Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Course OverviewIt is important to note that online training, or even classroom training, provided by an outside Training Provider may not always meet the complete training needs for everyone. The bottom line in ALL SITUATIONS is that employers are required to ensure that their employees are adequately trained to do their job. In addition to the training provided by an outside party, there may also be a need for in house training conducted by the employer on company specifics. In house company training must be well documented.HYDROGEN SULFIDE EXTREME HEALTH HAZARD FATAL OR HARMFUL IF INHALED Hydrogen sulfide is a highly toxic, invisible gas common to a number of industries and work sites, such as oil and gas well drilling. As you can see from the sign on the left there is no mincing words where hydrogen sulfide is concerned—inhaling this toxic gas can be fatal, sometimes with as little as a single breath. All workers who may come into contact with this deadly gas should understand the nature of this gas, how to protect themselves from exposure, and how to respond to exposure.At the conclusion of this course you should understand: Properties of hydrogen sulfide; Where hydrogen sulfide can be found; Symptoms and effects of exposure; How to protect yourself from exposure; Monitoring methods for hydrogen sulfide; The purpose and elements of a Contingency Plan; and How to respond to an emergency.This course will be divided into the following sections: Section 1 — Introduction to Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness = Section 2 — Symptoms and Effects Section 3 — Protecting Yourself from Exposure Section 4 — Detection and Monitoring Section 5 — Contingency Plan Section 6 —- Emergency Response Section 7 — Summary and ConclusionBelow is a list of key terms and acronyms we will use throughout portions of this course. If you are unfamiliar with any of these terms or acronyms, you can click on the “Glossary” above at any time during training to access a detailed definition of each term. «Administrative controls ¢Engineering Controls «Anaerobic respiration «Hydrogen Sulfide «Buddy System ¢Long-term effects *Contingency Plan *SCBA «Cumulative effects ¢ Short-term effects «Emergency Response Plan =» Threshold Limit ValuePre Assessment Quiz Before starting this r | section you will be given \ . a Pre Assessment Quiz 5 to determine your prior knowledge of this subject matter. This quiz is for your benefit only and the results are not tracked.Knowledge Check According to the ACGIH, what is the maximum safe exposure to hydrogen sulfide? An average of 10 ppm over a v@ 40-hour work week An average of 15 ppm over a 40-hour work week An average of 20 ppm over a 40-hour work week An average of 25 ppm over a 40-hour work weekKnowledge Check P Which of the following is NOT an industry or work area where hydrogen sulfide can be found? Oil Chemical Sewer Mining Drilling Hydrogen sulfide can be v@ found in all of the aboveKnowledge Check What are the benefits to using an oxygen resuscitator? Check all that apply. v7 To provide 100% oxygen to the victim It does not require training to use To provide 90% oxygen to the victim To reduce the likelihood of ¥ ¥ transferring bloodborne IncorrectKnowledge Check Which of the following are characteristic of a contingency plan? Methods used to reduce hazards to an acceptable level Emergency response procedures Systematic analysis of the hazards related to an operation or work site ¥@ All of the aboveKnowledge Check Once a Contingency Plan is in place it does not need to be altered. ‘A True ‘SAFETY. ¥@ False CorrectKnowledge Check What is the difference between essential and non-essential employee responses to alarms? Essential employees are required to rescue non-essential employees Non-essential employees do not need to be trained according to the Contingency Plan Non-essential personnel do not receive SCBAs Non-essential personnel report to ¥ @) the designated upwind safe briefing CorrectKnowledge Check What is the purpose of drills? Check all that apply. To know how to use the SCBA in an emergency To interrupt your lunch breaks ¥ To use up excess cylinder air ZF To understand your responsibilities in an emergency IncorrectKnowledge Check An SCBA that is carried by the worker, is worn only when hydrogen sulfide is detected, and contains only enough air to supply the worker long enough to leave the area is called an underwater breathing apparatus ¥@ an escape unit a hoseline work unit a work/rescue unitKnowledge Check What exposure is considered a minimum lethal dose of hydrogen sulfide? 1000 ppm over 5 hours 800 ppm over 24 hours ¥ © 800 ppm over 5 minutes @® 10 ppm over 40 hours IncorrectHydrogen Sulfide Awareness IntroductionSection Objectives eee =: During this lesson we will discuss the following topics: What is hydrogen sulfide?; Scientific and common names; Natural sources of hydrogen sulfide; and Where hydrogen sulfide can be found.Introduction The goal of this course is to raise your awareness of the hazards of working with hydrogen sulfide and provide information that will prepare you for possible encounters with the gas. Now that we know what we're going to learn, let’s begin with the most obvious question.Hydrogen sulfide (Hs) is a colorless, flammable gas that is toxic at extremely low concentrations. The gas molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms and a single sulfur atom. tenon Hydroge Hydrogen sulfide is heavier than air, and often accumulates in low- lying or enclosed areas, such as gas venting or mud systems, cellars, pits, or tanks, creating areas with very high and very dangerous concentrations of the gas. Hydrogen sulfide smells like rotten eggs at low concentrations and causes those exposed to quickly lose their sense of smell, making it very dangerous since workers may not even know it is present. Exposure to low concentrations of this gas can cause extreme discomfort, such as eye and throat irritation, while higher concentrations can result in respiratory paralysis and death.Hydrogen sulfide is known by a variety of names in the scientific and industrial realms. Below are scientific and common names for hydrogen sulfide that you may encounter. Scientific Names (ed Sulfuretted hydrogen Hydrosulfuricacid Ha (H-two-S) Sour gas Disulfurhydride Sewer gas Sulfur hydride Swamp gas Dihydrogen monosulfide Rotten egg gas Dihydrogen sulfide Stink damp In the industrial setting, H2S is the term used most oft en.Knowledge Check What is the term most often used to identify hydrogen sulfide in the industrial setting? Hydrogen sulfide Sulfur hydride H2s Hydrosulfidiumral Sources of H2S TAT. Hydrogen sulfide exists in several places in nature and can occur anywhere elemental sulfur comes into contact with organic materials—especially