ES 30 FUNDAMENTALS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES LABORATORY EXERCISE 3 Topic: ‘Shear and Moment in Beams 2, Shoar and Moment Diagrams ». Relationship between Load, Shear, and Moment «Load and Moment Diagrams for a given Shear Diagram 4. Moving Loads |. SHEAR AND MOMENT IN BEAMS Definition of a Beam ‘Abeam isa bar subject to forces or couples that le ina plane containing the longitudinal section of the bar. According to doterminacy, a beam may be determinate or indoterminate, ‘Staticaly Determinate Beams Stalicaly determinate beams are those beams in which the reactions of the supports may be determined by the use of the equatons of state equilbrum. The beams shown below are examples of statically determinate beams. Simple Beam w (N/m) Pp ‘Overhanging Beam ‘COMPILED BY: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LO0D FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERINGStatcally Indeterminate Beams. If the number of reactions exerted upon a beam exceeds the number of equations in static ‘equtbrium, the boam is sad tobe statically indeterminate. In order to solve the reactions ofthe beam, the static equations must be supplemented by equations based upon the elastic deformations of the beam. The degree of indeterminacy is taken as the diference between the number of reactions to the number of equations inslaic equilibrium that can be applied, Inthe case of he propped beam shown, there ate three reactions Ry, Re, and Mand only two equalions (ZM = 0 and ZFv = 0) can be applied, thus the bam is indetorminate to the first dogroe (3-2 =1), w (Nim) Faxed or Restrained Beam Py wy (Wim) eased | Continuous Beam Types of Loading Loads applied to the beam may consist of concenrated load (load applod at a pont, uniform load, uniformly varying load, or an applied couple or moment. These loads are shown in the folowing figures. I a | w (Nim) Concentrated Losds Uniform Load w (W/m) Fr Uniformly Varying Load ‘Applied Couple COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING‘A. Shear and Moment Diagrams Consider a simple beam shown of length L that carries @ uniform load of w (Win) throughout its length ands held in equilibrium by reactions Ry and Ro, Assume that the beam is cut at pont C a distance cof fom he lef support andthe portion ofthe beam to the right of C be removed. The portion removed must then be replaced by vertical shearing force V together with a couple M to hold the lef portion ofthe bar in ‘equtbrium under the action of Ry and wn. ft 1 w(nim) ‘The couple Mis called the resisting moment or moment and the frce Vis called the resisting shear or shear. The sign of and Mare taken to be postive ifthey have the senses indicated above, ‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS: INSTRUCTION: Wie shear and moment equations for the beams in the folowing problems. In each problom, lt xbe the distance measured from let end of the beam. Also, draw shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change ofloading positions and at points of zero shear, Neglec the mass ofthe beam in each problem, PROBLEM 1: rom the load diagram Ro + 1(30) = 3650) R= 4kN EMp-0 5Rr~ 260) + 630) Re=56kN Segment AB Vg=-30KN 8 Me=20rkNm et Segment BC own Vacw 3056 reo = 2614N aes Mac= 208 + 5ex-1) 26-56 i =a May=-308-+ 6x1) - 5060-4) 36 5x + 200 COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM 2: rMa~0 =Mp~0 12Rp + 4800 = 3(2000) 12R4 = 9(2000) + 4800 Ro=1001b Ra= 1900 Ib Segment AB: 4 oi ee ls Segment BC: ‘Vac™= 1900 - 2000 = -100 1b ‘Mgc= 1900x ~ 2000(x - 3) = 1900x - 2000x + 6000 = -100x + 6000 ‘Segment CD: Vem = 1900 - 2000 = 100 Ib ‘Mcp = 1900x - 2000(x ~ 3) - 4800 = 1900x - 2000x + 6000 - 4800 = 100: + 1200 COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING‘To