Nome Panis, Materials of whem o Single unik 1 TS nd joornn «Molinos with afore One extermmad clumonstion that “maanusr loo am or Low ot leva Suclanes rmoanuners loom 0% Lars Examble CNT, Fullloremos » Pu ravoparticlr ele . Namo S times h Atioly- of phororrornaa eno! “rami pula bion i 7 as hon male culos Ono! ravorwleculor rales, pphorr properties oljP for -biyr! Mcortly from Hose at a Sa. Te rr the Acionce and chnology of bmald Fhinps , im particdor Hers Hot aro for Lhan jooam m Sie anol oro fvmad 25 mowrmeliiah . Namo technology in the datpe, chorackaizebior , onaton a appliabien of pbuctrss omol Sysloms by Cwonbullng dlafe amd diye of meronehe Nanometer © Calo Navotecholoyy uscd sceomcd on Lhe which occurs ol the Scale of ators and mare dol , Noma molot io usd to ormmaura things Lhak ore Poy mall, Ll atoms » qmolbales and pmralloat prece of every thang wound Ud we moasureol In n 4 water Moleuto wy Lon Atlan ono am =A bypial gum ip abut 1000 wm | @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTop-down methods -Begin with a pattern generated on a larger scale, then reduced to nanoscale. -By nature, aren't cheap and quick to manufacture - Slow and not suitable for large-scale production. Bottom-up methods -Start with atoms or molecules and build up to nanostructures -Fabrication is much less expensive @ scanned with OKEN Scanner1km — carrier t iH Aircraft Boeing 747 Car 1m— Humans Laptop Size of a microprocessor * Resolving power of the eye ~ 0.2 mm Micromachines 1mm— Gnat Biological cell Nucleus of a cell 1 "Wavelength of visible light —*—__ Smallest feature in microelectronic chips Bottom-up 1nm | 1pm — Nanostructures and quantum devices Proteins Width of DNA Figure 4.1 Illustration of top-down and bottom-up methods. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerable 4.1 Techniques for the synthesis of nanomaterials rials Produced 1. Arc discharge method Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNT3) 2 laser ablation Broad range of nanoparticles including CNTs 3/Ball milling Composites and mixtures of elemental powdes 4. Inert gas condensation (Continued) @ scanned with OKEN Scanner(Continued) 1, Homogeneous nucleation Noble metal particles, gold nanoparticles (2) chemical vapour deposition (CVD) Widely used to produce CNTs, fullerenes Y and boron nanotubes 3. Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) Compound semiconductors and thin films 4)Sol-gel synthesis Colloidal and oxide nanoparticles “5, Hydrothermal synthesis Elemental nanopowders and mostly oxides 6. Microwave method Various oxide nanomaterials including TiO, @ scanned with OKEN ScannerSol- Gug i Tn 0 typiced sol ye Bracers 7 Gllacas duaperoir ov a fasg-rrecl ne lyin and Polyrwigalin rmchions of Decrtrt” - OWeh are uauallly ros gar metal abrid. 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Rofalion 7% Sofi vibration of a Lum imports lwnelio oy bo the moling noduim — The Uoke Procor & cant ovt Under corbralled dare sphauc Conclibiors to Prevent encdation - The igh onorgy badd rrill Collad albitoy_ov odbution oa wena by 5zegNow m 1922 | Meter ocas by Shinninf action of am oplabr Tia sli oolabry Bap wth lerzenad | holivenn the balls. The emavoprudlit i achieved by ulebion of irmfulllors arch ar ib Povicte, a buphor oleae» 9F Surdoce tmclick , R mety ct oar bald mlb one auceondfully uoed by. roprarchers fs proctuction oF namormattancals yokich imoluaes — Pyame rll, rok ml, bc. Coad rubbing 1» ooo Inoum ao amochonsal adloying ov cousluig » Thos Poco hod dood, m cargrcc (Uric Paces ond Powder. oratllurgey @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBall mill Water-cooled stationary tank Steel ball bearings Rotating impeller @ scanned with OKEN ScannerThe advantages of ball milling are as follows: 1. 2. In a short time, few milligrams to several kilograms of nanoparticles can be synthesized. This method can be operated at a large scale. A large number of elemental and metal oxide nanocrystals like Co, Cr, Al-Fe, Ag-Fe and Fe can be prepared including a variety of intermetallic compounds of Ni and Al. It is useful in producing new type of building materials, fire-proof materials, glass ceramics, etc. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerChomnical Vapos olepasetion. Covo) Zt A Pace of ence alee cullen Chemically reacting a Volatile Compourel * a moleniak > be oleposilect , with other gases 40 Prooluce & rmon-vobtie solid thot oleposir e on a Suitbhy pled batialr - he procom nopuire activation enoryy to procesd . Bho encrty tom be povicled bay doveral mothocte . Sn thermal, evo, the raoclion 1 acti voted beg. a hip ernporaturs above 900% . MR Plasma Cv , the rwction is activated Oy plooma . 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