at high temperature. The gas is present in volcanic gases, natural gas, and some well water and hot springs. Small amounts of H2S result from rotten eggs and flatulence, recognizable by the characteristic odor, though not enough to be toxic or trip alarms. The gas is a product of microbes breaking down organic matter in places with little or no air, such as swamps and sewers—or eggs and intestines.Like hydrogen sulfide, oil and gas are also created by the breakdown of organic materials, and the two are often found together. As a result, hydrogen sulfide can be present at sites during extraction of natural resources. The refinement of petroleum can also produce hydrogen sulfide when hydrogen is used to remove sulfur from petroleum. Coke ovens, paper mills that use the sulfate method, and tanneries are also areas where hydrogen sulfide is created.Industries Where is Hydrogen Sulfide Found? Gas Oil chemical Geothermal energy " Viscose rayon Anumber of areas have been identified as places where the gas can be found, Workplaces but pockets of the gas can occur Sewer systems anywhere. Tanneries ‘ % Mi However, there are several industries ae and workplaces where the toxic gas is meng Smelting reported most frequently. Faia svast spree imal waste di These areas are indicated by the tables | Fishing boats to the right.Flammability 46% (UEL) 0% -_ 100% TOO RICH TO BURN More than 46% TOO LEAN TO BURN eRe Hydrogen sulfide can ignite between concentrations of 4.3% and 46% volume in air if there is a source of ignition such as a flame or spark. At 500° Fahrenheit the gas will ignite without an ignition source. When H2S burns, it produces a blue flame and forms Sulfur dioxide. When further oxidized in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide can form sulfuric acid, resulting in acid rain.One wouldn't expect such a dangerous gas to be helpful in many ways, but the body does manufacture small amounts of hydrogen sulfide for a variety of biological functions, including digestion and memory formation. As a result, the body is usually able to detoxify itself from low concentrations of the gas fairly quickly. On the other hand, hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes and anaerobic respiration has been implicated as a contributor in several of the mass extinctions of Earth’s early history. During the first World War, Britain used hydrogen sulfide as a chemical agent. If nothing else, these examples should serve as added proof of the deadly nature of hydrogen sulfide.Knowledge Check Of the following areas, which has hydrogen sulfide been used in or played a role? Check all that apply. Memory formation Mass extinctions Chemical agent in World War | DigestionOne wouldn’t expect such a dangerous gas to be helpful in many ways, but the body does manufacture small amounts of hydrogen sulfide for a variety of biological functions, including digestion and memory formation. As aresult, the body is usually able to detoxify itself from low concentrations of the gas fairly quickly. On the other hand, hydrogen sulfide from volcanoes and anaerobic respiration has been implicated as a contributor in several of the mass extinctions of Earth’s early history. During the first World War, Britain used hydrogen sulfide as a chemical agent. If nothing else, these examples should serve as added proof of the deadly nature of hydrogen sulfide.Hydrogen sulfide, or H2S, is a highly toxic and flammable gas that forms as a result of microbes breaking down organic material in areas with little or no oxygen. This gas can often be found in swamps and sewers, as well as a variety of other industries and work areas. It is often present with natural resource deposits and can be released during the extraction and refinement process. The gas is heavier than air and can collect in poorly ventilated or low-lying areas, creating extremely high and therefore hazardous concentrations of the gas. The gas was used as a chemical weapon in the first World War and has been implicated as a contributor in several of the mass extinctions in Earth’s history.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Symptoms and EffectsSection Objectives During this lesson we will discuss the following topics: Natural defenses against H2S; Exposure limits; Symptoms and effects of H2S exposure; Short- and long-term effects; and Additional hazards.Introduction Hydrogen sulfide is a gas that can cause minor irritation in low concentrations, but in higher concentrations it can cause severe respiratory problems with as little as a single breath. It’s important to understand the hazards of exposure not just to comprehend the dangers of working around hydrogen sulfide, but also to understand the need to take protective measures when working in areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present.Because hydrogen sulfide occurs naturally in nature and is used in some biological functions—it is a byproduct of digestion—the body has developed enzymes that are able to reduce the levels of the poisonous gas. Symptoms of exposure to low levels of the gas—which include eye irritation, sore throat, nausea, dizziness, shortness of breath, and fluid in the lungs—usually disappear in a few weeks as the body detoxifies itself. This is different from exposure to something like radiation, which can cause cancer that the body may not remove on its own.The Threshold Limit Value is the maximum exposure to a time- weighted average concentration of hydrogen sulfide. This value is the average concentration to which a worker can safely expose themselves over the course of a 40-hour work week. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) have stated that a time-weighted average concentration of 10 parts per million (ppm) per workday over the course of a 40-hour work week is the maximum safe exposure. They also recommend a short-term exposure limit (STEL) of 15 ppm over 15 minutes. Exposures to higher concentrations, or similar exposures over longer periods of time, could be dangerous.10 ppm 800 ppm 1,000 ppm Even though the body is capable of removing hydrogen sulfide, the detoxification process is slow and easily overwhelmed, meaning low concentrations of the gas, and long exposure periods, are still dangerous. Concentrations of less than 10 ppm are the upper limit of human exposure over an 8-hour period before adverse effects begin to appear. Five minutes of exposure to a concentration of 800 ppm is considered a minimum lethal dose for humans, though the ACGIH considers an exposure of 300 ppm Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH). Concentrations over 1000 ppm cause immediate collapse with loss of respiratory function after a single breath.Knowledge Check What exposure is considered a minimum lethal dose of hydrogen sulfide? 