draw the Moment Diagram: (1) Mae = 1900 fs brear, st x = 0, Maa = 0; atx = 3, Ma = $700 we (2) For segment BC, Mac = ~100x + (000 fe near; at x= 3. Mac 5700 BR atx = 98, Me = 5100 bR. (@) Meo = ~100" + 1200 is again linear, at x = 9 Mn = 300 Dingrem| BR atx= 12 Me =O. PROBLEM 3: EMy~0 TAR = 4(900) + 18(400) + 9[(60)(18)] Re 17101 EMc=0 ARs + 6(400) ~ 8(900) + 3{60(18)] a= 6701b Segment AB: Vag ~ 670 ~ 60x 1b Mas ~ 670x ~ 60%(x/2) = 670x 3037 Ib ft s00b Ie**feowm Segment BC: Ver= 670 -900 ~ 60 230 ~ 60s Ib | Mac 6700900184) 0xte/2) Ra = 670 = 3600 - 230x - 30° Ib-ft : Segment cD: Tay] Renee 0a | ne 180 eo ib Meg 670€-1710¢-12) = 900(x = 4) ~ 60x(x/2) 16920 + 1480x - 307 Ib an Re 670 Re= 0b COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING“To draw the shear Diagram: (Vas 670~ Gtx for gman AB i tear: at «= 0, Var 670 by at Vas = 2301 (2) For segment BC, Vue = 230 ~ 60 (Sls Inear = 4 ac 70(b, atx = 12 Ve = 95018, (6) Vo = 1880 ~ 6x for segment CO 'S pain near at x = 12, Veo = Pebiby ate = 10%, Vag = 500. “To draw the Moment Diagram: (2M = 6700 30 fr aegment AS 12 second degtee curves tx = Bem Gen A y= 20 (2) For, the = 3600 290x308, IS second degree carve tx = 4 Rime = 200A t= 12h Mg = 2480 When Me 3680 — 230: = 30 = 0,3 =~ 1499 Rand 7772 Toke x= 7272 tha the moments 20 marr Rbom (3) Fer segment CD, Mn = 16520 + ©) Tene a0 a second dees cave; a x= 12 Men = “3460 Shela ion mose, PROBLEM 4: W-= 30 kips beaet-—_—§ 12e ——L ae] W= 20s wi vt k4n-ok— 12k ——e ane} w= 30(1000)/12 w= 2500 1b/#t First segment (from 0 to 4 ft from left): Vie 15008 My 15004(/2) FrprRrerrr] Second segment (rom ft to:mid-span): [Tis isoee| Ve 1500 -2500(x -4) me = 10000 — 1000: 1 Ms =150083/2) -2500(x~4)(x-4)/2 = 750x* - 1250(x - 4 COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGawn TTT CTT Tove TPT and — ok he PROBLEMS: By symmetry RnR ddLw,) = He, Legge pal Peet dt -_ r-t9-2s(2e) a Begt T veR-F v= ttm, = ext M= RF) M= dLw,x -(Ee}io Me fine See? COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGB. Relationship between Load, Shear, and Moment ‘The vetical shear at Cin the gure shown in previous section is taken as Ve = (BR), = Ri — wx where RI =R2=wes? “= wL = Fox 1 “ M. = (2M) = Ex - wx (2) M. @Lx wx? © 2 2 we differentiate M with respect tox dM — a dx 2 dx 2 de dM al dx 2 Thus, the rate of change ofthe bending moment with respect to xis equal to the shearing force, or the slope of the moment diagram at the given point isthe shear a that point. Differentiate V wit respect to x gives av dx wv dx “Thus, the rate of change ofthe shearing force wih respect to xis equalto the load or the slpe ofthe shear lagram at a given point equals the load at that pont PROPERTIES OF SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS “The following are some important properties of shear and moment diagrams: 1. The area ofthe shear diagram tothe let ort the right ofthe section equalto the moment at that section. 2. The slope ofthe moment iagram ata given points the shear at that pont. 3. The slope ofthe shear dagram ata given point equals te load at that pont 4, The maximum moment occurs atthe point of zro shears, This i in reference to property number 2 that when the shear (also the slope ofthe moment diagram) is zero, the tangent drawn to the moment diagram is. horizontal 5. When the shear diagram is increasing, the moment diagram i concave upward wr, 6. When the shear diagram is decreasing, the moment diagram is concave downward, lN COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGSIGN CONVENTIONS ‘The customary sign conventions for shearing force and bending moment are represented by the figures below. A force that tends to bend the beam downwards sai to produce a posive