
Q(z1 ) = Q(z2 ). (z1 , z2 ) (U V) R, ).


RP

n1
.
= n r {0}/R, R
n1
(x, y) R , 0 y = x.
Hausdorff. , (x j , y j ) R
(x j , y j ) (x, y). (x j , y j ) R, j , 0 y j = j x j , | j | |y|/|x| > 0. j
, k j k j , , 0.

RP
27

 y = lim yk j = lim k j xk j = x, (x, y) R R . G

.
[

Q1 (Q(G)) =

Rn r {0}

G,

,0

G = {g : g G}. G G
x 7 x, , 0. , , Q(G) . Q
. .

28

9.
. Hausdorff X T 3 (regular), F X
x < F U, V X x U F V . x F
.

V
x

.
(1) (X, d) T 3 . , F X a < F .
f (x) = d(x, F) = inf{d(x, y) : y F}. f | f (x) f (y)| d(x, y).
f (a) > 0 a < F F . f |F = 0. a f 1 (( f (a)/2, +))
F f 1 ((, f (a)/2)). f 1 (( f (a)/2, +), f 1((, f (a)/2))
f .
(2)
T 3 . F

x < F . (a, x] x (a, x] F = , y F
(by , y] y x < (by , y].

(a, x]

[
yF

(by , y] = .

(3) T 2 T 3 .
, . .

{(a, b) : a, b

R, a < b} {Q}.

,
(a, b) . , T 2 .
F =
r
0 < F . F x
. , U 0 V
F . U (, ) .
(, ). V , ( , + )
(, ) . 0
F . T 3 .

R Q

.
(1) T 3 T 3 .
(2) Hausdorff, T 3
T 3 .
. Hausdorff X T 3 x X U x,
V x V U .
. X T 3 , U x. x < X r U , V, W X
x V X r U W . , V X r W = X r W U . ,
F X x < F . X r F x, V x
V X r F . X r V F V .

.

T 3 . x > 0 D(x, /2) D(x, ).

. Xi , i I , T 3 Xi

T3.

29

. X = iI Xi T 3 . j I z = (zi )iI X .
T
A j = i, j p1
i ({zi }) T 3 .
X j :

A j y 7 p j (y) X j .

X j T 3 . , T 3 .
T
X T 2 T 2 . x X U = nk=1 p1
ik (U ik ) x.
Uik pik (x), , , Vik pik (x)
T
V ik Uik . nk=1 p1
ik (Vik ) x
n
\

p1
ik (Vik ) =

k=1

n
\
k=1

n
  \
p1

V
p1
i
k
ik
ik (U ik ) = U.
k=1

, , X T 3 .

. X T 3 A X , X/A Hausdorff.
. Q : X X/A, Q(x) = [x], . Q(x) = {x} x < A
Q(x) = A x A. Q|XrA : X r A X/A r {A} 1-1 . [x], [y] X/A [x] , [y].
x y A.
x < A y < A, X T 2 A , U, V X r A
x, y. Q|XrA 1-1 Q(U) Q(V) = . Q1 (Q(U)) = U Q1 (Q(V)) = V ,
Q(U) Q(V) .
x < A y A, X T 3 , U, V x U
A V . Q(U) Q(V) u U v V Q(u) = Q(v) u, v
, u = v u, v A, U, V . Q1 (Q(U)) = U
Q|XrA 1-1, Q(U) .

Q1 (Q(V)) = Q1 (Q(A (V r A))) = Q1 (Q(A)) Q1 (Q(V r A)) = Q1 ({A}) (V r A) = A (V r A) = V.

Q(V) .

X
U

x
y

, Q(U), Q(V) [x], [y].


. A / .

RQ

30

10.
. Hausdorff X T 4 ( normal), A, B X
, U, V X A U B V .

V
A

.
(1) (X, d) T 4 , A, B X

d(x, A)
d(x, A) + d(x, B)
A f 1 ((, 1/2)), B f 1 ((1/2, +)).
f (x) =

(2)
T 4 . , A, B
. x A (a x , x] B y B
(by , y] A.