800 ppm over 24 hours 1000 ppm over 5 hours 800 ppm over 5 minutes @) 10 ppm over 40 hours6 ppm ja 6ppm Ba 12ppm , The effects of exposure to hydrogen sulfide are not considered cumulative—meaning a 6 ppm exposure from Monday will not be added to a 6 ppm exposure from Tuesday for a total of 12 ppm. This doesn’t mean that it’s okay to expose yourself to low levels of hydrogen sulfide repeatedly or for long periods of time. As we will discuss later, repeated exposures can increase one’s sensitivity to the gas.fo) gm t-Y ate ated) WS Short-term exposures to relatively low concentrations (10- 100 ppm) can result in mild eye and throat irritation, headaches, and nausea. In addition to more serious eye and throat irritation, headaches, and nausea, concentrations of 100-400 ppm can cause disorientation and upset stomach. Brief exposures above 500 ppm can result in respiratory arrest and loss of consciousness.Long-term Effects Long-term effects are usually the result of hydrogen sulfide accumulating in the body over the course of the day. As stated before, some short-term effects can be made worse if you remain in an environment with hydrogen sulfide for long periods. Whereas short-term exposure to hydrogen sulfide concentrations in the range of 10-100 ppm cause mild eye irritation, long-term exposure can cause eye damage. Between 500-700 ppm, respiratory arrest can occur, leaving you unable to breathe, though it may take minutes or hours to develop. If a victim is not resuscitated in 3-6 minutes, they may die or suffer permanent brain damage.Symptoms and Effects of Exposure The toxic effects of hydrogen sulfide depend largely on the concentration of the gas, though long exposure can make minor symptoms much worse. Below is a list of symptoms and effects related to the concentration of the gas, though the concentration can vary from person to person. 0.0047 Recognition threshold—gas can be detected by a scent of rotten eggs 5-50 Eye irritation 50-500 Eye and throat irritation 50-600 Prolonged exposure: swelling of, and accumulation of fluid in, the lungs (Pulmonary edema, or chemical pneumonia) 150-200 Loss of sense of smell 500-1000 ‘Accelerated breathing followed by temporary suspension of breathing at higher concentrations 1000-2000 Respiratory paralysis—breathing stops after a single breathIndividual Tolerance Some factors can make people more susceptible to the effects of hydrogen sulfide, which can lead to showing symptoms of exposure at lower than normal concentrations. These factors include: = = Previous exposure to hydrogen sulfide; = Use of alcohol or narcotics; = Use of certain prescription medications; = Health problems involving the respiratory, circulatory, or nervous systems; and = Personal biochemistry. Medical evaluations should be conducted on workers who may be exposed to hydrogen sulfide prior to working in potentially hazardous areas.Additional Hazards Hydrogen sulfide is not only toxic to the human body, but corrosive to metals such as iron, copper, and silver as well. Since most equipment used in drilling, production, and refinement is composed of stee the presence of hydrogen sulfide can create operational safety problems. Hydrogen sulfide can cause sulfide stress cracking, which can occur rapidly and without warning, and result in equipment failure or a release of hydrogen sulfide, which could cause unexpected exposure. Your employer should select materials in accordance with the MRO0175/1SO15156 criteria for H2S service or treat drilling fluids to reduce corrosion failure.Summary Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely toxic gas that can cause a wide range of effects, from eye and throat irritation to respiratory paralysis that can result in death. While humans can tolerate extremely low concentrations of hydrogen sulfide, long exposure can result in dizziness, headaches, and fatigue. Your tolerance to the gas is also dependent on your own biochemistry and health history, as well as previous exposures to the gas, drug or alcohol use, or use of prescription medication. Not only is the gas dangerous to living creatures, it also is extremely corrosive and can cause equipment failure that could result in unexpected exposure to H2S or injury from the broken equipment.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Protecting Yourself from ExposureSection Objectives During this lesson we will discuss the following topics: = Engineering controls; = Respiratory protection; = Safe work practices; and = Drilling. | LA —/Now that you understand the hazards of exposure to hydrogen sulfide, you should also realize the importance of taking protective measures when working in areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present. As you know, the maximum safe exposure to hydrogen sulfide is 10 ppm. The best way to avoid being poisoned by hydrogen sulfide is to avoid being exposed to it in the first place. In most cases, this can be accomplished through the use of engineering controls. Of course, when it is not possible to reduce exposure below potentially harmful levels, respirators are an absolute necessity.Administrative Controls Administrative controls, or work practice controls, are changes in work procedures—such as written safety policies, rules, supervision, schedules, and training— with the goal of reducing the duration, frequency, and severity of exposure to hazardous chemicals or situations. An example would be to provide training, such as this course, that improves an employee’s understanding of the hazards of hydrogen sulfide exposure. Another example would be adjusting schedules so that employees are not in areas that produce hydrogen sulfide when elevated concentrations are expected.Engineering controls are controls placed on the working environment that , S-= re limit the possibility of [amar » — exposure to hazards. ef The two most common LS 31 ee A . engineering controls used | 9) “ips | to remove hydrogen =! oa! i —_ | sulfide from the work = 1 aj environment are: = Containment; and = Ventilation.Containment and Ventilation Containment is one of the most frequently used means of isolating hydrogen sulfide. Containment prevents the gas from entering the breathable air by containing it within a closed piping system. Ventilation is another effective means of reducing the hydrogen sulfide concentration in work areas. Slight, steady breezes can be enough to significantly reduce concentrations. This can be accomplished naturally by keeping a clear, open work area to allow air to circulate, or it can be assisted by the use of fans. When using ventilation, it is important to keep upwind of areas where hydrogen sulfide is released.Knowledge Check What are the two most common engineering controls used to remove hydrogen sulfide from the work environment? Containment and Vacuuming Ventilation and Enclosure Containment and