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Fig. 4.5: Placement of ranging rods on tomb for true reading. (Ranging rods are red circles and
bars.) This example is the first Killy Beg tomb, Co. Fermanagh. (Images provided by Environ-
ment and Heritage Service of Northern Ireland (EHSNI)).

Fig. 4.6: Placement of ranging rods for approximate reading. (Ranging rods are red bars.) This
example is the second Killy Beg tomb, Co. Fermanagh. (Images provided by EHSNI).
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