[
[
(a x , x] (by , y] = .
xA

yB

. Hausdorff X T 4 A X U A
V A V U .
. T 3 .

.
(1) T 4 T 4 .
(2) X T 4 , Y T 2 , f : X Y , , Y T 4 .
.
(1) ,
.
(2) A, B Y . f 1 (A), f 1 (B) X ,
U, V X f 1 (A) U f 1 (B) V . f
Y r f (X r U) Y r f (X r V) A, B.


. . ( )
[0, ], [0, 1 ] (, ] ( {0})
X = [0, ] [0, 1 ], X , Y = X r {(, 1 )}
( Y ) {} [0, 1 ) [0, ) {1 } .
T 4
, .
. X , Y X , D X .
|P(Y)| |P(D)|, | | .
. Y , X . A Y
U A , VA X A U A Y r A VA . U A
D , U A D , .

: P(Y) P(D), (A) = U A D.

31

 1-1. , A, B Y A , B
A (Y r B) , , U A V B , , U A V B D , D .
(A) = (B)

, U A VB D = (A) VB = (B) VB = U B D VB = ,

. |P(Y)| |P(D)|.

, T 3
T 4 , T 4 T 4
T 4 T 4 .

. s
. X = s s , Y = {(x, x) : x } D = . X T 3
s . , , Y
T 3 . , D
. X T 4 , |P(Y)| |P(D)|.
|P(Y)| = |P( )| |P(D)| = |P( )| = | |,
.

R R

Q Q

. X T 4 A X . X/A T 4 .
. .

32

11. Urysohn Tietze

, .
( Urysohn). X T 4 A, B X .
f : X [0, 1] f |A = 0 f |B = 1.
. D = {k/2n : n = 0, 1, 2, . . . k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2n }
[0, 1]. D . Ur , r D, X
.
(1) A Ur , B Ur = .
(2) r < s U r U s .

A
U0
B
U1/8

U1/4

U1 = X \ B. A U1 . A , U0
A U0 U 0 U1 . Uk/2n1 , k = 0, 1, . . . , 2n1 ,
(1) (2). Uk/2n , k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 2n . k , k = 2,
Uk/2n = U/2n1 . k k 1 k + 1
U(k1)/2n , U(k+1)/2n U (k1)/2n U(k+1)/2n .
Uk/2n

U (k1)/2n Uk/2n U k/2n U(k+1)/2n .

. U1 X

f : X [0, 1],

f (x) = inf{r D : x Ur }.

U1 = X , f . x A x Ur f (x) = 0. x B
x U1 f (x) = 1. f . x0 X .
, f (x0 ) (0, 1). I = ( f (x0 ) , f (x0 ) + ) f (x0 ).
D , r1 , r2 D f (x0 ) < r1 < r2 < f (x0 ). x0 < Ur2 , x0 < U r1 .
f (x0 ) < f (x0 ) + , r3 D f (x0 ) r3 < f (x0 ) + x0 Ur3 .
W = Ur3 r U r1 x0 . f (W) I x W r1 f (x) r3 .
f .

.
(1) Urysohn: Hausdorff X
f |A = 0 f | B = 1,
A, B X f : X
X T 4 . , f 1 ((, 1/2)) f 1 ((1/2, +)) A
B.
(2) [0, 1] [a, b], X T 4 A, B X
f : X [a, b] f |A = a f |B = b.

( Tietze). X T 4 , A X f : A
. h : X
h|A = f . f .

.
33

. X T 4 , A X F : A
|F(x)| c x A.
H : X
|H(x)| c/3 x X |F(x) H(x)| 2c/3
x A.

. A+ = {x A : F(x) c/3} A = {x A : F(x) c/3}. A+ A

A, X A . Urysohn H : X [c/3, c/3]
H|A+ = c/3 H|A = c/3. H .