bending moment. force that tends to shear the ef portion ofthe beam upward with respect tothe right portion is said to produce a positve shearing fom y iN Positive Bonding Negative Bending Postive Shear Negative Shear An easier way of determining the sign of the bending moment at any section i that Upward forces always cause positive bending moments regardless of whether they act to the loft orto the right ofthe exploratory section, ‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS INSTRUCTION: Without wring shear and moment equations, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beams specified in the following problems, Give numerical values at all change of loading positions and at all points ofzero shear. PROBLEM 1: om mon 2460) + 7(30) = 555N EMe=0 6R: + 1080) = 4(60) Ri=35KN “To draw the shear Diagram: Ourasaey G2) 25 ein nd ram C014 Mas oko sie (2) \E= Vy 3 aan ad gram +, NirSsfoyss= 200 (4) No = Ves ed inlnd dram — 20 We=30s0-%0=0 “To draw the Moment Diagram: Giese GB) REM + sein shew dagam Me=04 382) = 70m (9) B= Me + Aran cher Baga Mea 79-250) = a0 Nm (0) B= + en a chew agra Ma-soes0) =o, 201m COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM 2: Skim M=sokvm tm tm ia eeniens: vwonn | oR aR ® Re EMe=0 Jee BRS zm a 8m 100 R= 50016 Maso * = 42R: = 10011246) + 80069) ae Te] R= 1200 Ta dw the She Diagram Owcnsane =F hea nosd daa 09) ©) ots hannah aap SR 2 oon SOR (0 oR qs en nce dag Bo sis0 oo + ah (9 The, rome cane 8 presecwen sonar COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM 4: am = JU Mp =0 SR, = 500.5) + 25 Ri= 10KN EM4=0 5R: +25 =50(4.5) Re=40KN eit Mes + Argan che 35 + 100) sim Me areain hear {kG se MIR aan so PROBLEMS: COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM: 8 5 1375 k00m } [ i | fe is Re EMz2= 0 5R. = 80(3) + 902) R= S4EN, EM = 0 SR: = 80(2) + 90(3) R= 86KN, Checking Ry + R= Fi+ Fe ok! ‘To draw the Shear Diagram 1) Va= Ri = B4KN p= Va + Area in load dagram Vp-= 84 ~ 20(1) = 64 0X Nezer tos aay -esin (9) WerWes bean dagam Vp =-06 + 0=-G6KN Veo = Vo + Ru = 86 + 86 = 0 (5) Wasa a0 ew: ‘rem be ad daa: v/(x+1)=80/4 Yeas 2) vee it lod dara Om 64~ V2 (20 + yr Gos yx iat [204 20+ 1) = 128 ore Se + 10x~- 32-0 T2 ad 3.72 eas (3) By squared of parable: 2/ (+x) = (24 86)/ 2 idee poooar + 6362054 Moiese Pens7en (2) Me = M+ Area shear gam eee m NEAIAS etna ord ‘Aa = 2/3 (1 + 1.72X73.97) - 641) ~ 2/3 (149.97) AOS M2 4+ 5 = 175i (0) Mei + Aaa shear dagiam Mah Fork: Ay 1/3 (4X73.97 + 96) — 3 (1 + 1.72X73.97) = 1.287397) Asis Me = 137.5-S1S = 86kNe (9) Mo = Me Aen cer aga Mo = 96-86(1) =0 COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING©. Finding the Load & Moment Diagrams with Given Shear Diagram SAMPLE PROBLEMS: INSTRUCTION. in the following problems, craw moment and load diagrams corresponding tothe given shear diagrams. Specify values at all change of oad positions and at all points of zero shear. PROBLEM 1: Me = Ma + Area in shear diagram My 0 + 24002) ~ 4800 bf Maas bear ard upward (3) Me= My + Area in shear dagram Mc = 4800 + 400(3) = 6000 lb ft Macis near and upward (4) Mo = Mc + Area in shear dagram Mo = 6000 ~ 4000(2) = -2000 Ibft Mes nea and downward (5) Me = Me-+ Area in sheer diagram My = 200 + 1000(2) = 0 Mee near and upwerd COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM 2: 4 Peemaphate dis Mt 100m {8 cautes zero shear a point F, 1.6m frm z (5) Another upward concentrated force acts at Dat amagntuce of 20 +24 = 41. (6) The bod In segment DE is ufo and downward at 2/2» 10 N/m, doyom Mo = 88- Vs (24)24) =-20 kN co is donrard parabola wth vertex at F, (6) Me= Mot Wea in shear Me -20+ 95 (2012) «0 Ms downward parabola wth vertex at E, COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM 3: ue | 3 Weay