Ventilation None of the aboveRespiratory Protection Air Filter Masks When administrative and engineering controls are not sufficient to keep hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 10 ppm, due to economical or technological limitations, respiratory protection is required. The self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) is the only acceptable form of respiratory protection used in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. This device supplies compressed breathable air from a cylinder to a facemask via a breathing tube. Depending on the type of SCBA, these cylinders can be either carried by the user or remain ina fixed location and attached to the user's facemask by a hose.There are several types of SCBAs available to employees working around hydrogen sulfide, each with its own purpose and limitations. These are: = Escape unit; = Hoseline work unit; and = Work/Rescue unit. Let’s take a closer look at each of these SCBA types.Knowledge Check When is respiratory protection required? Wherever hydrogen sulfide is present When engineering controls are not sufficient to reduce hydrogen sulfide concentrations below 10 ppm When the employer deems they are necessary All of the aboveEscape units are small, light SCBAs carried by employees who work in areas where hydrogen sulfide might be detected. The units, due to their small capacity, are worn only when hazardous levels of hydrogen sulfide are detected. Most of these units have cylinders that contain just 5 minutes of air. These units serve a single purpose—to provide enough oxygen to allow the worker to escape the hazardous area. These SCBAs should not be used to perform rescue operations or complete work.Hoseline Work Unit Hoseline work units are SCBAs provided to workers performing work in the presence of hydrogen sulfide for long periods of time. The hoseline work unit provides two sources of air. The primary source of air is a cylinder connected to a face mask by a hose which allows the worker to move to the work area without having to carry the cylinder. A smaller, backup cylinder is carried by the worker. This second cylinder is generally used as an escape unit when the primary source of air expires.Work/Rescue Unit Awork/rescue unit is a 30-minute ensemble used by workers who need to perform rescues or who work in QO areas where remote sources of air are not available. These SCBAs should be readily accessible and spread throughout an area where workers may be | exposed to H2S. an These cylinders do not tend to last the full 30 minutes Pee since the duration is based upon ideal conditions. ae) Normally, the air in a work/rescue unit will allow workers to perform their duties for just over 20 minutes. Bacon When the cylinder reaches 25% capacity a low alarm will sound. When this occurs the worker must leave the hazardous area immediately.Knowledge Check An SCBA that is carried by the worker, is worn only when hydrogen sulfide is detected, and contains only enough air to supply the worker long enough to leave the area is called an underwater breathing apparatus a work/rescue unit a hoseline work unit ® an escape unitBefore you can use an SCBA you must undergo a medical evaluation and fit testing. If you are expected to use an SCBA at any time on your worksite, your employer is required by OSHA, API, and other international regulatory standards to ensure that you know how to use the SCBA properly. SCBA training should teach you how to: = Inspect the SCBA; = Don and doff the SCBA; and = Act during emergency procedures. Each of these training aspects should be reinforced through regular drills, which we will discuss later in this section.Knowledge Check Which of the following is NOT required training prior to using an SCBA on the job? @ Repair an SCBA Inspect an SCBA Act during emergency procedures Don and doff an SCBASafe work practices are documented, standardized procedures developed to ensure that potentially hazardous tasks can be performed safely. It is important to follow these safe work practices: = Follow the safety plans and policies of the Contingency Plan; = Work upwind of hydrogen sulfide sources; = Use the buddy system; and = Prevent sparks. We will discuss the Contingency Plan in a separate section. For now, let’s look at the remaining three elements of safe work practices.di ——__> ——¥pwind— — ee) ~Downwind> As stated when we discussed ventilation as an engineering control, it is important to work upwind of hydrogen sulfide sources to reduce the likelihood of exposure to the toxic gas. Working downwind will put you in the path of the hydrogen sulfide as it moves with the wind. Wind direction can be determined with the assistance of flags and windsocks.Knowledge Check Which of the following is NOT considered part of safe work practices? Using the Buddy System Preventing sparks Following the Contingency Plan @® Working downwindBuddy System Aworker using the buddy system has another worker assigned to watch over them while they enter a hazardous area. Being apart from the work hazard allows this buddy to observe the work from a safe distance and to signal for help in case of an emergency.Preventing Sparks - 3 iq Because hydrogen sulfide is flammable and can be ignited at very low concentrations, care should be taken not to create sparks that may ignite the gas. Electrical equipment used when atmospheric concentrations of hydrogen sulfide are greater than 10% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) should be intrinsically safe or explosion proof. Tools used in this volatile atmosphere should be made of non- sparking material such as brass or copper-beryllium alloy.Drills that require use of an SCBA should be performed on a regular basis to ensure you know how to use the SCBA in an emergency, as well as to ensure you know your overall responsibilities during the emergency. During drills you should don the appropriate breathing equipment depending on your responsibilities as determined by the Contingency Plan. Workers should also perform routine work for a short time while wearing the SCBA in order to acclimate themselves to using it. Following a drill, the SCBA cylinder should be refilled, inspected, and made ready for use in any future emergencies.Knowledge Check What is the purpose of drills? Check all that apply. To interrupt your lunch breaks To know how to use the SCBA in an emergency To understand your responsibilities in an emergency To use up excess cylinder airEngineering controls are an excellent way to reduce the possibility of exposure to hydrogen sulfide. When engineering controls are not sufficient to eliminate hydrogen sulfide or reduce exposure to acceptable levels, respirators must be used. If your job requires you to use a respirator, you must pass a medical evaluation, be fit tested, and be trained in the various elements of use for the respirator you will be using. In addition, you should participate in drills on a regular basis in order to understand your responsibilities in emergency situations and to become comfortable with the use of respirator systems.