. ( Tietze.)
1 . | f | c A h |h| c
X . F = f h0 : X
|h0 | c/3 X | f h0 | 2c/3 A.
|h1 | 1/3 2c/3
F = f h0 h1 : X
X | f h0 h1 | (2/3)2c A. ,
hn : X
|hn | 1/3(2/3)nc X
Pn
P
n+1
n
| f k=0 hk | (2/3) c A. n=0 (2/3) < , Weierstrass
P
P
n
h=
|h| c/3
n=0 hn .
n=0 (2/3) = c X .
Pn
n | f k=0 hk | (2/3)n+1c f = h|A .
2 . | f | < c A h |h| < c
X . 1 , b
h |b
h| c.

A0 = {x X : |b
h| = c}.

A0 A, Urysohn : X [0, 1]
|A0 = 0 |A = 1. h = b
h.
(1, 1).
3 . f . :
2 g : X (1, 1) f . h = 1 g
.


. Tietze. Hausdorff
, T 4 .
, A, B , f : A B [0, 1] f |A = 0 f | B = 1 ,
. , A B ,
.

34

12.
. .
.

(1)


.
(2) .

. X .
(1) .
(2) Y f : X Y , Y .
. D X .

(1) A X , D A A U A A
X
  D D A.
(2) Y = f (X) = f D f (D). f (D) .

. .
, s
.
s s
{(x, x) : x } ,
. .

R R

Q Q

. (X, d) Y X , Y .

N
N

. {xn : n } X . k
y Y n(y, k)

d(y, xn(y,k) ) < 1/k. {n(y, k) : y Y} , ykj Y , j ,

{n(y, k) : y Y} = {n(ykj , k) : j }. {ykj : j, k } Y . , y Y > 0.

1/k < /2 n(y, k) = n(ykj , k).
k, j

d(y, ykj ) d(y, xn(y,k) ) + d(xn(ykj ,k) , ykj ) < 1/k + 1/k < .


R Rs .

. s
.

. Xn , n
.

N, .

X =

n=1

Xn

. Dn Xn . z = (zn )nN X .

[
Y

D=
Dj
{z j }
n=1

j=1

j=n+1

Tn

p1
ik (G ik ), i1 < i2 < < in ,
R = j=1 D j j=in +1 {z j } D. , ik - U
Gik , ik R Dik . j , ik , j- U
X j j- R.

U =

Qin

k=1

. .
(
I , I
).

. 1 .
.

(1) (X, d) 1 {D(x, 1/n) : n }

x.
(2)
1
{(x 1/n, x] : n } x.

35

I
(3) I , X =
1 ,
.
. x = (xi )iI X {Un : n },
T
S
n
n
Un = iJn p1
. i0 I r nN Jn
i (G i ), Jn I , G i
U = p1
i0 ((xi0 1, xi0 + 1)) U n , i0 -
U , i0 - Un .

. 1 1 .

N, 1 .

. Xn , n
1 .

X =

n=1

Xn

. x = (xn )nN X , Bn xn Xn .

n
\

1
p
(U
)
:
U

B
,
k
=
1,
2,
.
.
.
,
n

k
k
k
k

n=1

k=1

x.

. X 1 , A X , x X , Y , f : X Y .

(1) x A xn A xn x.
(2) f x xn X xn x f (xn ) f (x).

1 .

. {Bn :n } x. Bn
Bn .

kn

Bk ,

(1) x A, xn A Bn . xn x. , U x
n0 Bn0 U . n n0 xn Bn Bn0 U .
(2) f x. V f (x)
f (Bn ) 1 V n. xn Bn f (xn ) < V . xn x f (xn ) 9 f (x).

. (X, T ) 2 T .
.
(1) 2 2 .
(2) 2 1 {Bn : n }
, {Bn : x Bn }
x. , xn Bn , {xn : n } .
.

. (X, d) 2 .

. {xn : n } . {D(xn , 1/m) : n, m } .