abehthe ad ad fal inal ie sate ‘determined by rao ie eee cara S. o ‘an be easly of tiangle. My = Ma + Aen in shear gram My = 0- 400013) = 12,000 bR ile gun (4) Me = Me ¢ Aven in shear diagram Ms Ms (5) Me= My + Ace shear dagram Me= “1407792 + ¥2(74/77(3700) M= 1220 bR (8) Mo = Me+ Area in shew diagram: My = 12,00 + 370063) = -1200 bft My = 1200 + 17004)» S00 bf (8) Me= Me + Area in shear dara Me = S600 + ¥8(7/6K1700) Me = 800023 BR (9) My My + Aa in shew dram 1M, = 6008.33 - vs (34/6N3100) = 0 ‘Moment Diagram “WoT COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING— x(m) 1B No lad in segment BC. (2) A dowrward pont force is acting at C in a mapritude of 82 = 61. ‘To draw the Moment Diagram (2) Tofind the location of 20 shear, x10 = 3110+ 2) x= 274m 3) Me = M+ Ava in shear dagram Me = 0% 2/3 (24X10) = 18.25 km (4) Me= Me + Area in shear dagram My = 18.26 ~ [1/3 (10 + 23) 5 270000) 108-270) Me= 38) (5) Me= Ma + Area in shear dagram Me= 18~ 21) = 16 6m, COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGD. Moving Loads From the previous section, we soe that the maximum moment occurs at @ point of zero shears, For beams loaded with concentrated loads, the point of zoro shears usualy occurs undor a concentrated load and so the maximum moment. Beams and girders such as in a bridge or an overhead crane are subject to moving concentrated loads, ‘which are at fixed distance with each other. The problem here is to determine the moment under each load when each load sina postion to cause a maximum moment, The largest value ofthese moments governs the dasign ofthe beam, SINGLE MOVING LOAD Fora single moving oad, the maximum moment occurs when the load is atthe midspan and the maximum shear occurs when the loads very near the support (usualy assumed to le over the suppod). TWO MOVING LOADS Fortwo moving loads, the maximum shear occurs atthe reaction when the larger load is over that suppod. The maximum momentis given by cr1-B6 TL where Pris the smaller load, Pe isthe bigger load, and Piste total load (P = P. + Ph) THREE OR MORE MOVING LOADS In genera, the bending moment under a particular load is a maximum when the center ofthe beam is midway botwoen that load andthe resultant of all the loads thon on the span. With this rl, we compute the maximum moment under each load, and use the biggest of the moments forthe design. Usually, the biggest of these moments occurs under the biggest load. The maximum shear occurs atthe reaction where the resuitant load is nearest, Usually it happens ifthe biggest load is over that suppor and as many as possible of the remaining loads are still onthe span, ‘The maximum shear occurs at the reaction where the resultant load is nearest. Usual, it happens ifthe biggest load is over that support and as many as possible ofthe remaining loads ae stil on the span In determining the largest moment and shear, iis sometimes necessary to check the condition when the bigger loads are onthe span and the ret ofthe smaller loads are outside. COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING‘SAMPLE PROBLEMS: PROBLEM 1: A truck with axo loads of 40 kN and 60 kN on a whoo! base of § m lls across a 10-m span. ‘Compute the maximum bending moment and the maximum shearing force. ar =f ¥=200/8 -*= 200/100 2m For maximum moment under 40 KN wheel: IMp=0 10R: = 3.5(100) Ri=35KN R= 100kN Mre sete awouss = 35R: : Mr isetatetso3ss = 3.5(35) RE Ssm Mre ete otgous = 122.5 kNom a aes For maximum moment under 60 kN wheel: =Mn=0 10R: = 4(100) R= 40KN Mro taught ofcolss * Mro aeghtctcois = 4(40) Mroshanightotsoiss = 160 KN-m Thus, Mass = 160 kN-m The maximum shear will occur when the 60 KN is over a support: Mm =0 10R; = 100(8) R= S0KN Thus, Vow = 80 KN PROBLEM 2: A tractor weighing 