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Detection and MonitoringDuring this lesson we will discuss the following topics: = Detection; = Lead acetate tape; = Colorimetric tubes; = Portable detectors; and » Fixed detectors.Even though hydrogen sulfide is invisible to the naked eye, we know where the gas is likely to show up. Because we know where it will be, we know where to test for the gas and implement the appropriate safety measures, such as alarms and respirators, to reduce or eliminate the health hazards associated with working around hydrogen sulfide. In this section we'll look at ways to detect the gas and monitor its concentration in areas where we expect the gas to appear.The recognition threshold, or the lowest concentration at which hydrogen sulfide can be detected by 50% of humans, is a mere 0.0047 parts per million (ppm)—well below hazardous levels. This recognition is usually described as a scent of rotting eggs. However, hydrogen sulfide quickly deadens the sense of smell—faster than the rotten egg smell is detected in high concentrations. Just because you can’t smell hydrogen sulfide doesn’t mean it isn’t there in high concentrations. In this light, it is best to use a different method of detection in areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present.Knowledge Check Your sense of smell is NOT the best form of hydrogen sulfide detection because humans can detect the presence of the gas at very low levels the gas deadens one's sense of smell at higher concentrations humans cannot smell hydrogen sulfide not everyone can detect the smell of rotten eggsTypes of Detectors In areas that have not been tested for hydrogen sulfide or lack a permanent monitoring system, gas detection is required. There are three general types of detectors used to detect or measure the amount of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere: » Lead acetate; » Colorimetric tubes; and = Electronic detectors.Lead acetate paper will change from white to brown in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. These detectors do not have alarms and must be checked frequently in areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present. Since you will probably be performing work tasks it will be easy to forget to check the lead acetate detector. For these reasons, lead acetate should not be used as the only form of detection. In addition, lead acetate tape only indicates the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere not the concentration. Depending on the procedures determined by the Contingency Plan, when hydrogen sulfide is detected you may want to don an escape SCBA and leave the area.Colorimetric Tubes Colorimetric tubes are somewhat more precise than lead acetate tape. Rather than simply detecting the presence of hydrogen sulfide, colorimetric tubes are capable of providing an approximate measure of the gas concentration at the time of the sample. The tubes indicate the concentration of the Colorimetric Tubes and gas by a color change on the tube in the Pump form of a long, brownish stain. The approximate concentration is determined by comparing the length of the stain to a scale. However, repeated readings must be taken in order to determine the hydrogen sulfide concentration—just because an initial reading shows that hydrogen sulfide levels are safe does not mean they will not change. ~Knowledge Check Which of the following kinds of detection devices does NOT indicate the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in the atmosphere? Electronic detectors Colorimetric tube @ Lead acetate tape None of the aboveElectronic Detectors Electronic detectors are the best form of detector because they take constant readings and sound an alarm when hydrogen sulfide reaches dangerous levels. There are two general types of detectors: = Portable units; and = Fixed units.Portable Detectors Portable units are usually worn by the worker and alert them when hydrogen sulfide reaches a predetermined concentration—usually 10 ppm. When the alarm sounds, workers should know whether they need to don an SCBA or to leave the area. A Contingency Plan and regular drills will help you understand how to respond in these situations.Fixed Detectors Fixed detectors, or monitors, are devices that constantly monitor specific areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present. These monitors are usually integrated into an alarm system that can include lights and sirens. Monitors will trigger the alarm system to alert workers when hydrogen sulfide concentrations reach a predetermined level. When alarms sound, workers should respond as trained in both emergency or escape procedures. The number of detectors required to monitor an area depends upon the size of the area and may run from a few to hundreds.Knowledge Check Which of the following is NOT a type of electronic detector? Portable Detector Fixed Detector @) Gas Detection Tube All of the abovei ai BATES JS 8S composites | feria 2 — les = a ——" POTN COs {4S composiT#! It is important that detectors are regularly and properly maintained in order to ensure that they provide accurate readings. A detector that is malfunctioning and giving incorrect readings can be dangerous since it provides a false sense of protection. Calibration should occur on a regular basis, preferably prior to each use.Knowledge Check How frequently should maintenance be performed on gas detection equipment? @® Regularly } SeywouR Daily A 7) Monthly = ¥ ca =, = AnnuallyIn work areas where hydrogen sulfide may be present, some form of gas detection is absolutely necessary to limit or prevent worker exposure. Forms of detection include sampling devices such as lead acetate tape, colorimetric tubes, and portable detectors. Fixed detectors, or monitors, constantly take samples of the surrounding atmosphere, providing an ongoing evaluation of the hydrogen sulfide concentration in the area. These fixed detectors are usually connected to alarms that sound when the hydrogen sulfide approaches or reaches hazardous levels.