, G X x G. m
D(x, 1/m) G. xn
d(x, xn ) < 1/(2m), x D(xn , 1/(2m)) D(x, 1/m) G.


(Lindelof). X 2 .
(1) Gi , i I , X , J I
S
S
iI Gi = jJ G j .
(2) B X , C B C
.
. {Un : n

N} X .

(1) G = iI Gi . x G i(x) I x Gi(x) , n(x)

x Un(x) Gi(x) . {n(x) : x G} , xk G,

S
k , {n(x) : x G} = {n(xk ) : k }. J = {i(xk ) : k }. jJ G j = G.
(2) B , Un B . , (1),
S
S
Bn B Un = BBn B. C = nN Bn .
{Un : n } , C .

36

. s , 1 2 (
). 2 , an < bn , n ,
{(an , bn ] : n } . x

bn , (, x] (an , bn ] x (an , bn ]
b n = x.

N
R

. Xn , n
2 .

N, 2 .

X =

n=1

Xn

. Bn Xn .

1
p
(U
)
:
U

B
,
k
=
1,
2,
.
.
.
,
n

k
k
k
k

n=1

k=1

X .

. 2 2
, 1 .
. X 2 T 3 T 4 .
. A, B X . X T 3 , x A U x x
U x B = . , y B Vy y V y A = .
X 2 xn A yn B

Ux =

xA

U xn ,

en = U xn r
U

n
[

V yk ,

U=

Vy =

en ,
U

V=

[
n=1

U, V A, B.

37

V yn .

n=1

en = Vyn r
V

k=1

n=1

[
yB

n=1

n
[

e
Vn .

U xk ,

k=1

13.
.
(Urysohn). X 2 T 3 , X ( ).
.
. (X, d) . = d/(1 + d).
d . ,
1.
. 1 ,
. xn x
d (xn , x) = d(xn , x)/(1 + d(xn , x)) 0, xn x . xn x
d(xn , x) = (xn , x)/(1 (xn , x)) 0, xn x d.

. Xn , n
.

N, .

X =

n=1

Xn

. Xn dn . , dn 1. X

X
dk (x(k), y(k))

d(x, y) =

2k

k=1

d . 1 , d
, . d(xn , x) 0, k dk (xn (k), x(k)) 2k d(xn , x) 0. ,
P
k
xn (k) x(k) k, > 0. k0
k=k0 +1 1/2 < .

d(xn , x) =

k0
X
dk (xn (k), x(k))
k=1

2k

k0

X
dk (xn (k), x(k))
dk (xn (k), x(k)) X
<
+ .
k
2
2k
k=1
k=k +1
0

lim sup d(xn , x) . , d(xn , x) 0.

. ,
1 .
. X Hausdorff, Xi , i I , , fi : X Xi
A X x < A i I
fi (x) < fi (A).

f :X

Xi ,

f (x) = ( fi (x))iI

iI

X f (X).
. f 1-1 x , y , ,
i fi (x) < fi ({y}), f (x) , f (y). f : X f (X) .
G X f (x) f (G). x < X r G, i fi (x) < fi (X r G).



Xi r fi (X r G) f (X) f (G).
f (x) p1
i

f (G) f (X).

. ( Urysohn.) {Un : n }
X . I = {(m, n)
: U m Un }. X 2 T 3 ,
, , Urysohn, (m, n) I , fm,n : X [0, 1]
fm,n |U m = 0 fm,n |XrUn = 1. fm,n
. A X x < A. Un x Un Un A = .
X T 3 Um x Um U m Un . (m, n) I

N N

fm,n (x) = 0 < {1} = fm,n (A).

X [0, 1]I ( I
), X .

38

.
(1) , .
, , 2 .
(2) ( ), .

39

14.
. X A X . Gi , i I , A
A.

iI

Gi

. Hausdorff X X
S
. Gi , i I , iI Gi = X , i1 , . . . , in I
Sn
k=1 Gik = X . A X
.
.