3000 Bb, with a wheel base of 9, caries 1800 Ib of is oad on the rear ‘wheels. Compute the maximum moment and maximum shear when crossing a 14 f-span. R=W+W; 3000 = 1800 + WW; W;= 1200 tb Rx=9W; 3000x = 9(1200) reason COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING9-x=54ft When the midspan is midway 4m RAO param Tepes We cad Rite Bost oe W; will be outside the span (see figure). In this case, only the rear wheel HV, = 1800 Ib is the load. The maximum moment for this condition. is when the load is at the midapan. Ri=Re= ¥3 1800) Ri = 900 1b Maximum moment under W, Methane cee wine = 7B Mo that fcr win! = 7(900) Mra free wie! = 6300 Ib ft Maximum moment under Wj =Ma=0 142 =43R 14R: = 4.3(3000) R:= 921.43 tb Mre tse sight of ont whee! = 4.3R2 Mr thenight of entwiae = 4.3(921.43) Me tsesight of rant wiee = 3962.1 Ib ft ‘Thus, Maw = Miron rer et Maus: = 6300 Ib-ft ‘The maximum shear will occur when the R = 3000 Ib Sof j= i200 Tear wheel (wheel of greater load) is directly over the support. 3Mn=0 14R, = 1048 JAR; = 10.4000) }——_ «rk. —__] R= 2228.57 Ib ‘Thus, Vaae = 2228.57 Ib PROBLEM 3: Three wheel loads roll as a unit across a 44 span. Theloads are Pt = 4000 b and P2 = 000, lb separatedby 9 &, and Pa= 6000 at 18 8 fom P2. Determine the maximum moment and maximum shear inthe simply supported span. R=PitPtPs ne aot Ree Rages R R= 18kips R= 18,000 tbs AR=9P, + (9+ 18)P5 a r— x(18) = 98) + (9+ 18)(6) X= 13 > the resultant Ric 13 ft from PL COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGMasiowam moment under P, Ma = 0. 442, = 15.5R 44R, ~ 15.5018) Ry~ 6.34091 kips R= 6340.91 tbs Mrosetieet n= 15-5R. Mosaics ns 15.5(6340.91) Mrvielites rs = 98,2841 Tht Maximum moment under P: EM: = 0 442, = 20R 44R, = 20048) Ry~ 8.18182 kips Ri= 8181.82 tbs Meese ot72 = 20Rs - 9Py ‘Myosinta ctr: ~ 20(8,181.82) ~ 9¢4000) Mrassaiineir2 ~ 127,636.48 It Maximum moment under Ps ER =0 44R:= 15R 44R: ~ 158) Rem 6.13636 kips R= 6,136.36 Ibe Mire tangheotrs = 15Re Mroshangiectes = 15(6,136.36) Mreaoaniectrs = 92,0854 Ib ft Thus, Mea Mresai sit = 127,636.41 The maximum shear will occur when P is over the support. 0 44, - 35018) Ry = 143182 kips Ae 1, R= 143182 tbs Thats, Vu = 14,318.2 Ibs PROBLEM 4: A truck and trailer combination crossing a 12-m span has axle loads of 10, 20, and 30 kN separated respectively by distances of 3 and § m. Compute the maximum moment and maximum shear veloped in the span. R=10+20+30 kK * | R=60kN 1okn | -20KN sok AR = 3(20) + 8(30) 2(60) = 3(20) + 830) x5m COMPILED 8: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGMresetaas = SR.- 21) 7325)-30 =BENm ‘When the centerline ofthe beam is midway between seaction R= 60 EN and 304, the 10 KN comes of R=20+30 R=30KN sR=500) 360)= 150 X=3on from 204N EMu=0 aR, 5R BR, =360) R= 20594N Morseopesneue = SR 5208) = 10L7 Nm ‘Thus, the muansmam moment will occur when only (he 20 and SOEN Toads are on the pan. COMPILED BY: RICHIE CATHERINE SUPREMO-LOOD FACULTY, DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERINGPROBLEM SET Solve the following problems: PROBLEM 1: For the simply supported beam loaded as shown in the figure below, write the shear ‘and moment equations. Also sketch the shear and moment diagrams, specivng all values, Neglect the weight ofthe beam. Be sure to show complete solutions. (30 points) 10 7 7 7 PROBLEM 2: without writing the shear and moment equations, draw the shear and moment diagrams for the beam loaded as shown. Gve the numerical values at all change of loading positions and at all points of zero shear (20 pts) Tn 78m sm ‘ Sm PROBLEM 3:For given shear diagram below, draw the load and moment diagrams. Specify ll values at all change of oad positions and at all points of zero shears. (20 pts), Vb) eo