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Contingency PlanSection Objectives During this lesson we will ! discuss the following topics: What is a Contingency Plan? Site-specific orientation; Elements; Purpose; and Essential and non- essential employee duties.Now that you’re familiar with the hazards of hydrogen sulfide and the methods of detecting the gas, we can compile this information into what is called the Contingency Plan. Once we know what we're dealing with, in this case a toxic gas, and we know what resources we have, we can develop a plan that not only explains how these resources are distributed to reduce the likelihood of exposure to the gas, but also how to respond in emergencies.A Contingency Plan is a written, systematic analysis of the hazards related to an operation or worksite and the methods used to reduce those hazards to an acceptable level. In the case of hydrogen sulfide, this would include the hazards of the gas, the locations and expected concentrations, and how the implementation of administrative and engineering controls, SCBAs and other personal protective equipment (PPE), safe work practices, and monitors will keep employees safe. It also details the procedures enacted in case of hydrogen sulfide-related emergencies that may occur at the worksite as well as the elements of site-specific orientation. We will discuss emergency response in the next section.Knowledge Check Which of the following are characteristic of a contingency plan? Methods used to reduce hazards to an acceptable level Emergency response procedures Systematic analysis of the hazards related to an operation or work site @ All of the aboveKnowledge Check #1 That is Correct! Great Job! Please click the “NEXT” button to continue with your course.A site-specific orientation is required for all employees who will be working in areas where hydrogen sulfide will be present. The purpose of this orientation is to familiarize you with the Contingency Plan for the site. This orientation should include, at minimum, the location of and training on the use of the following: = Breathing equipment; = Portable fire extinguishers; = Emergency alarm systems; = Emergency exits; = Protection centers and muster points; and = Prevailing wind direction.The primary purpose of the Contingency Plan is to have a written document describing the hazards of a worksite and the countermeasures used to protect employees. One of the most important purposes of the Contingency Plan is to discuss how to respond when an unexpected release of hydrogen sulfide is detected. Worker response can vary depending on the industry or location. Responses could include well control, blowout ignition, evacuation plans, and rig deboarding procedures. A Contingency Plan must identify what essential and non- essential workers do at various alarm points on the gas detection system.Knowledge Check Which of the following is NOT a purpose of a Contingency Plan? To identify essential and non- essential employee emergency roles To have a written record of hazard countermeasures To identify the roles of ® employees in all industries and locations To inform employees how to respond in emergenciesEssential Employee Responsibilities Essential personnel are workers who must remain in operational areas to help control the emergency. Generally, when a low-concentration alarm sounds, essential personnel locate an emergency SCBA and move to their duty station. In these situations, the SCBA does not need to be donned. When high-concentration alarms sound, essential personnel should hold their breath, immediately don the SCBA and ensure it is functioning properly, help others in distress, then perform the emergency responsibilities designated by the Contingency Plan.Non-essential personnel respond to alarms in the same manner as essential personnel, except that non-essential personnel report to the designated, upwind, safe briefing area and await further instructions. SCBA’s do not have to be donned for low alarms. It is extremely important that you, as either an essential or non-essential employee, understand the Contingency Plan and drill regularly so in times of emergency you remain calm and don’t panic. Panic can be dangerous and cause you to forget your responsibilities, which may in turn lead to injury to yourself or others.Knowledge Check What is the difference between essential and non-essential employee responses to alarms? Non-essential personnel report to ® the designated upwind safe briefing area and await further instructions Non-essential employees do not need to be trained according to the Contingency Plan Essential employees are required to rescue non-essential employees Non-essential personnel do not receive SCBAsReviewing the Contingency Plan Contingency Plans should be reviewed on a regular basis to ensure their methods still apply to the site where they are being used. 4 The plan is considered a living ) document, meaning it may need to be altered when circumstances change at the site, such as an increase in the presence of hydrogen sulfide, a change in the systems being used, or any other change that affects elements of the original plan.Knowledge Check Once a Contingency Plan is in place it does not need to be altered. True ®) FalseA Contingency Plan analyzes the hazards present at a worksite and details the measures used to reduce those hazards to an acceptable level. It also details procedures used in emergency situations. In emergencies, essential employees remain in operational areas and help others in distress; non-essential employees must report to designated, safe, upwind areas and await briefing. In emergencies, it is important that employees trust their training and Contingency Plan, and remain calm. The Contingency Plan should be reviewed regularly and altered when changes at the workplace make alteration necessary.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Emergency Response and RescueDuring this lesson we will discuss the following topics: Emergency response plan; Rescue steps; and Following rescue.Your response to the detection of hydrogen sulfide should be determined by your company’s Contingency Plan. This reaction could be to simply don an SCBA and help direct an evacuation, or to don an escape SCBA and leave the area. The exact details of the Contingency Plan are determined by your employer. In most cases, the implementation of a Contingency Plan, safe work practices, and gas detection equipment should prevent serious exposure to hydrogen sulfide. However, due to the insidious nature of the gas, employees may be disabled before they can evacuate. In these cases, you should be aware of how to respond if you or someone else has been overcome by hydrogen sulfide.In order to have the best chance of a successful rescue, an emergency response plan must be in place. An ineffective plan or improperly executed rescue attempt can be fatal to both the victim and the rescuer. This plan should ensure the following: = Adequate number of 30-minute work/rescue SCBAs; = Emergency response training is conducted; = Buddy system is used; and = Provisions are made for emergency medical care.Response to Detection If you begin to feel any of the symptoms of exposure to hydrogen sulfide—which can include eye and throat irritation, or nausea—you should leave the area immediately. You may also