(1)

(n, n), n , .
(2) X X . . , {{x} : x X}.
X x1 , . . . , xn X X = {x1 , . . . , xn }.

. X A X , A .
. Gi , i I , A. {X r A} {Gi : i I},
X , {X r A} {Gik : k = 1, . . . , n}. Gik
A.

. X Hausdorff, A X , x < A, U, V X
x U A V . , A .
. x < A. y A Uy Vy x y
Uy Vy = .

X
A

Uy

Vy

Vy , y A, A, y1 , . . . , yn A A

U=

n
\

U yk ,

V=

k=1

n
[

Sn

k=1

V yk .

V yk .

k=1


. X Hausdorff A, B X , U, V X
A U B V .
. , x A, U x , V x
x U x B V x . U x , x A, A, x1 , . . . , xn A
S
A nk=1 U xk .

U=

n
[

U xk ,

V=

k=1

n
\

V xk .

k=1

U, V A, B.
. X , T 4 .
40

. A, B X ,
.

. X , Y Hausdorff f : X Y .
(1) Y .
(2) f 1-1, .

.
(1) Gi , i I , Y . f 1 (Gi ), i I , X ,
f 1 (Gik ), k = 1, . . . , n. Gik , k = 1, . . . , n
f (X) = Y .
(2) A X , X . (1),
f (A) , . f 1-1, , ,
.


.
(Tychonoff). Xi , i I , . X =
.

iI

Xi

, .
( Zorn). (X, ) ,
A X , s X a  s a A.
X ( maximal) , x0 X x X
x0  x x = x0 ( x0 .
x0 X , ).
. .

(Alexander). X Hausdorff A .
X A . X .
, S
S
S S S .

. X .
.

F = {C : C X }.
Zorn, F maximal ( ) , C0 .
C0 , C
C , C . , {D : }
S
F . D = D D {D : }
F . D D . , D F
G1 , . . . , Gn . , D , Gk
D0 , D0 , .
B = A C0 ( B ). B
( B A ). B C0 .
S
x < B . C0 , V C0 x V . A ,
U1 , . . . , Un A x U1 Un V . Ui C0 B ,
S
x B , . Ui < C0 , C0 $ C0 {Ui } i. C0 maximal,
i C0 {Ui } F , .
i V ij C0 , j = 1, . . . , ki , Ui V1i Vki = X .
i

ki
ki
ki
n
n [
n [
\
[
[
\ [

Ui
X=
V j Ui
V ij V
V ij .
i=1

j=1

i=1

i=1 j=1

C0 , .

41

i=1 j=1

. ( Tychonoff.) C X ,
1
p1
i (G), i I , G Xi . i Ci = {G Xi : pi (G) C },
( Ci i- C ). j I
S
C j X j , i xi <
Ci .
x = (xi )iI C , . X j ,
1
G1 , . . . , Gn C j X j = G1 Gn . X = p1
j (G 1 ) p j (G n ). C
. Alexander.

. Tychonoff . Alexander
Hausdorff
. X Y
U V , K , X Y .
x X , {x} Y X Y Y .
S
K x K {x} Y Kx U V .

{x} Y
x

W x = Kx U . W x , x X , X , x1 , . . . , xn X
S
X = nj=1 W x j .

XY =
X Y .

n
[
j=1

n
n [
[
[ [

W x

Wx j Y =
V
U V .

K x j

j=1

j=1 K x j

, ,
.
. (X, d) .

, D(x, 1/n), x X , X ,
. n
S
S
Fn X , X = xFn D(x, 1/n). D = nN Fn . D
. , x0 X , D(x0 , n), n ,
Sn0
. n0 X = n=1
D(x0 , n) = D(x0 , n0 ), X .


. . ,
{0, 1}I , I
(
).

. (X, d)
.
. X xn X . n

Fn = {xn , xn+1 , xn+2 , . . . }.

