TP AMS HORI ep ig Bis’ Modals (3): deduction; compound forms MODAL VERBS EXPRESSING DEDUCTION, Modal verbs can be used to expressed different degrees of certainty. Here isa list starting from the maximum level and ending with the least level of certainty. (MUST almost certain (90%) (SHOULD very likely (60%) possible (50%) uncertain (40%) very uncertain (20%) impossible (10%) That must be Cheryl's car. (I'm quite sure it is) That should be Cheryl's car. (1 think itis) That could / may be Cheryl's car. (I can't tell) That might be Cheryl's car. (I have no idea) That may not be Cheryl's car.(\ have no idea) That can't be Cheryl's car. (I'm sure it isn't) ‘The same can be done with modal verbs in the Past form. The compound form of modal verbs is based on this typical structure: MODAL + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (PP) UMUSTHAVE+PP almost certain The film must have been boring. “COULDHAVE+PP possible She could have left her phone at home. | MAY (nol) HAVE + PP He may have known the Killer. uncertain | MIGHT (not) HAVE + PP They mightn't have recognised us. “CANTHAVE+PP impossible 1 can't have signed this document. a Expressing regret We shouldn't have wasted so much money on that. about something that didnt tonpen the, Sb€ ought to hove taken that chance past. I could have studied harder. In the Past tense there is a little difference between these two forms. Compare the examples: ‘Ann told us we didn’t need to bring any drinks Weneedn't have brought the umbrellas: it was sunny (we knew it wasn’t necessary to do it). all day (but we didn't know that when we left) OTHER FORMS EXPRESSING DUTY, OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY + Be expected to is used when something is very likely to happen, we expect it to happen: The storm is expected to move southward during the night. + Be obliged / compelled / forced to are used when an action is caused by something: Because of the flood we were forced to close down. + Be bound to is used when something is destined to happen or will happen for sure: It was bound to happen sooner or later. We should have known better. + Be due to itis used for things that are planned or expected to happen at a certain time or moment: Our train is due to arrive at Glasgow Central at 12:12. + Be fo is used as a short form for ‘be going to” (especially in the news) or to give formal / impersonal instructions and orders about actions that must or mustn't be carried out: The Pope is to visit the Philippines (or: ...is going to visit ..) The test papers are to be handed in by 9.30AM. (or: ...must be handed in. Guests are to leave the premises in a clean and tidy condition. (ot must leave...) + Be meant to is similar to be bound to and is used when something is destined to happen Laura was meant to be a mother: she’s so patient and loving. 7 s2ANA’S WORKSHOPS SCURLA DE CAPAITAGENY EXSERANZA DEAS 1 What are the 8 speakers doing? Match the sentences (1-8) to the correct function (a-h). 1 © When is it due to snow in Birmingham? a__making inferences about the past 2 L You weren't expected to arrive so early! b_ expressing regret, 3 [1] I should have listened to her when she ¢ making inferences about the present said | was wrong. d saying that something is impossible 4 ( Tara mightn’t have received our text predicting that something will happen again message. f expressing surprise 5 (1 You can't be 50: you look so much younger. g asking when something is expected to 6 ( We're bound to hear from that man again. happen 7 (1 You needn't have brought any wine. h explaining that something was not required 8 1 You must have a lot of spare time. 2 Underline the correct alternative. 1 Jane passed the exam with an A: she must 6 Grandma's waiting for us! We mustn't / study / must have studied hard. ‘mightn’t be late. 2. Let's call Mum: she may be / may have 7 Don't blame me: you may / could have been worried. planned the trip more carefully. 3 | feel so miserable. | mustn't / shouldn't 8 That must / could be Greg's new car. His have said those horrible things to her. daughter's sitting in the back. 4 You can't / mightn’t have seen Rob in town: 9‘ needn't have brought / didn't need to he's still in Japan, bring my umbrella: it’s sunny. 5 It's been raining for two weeks but it can't/ 10 We couldn't / may not have enough time to ‘might be sunny next weekend. finish the test 3 Read the email below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word for each gap. e0e eS Hi Nicky, tim sory I didn't write (0) to you before but ve (1) to get everything ready for my trip to Dublin. My host mother said it may (2) quite cold next week sol had (3). pack three more woollen jumpers, a fleece and jackets in my suitcase. From the pics I've seen, the home where I'm staying (4) be really nice just (5) totravel 20 minutes to getto school every morning and the bus stop is right infront of the house. The only problem is they Rave act: {realy love pets but 'm a bitallergc to cat hai. Maybe | (6), hhave told the agency before. Yesterday | got a special SIM card but| needn't (7) Boughtit because my phone provider offers cheap top-ups for international calls | was wondering what to bring my host family as git: (8) I get them some Italian foad ara bottle of wine?! hope you (9) help me to make the right choice. The agency told me that | won'tbe (70) to stay out later than 10.00 because 'mstll 16, but that’ ok with me as {'m not used to going outa night. Well, guess Thave to go now. 'm leaving early tomorrow morning and my plane is due to ative at Dublin aitport at 9,45. can't wait Best wishes, Anna 4 You will hear 5 people talking about education. Choose from the list (A-H) what each speaker says. There are 3 extra letters you do not need to use. ‘A I'm going to to study abroad after high school E Today's kids are just the same as in the past. B A good teacher is expected to be a role My teacher can't be English. model for her students. I may not go straight to university. C Teachers used to be stricter in the past. The first year at university might be very D_ | shouldn't have stopped going to school demanding Speaker1[_] Speaker 2[_] Speaker3[] Speaker 4[_] Speaker 5 [_] moan 53 (€) STEPOW 6 LINN suzz0y punoduioa ‘uonanpap