be able to smell the presence of hydrogen sulfide, but, as you know, this is not the most reliable way of determining if the gas is present. In other situations you may discover someone who has been overcome by the gas. In this case you should immediately begin a rescue to reduce their exposure since “ long exposures to high concentrations busi can have permanent negative effects.Knowledge Check When should you begin rescue operations when you find someone you suspect has been overcome by hydrogen sulfide? After locating someone with proper training You should not risk exposure by entering the area ® Immediately After collecting CPR equipmentThe following steps should be used if you discover someone who has been overcome by hydrogen sulfide gas: Ne) se 5 Sound the alarm; Protect yourself; Remove the victim; Begin artificial resuscitation; and, if necessary, Perform CPR. We will discuss each of these steps in more detail on the next slides. The longer the rescue takes, the greater the chances the victim will suffer permanent brain damage or death, so it is important to act quickly.Knowledge Check Arrange the following steps in their correct order from top to bottom by clicking and dragging each step to the correct position. ‘4. 2. 3. Sound the alarm Protect yourself Remove the victim Begin artificial resuscitation Perform CPRSound the Alarm r im Before attempting a rescue, Ea ey sound the alarm. fi This will alert other workers to the aay ew ¥ fact that hydrogen sulfide may be present and that a rescue is in N process. Depending on your rescue procedures and alarm system, this may alert a rescue team trained in artificial resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) that can converge on the area. Alerting others to the presence of hydrogen sulfide will also improve your chances of being rescued if you are overcome by the gas before the rescue can begin.Knowledge Check Which of the following is NOT a purpose of sounding an alarm prior to beginning a rescue? Alerting others to the presence of the gas Alerting others that a rescue is underway Increasing the chances of your own and others' survival Initiating the emergency response planProtect Yourself After you have triggered - the alarm, and before approaching the victim, you should don a 30- minute work/rescue SCBA. These SCBAs should be readily accessible and distributed throughout areas where workers may be exposed to hydrogen sulfide.Remove the Victim Once you have sounded the alarm and donned the rescue SCBA, you should remove the victim to fresh air as quickly as possible. There may not be time to test the air to determine if the area you have moved to is free of hydrogen sulfide, but you should at least be a safe distance from where the employee had been to ensure you are outside the area of high concentration. You may want to remove the victim to a safe area, or at least to an area where there is good ventilation.Begin Artificial Resuscitation ry Once the victim has been removed S . to a safe area, you should begin resuscitation by mouth or using an oxygen resuscitator. [> —~ ___ An oxygen resuscitator is preferred g since it reduces the likelihood of exposure to bloodborne pathogens and provides 100% oxygen to the victim. However, special training is required to use an oxygen resuscitator. If you begin artificial respiration within three minutes after the victim is overcome, they should have a pulse and the chances are very good they will recover from the exposure.Knowledge Check What are the benefits to using an oxygen resuscitator? Check all that apply. It does not require training to use To reduce the likelihood of ¥ transferring bloodborne pathogens To provide 100% oxygen to the victim To provide 90% oxygen to the victimPerform CPR If no pulse is detected after artificial respiration is initiated, CPR must be administered immediately. Do not initiate CPR if the victim has a pulse.Victims of hydrogen sulfide poisoning will likely be nauseated when they regain consciousness. You may be required to help keep their airway free of vomit. Anyone who loses consciousness or experiences prolonged irritation as a result of exposure to hydrogen sulfide should be evaluated by a physician in order to detect and treat any delayed health problems.Knowledge Check If someone has lost consciousness, or continues to experience irritation due to exposure to hydrogen sulfide, they should not come into contact with other employees have CPR performed vomit ® be evaluated by a physicianVarious precautions, including administrative and engineering controls, gas detectors and respirators, the Contingency Plan, and effective training will significantly reduce the chances of exposure to hydrogen sulfide. However, so long as the gas exists at the worksite, exposure is possible. For this reason an Emergency Response Plan should be developed. Workers should also be trained on how to respond if they discover a coworker who has been overcome by the gas. The better prepared employees are, the faster they can rescue other employees, and the less likely they are to succumb to exposure themselves. The faster rescue is performed, the better chance victims have of surviving and avoiding permanent effects from exposure, such as brain damage.Hydrogen Sulfide Awareness Summary and ConclusionSection Objectives During this lesson we will discuss the following topics: Characteristics of hydrogen sulfide; Protecting yourself; Detection and monitoring; Contingency Plan; and Emergency response.Hydrogen sulfide is an extremely dangerous gas, made more so by its insidious nature—the gas is invisible to the human eye, able to deaden one’s sense of smell, and dangerous at very low concentration. At the same time you understand that with proper safety precautions and awareness you can avoid being poisoned by the gas and respond promptly and effectively if you discover someone who has. Let’s do a quick review of the topics we’ve covered.Characteristics of Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, flammable gas that is toxic at low concentrations and deadly at higher concentrations. The gas is created by the breakdown of organic material in low-oxygen areas and is often associated with oil well drilling and refineries. The gas is often referred to as H2S and can be identified by its characteristic odor of rotten eggs. However, the gas kills one’s sense of smell at low concentrations, making it extremely dangerous because you may not be aware of its presence until it’s too late.mptoms and Effects ae Py * > (>? & Hydrogen sulfide can cause eye and throat irritation at low concentrations and short exposures. Longer exposures can cause headaches and permanent eye damage. The maximum recommended exposure to the gas is 10 ppm time- weighted average over a 40-hour work week. Higher exposures can cause pulmonary