F n . X ,
n=1 F n , .
, , X r F n , n ,
Sn0
X , n0 X = n=1
X r Fn = X r Fn0 , Fn0 = , .
T
x n=1 Fn . x F1 , n1 d(x, xn1 ) < 1. , x Fn1 +1 , n2 > n1
d(x, xn2 ) < 1/2. xnk
d(x, xnk ) < 1/k 0.

42

, X . S
n , F n X X = xFn D(x, 1/n). ,
, n0 X
1/n0 . x1 X . X , D(x1 , 1/n0 ), x2 < D(x1 , 1/n0).
, X , D(x1 , 1/n0) D(x2 , 1/n0), x3 < D(x1 , 1/n0) D(x2 , 1/n0 ).
S
xn xn < i<n D(xi , 1/n0 ),
d(xn , xm ) 1/n0 n , m. xn ,
S
. , nN F n , X ,
2 . . C
. 2 , Lindelof, C , D = {Gn : n }. D , , ,
S
xn < in Gi . , xkn
x X xkn x. D , x Gm0 m0 . n0 m0
S
xkn0 Gm0 , xkn0 < ikn Gi .


. , .
.

. n .
n (Bolzano-Weierstrass).

. X f : X
. f
. X f
X .

. = inf f (X)
. f (X)
u = sup f (X) n , un f (X) n , un u. f (X)
, , u f (X). f (X) , f
. X d .
f , xn , yn X
d(xn , yn ) 0 f (xn ) f (yn ) 0. f (xn ) f (yn ) 9 0.
f (xnk ) f (ynk ) | f (xnk ) f (ynk )| > 0. X ,
xnk , ynk , x, y X xnk x, ynk y. d(xnk , ynk ) 0, x = y,
| f (xnk ) f (ynk )| | f (x) f (y)| = 0, .

. (X, d) , Cauchy .
. xn Cauchy. , xkn x X
xkn x.

d(xn , x) d(xn , xkn ) + d(xkn , x) 0.

. ,
Cauchy , , .

43

15.
.
. Hausdorff
.
.

(1) n
.
(2) .
(
!).
(3)

. X , x X U x.
V x V U . , X .
. G x. G , T 3 . G U

x G, W x cl G (W G) GU . , W GG GU ,
W G G U . V = W G. V G,

, V U .
(Baire). X Gn , n

N, . Tn=1 Gn .
T

. U1 . D =
n=1 G n . U 1
D. G1 , G1 U1 .
, U2 U 2 G1 U1 . , G2
, G2 U2 U3
U 3 G2 U2 . ,
Un U n+1 Gn Un . U n
T

U 1 ,
n=1 U n , . D U 1 , .

. Baire ,
.
r {q}, q ,
. , , r {x}, x ,
.

. :
(1) , .
(2) 1 , .
, Baire .
. 1 .
. X =
, .

n=1

An , An . X r An


1 , , . ,
1 . ,
1 .

. Baire . .
,
, .
. (X, T ) , < X .
X = X {}, T = T {X r K : K X }. (X , T )
Alexandroff X .
.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)

X X T .
: X X X .
X X .
< X , X X .
44

, X X ( ). ,
x x T x X ,
X .
(, 1) (1, +).

. X . X .
. X Hausdorff. x, y X x , y. x, y X ,
X Hausdorff, x, y X , X . x X y = , , X
, U x. U X r U x
. Gi , i I , X . i0 I Gi0 .
K X X r K Gi0 . K i1 , . . . , in I
K Gi1 Gin . X = Gi0 Gi1 Gin , X .

.
(1) X = [0, 1), X [0, 1].
(2) X = , X S 1 . , f :
S 1 r {N}, , N
1
. g : X S g(x) = f (x), x , g() = N
.

( Urysohn ). X , K X
U K . f : X [0, 1] f |K = 0 f |XrU = 1.
. X , , Urysohn
g : X [0, 1] g|K = 0 g|X rU = 1. f = g|X .


45