edema, respiratory arrest and loss of consciousness in as little as a single breath, and death. Existing medical conditions, narcotics, prescription medicine, and prior exposure can make some people more susceptible to the effects of hydrogen sulfide.Because hydrogen sulfide is capable of killing one’s sense of smell at a relatively low concentration, it’s important to have controls in place that will either keep concentrations at safe levels or isolate the gas entirely. This can be done through ventilation with fans or confinement of the gas within piping. Where these engineering controls are not feasible, SCBAs should be readily available. Using safe work practices, such as the buddy system, working upwind of H2S sources, preventing sparks, and adhering to the precautions laid out in the Contingency Plan will also go a long way toward keeping you out of harm’s way.Detection and Monitoring Detection systems such as lead acetate tape and colorimetric tubes are excellent safety measures that help determine whether or not hydrogen sulfide is present. Permanent monitoring systems attached to visual and audio alarms that constantly monitor the workplace atmosphere are an even better option since they do not require the worker to constantly check personal detectors. However, detectors should be subject to regular maintenance to ensure they are functioning properly. y Es Ts SContingency Plans are a means of identifying workplace hazards, listing resources, and indicating what controls and safeguards are in place to eliminate workplace hazards or reduce them to acceptable levels. If you work in an area where hydrogen sulfide may be present, you should be familiar with this plan, as well as with your responsibilities within the framework of this plan. The Contingency Plan is considered a living document and should be reviewed and updated whenever changes in the workplace warrant.Emergency response is extremely important in areas where hydrogen sulfide is present since poor rescue attempts can mean death for both the original victim and the rescuer as well. Be familiar with the rescue steps: = Sound the alarm; Osu = Protect yourself; = Remove the victim; = Begin resuscitation; and, if necessary, “ = Begin CPR. The faster a rescue is underway, the better chance the victim has of surviving and avoiding permanent effects from H2S poisoning.Armed with this information, you are well on your way to being fully prepared to work in environments where hydrogen sulfide may be present. In order to be completely prepared, be sure you are familiar with: = Your employer’s contingency and emergency response plans; = Your role within those plans; and = The use and maintenance of SCBAs on your worksite. Also, be sure to participate regularly in the drills that occur on your worksite to familiarize yourself with your equipment and responsibilities. The better prepared you are, the better you will be able to protect yourself and others.Final Exam Number of Questions 20 Question Format Multiple Choice (Open or Closed Book Open Passing Percentage 70% Time Limit United Wiemning Minutes NIA Number of Attempts Allowed Unlimited Attempt Number 1 YourCurrent Tet Status Not Started Instructions Your exam will be randomly compiled from a pool af questions. Your sereen will display ane question at a time, After you answer the current question being displayed you must select the “Save Answer & Next Question’ button to move forward tothe next question for your exam. itis important to note thet YOU WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO CHANGE YOUR ANSWER once you have clickec onthe ‘Next Question’ button. You may stop and save your answers up to a specific point in order to finish the exam later, athough the exam will not be gfeded until you have answered all questions, TUnderstand- Start BxamACGIH The American Conference for Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) is a non-profit organization with the purpose of improving worker safety. One way in which the ACGIH accomplishes this is by setting Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for a variety of chemicals as well for heat and cold stress Acute Aterm used to describe either an exposure or effects that are relatively immediate and short-term. The opposite of chronic. Administrative Controls Administrative controls means measures aimed at reducing employee exposure to hazards. These measures include additional relief workers, exercise breaks, and rotation of workers. These types of controls are normally used in conjunction with other controls that more directly prevent or control exposure to the hazard, Anaerobic Respiration Metabolization of sugars in the absence of oxygen. Humans, by comparison, use aerobic respiration to metabolize sugars, and must breathe. ANSI The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) facilitates the development of American National Standards (ANS) by accrediting the procedures of standards developing organizations (SDOs) ‘These groups work cooperatively to develop voluntary national consensus standards. Accreditation by ANSI signifies that the procedures used by the standards body in connection with the development of American National Standards meet the Institute's essential requirements for openness, balance, consensus, and due process.ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY Buddy System A system of organizing employees into work groups in such a manner that each employee of the work group is designated to be observed by at least one other employee in the work group. The purpose of the buddy system is to provide rapid assistance to employees in the event of an emergency.CJ Chronic Atetm used to describe either an exposure or effects that are long term. The opposite of acute. Contingency Plan - (H28) A site-specific written document that provides an organized plan for alerting and protecting employees and the public within an area of exposure following the accidental release of a potentially hazardous atmospheric concentration of hydrogen sulfide.Designated Rescuer ‘An individual or individuals who are responsible for recovery and providing resuscitation and first aid to H2S victims.Emergency Action Plan (H2S) (Previously referred to as an Emergency Procedures Plan) - A part of a broader and more comprehensive contingency plan that outlines the immediate steps and actions that would be taken in the event of a major release of toxic material. The emergency procedures plan includes, but is not limited to, such items as: the responsibilities of personnel; « the immediate action plan, telephone numbers and communication methods; «the location of nearby residences, businesses, schools, churches, medical facilities and emergency response personne, safety equipment and supplies available; and + evacuation routes. Engineering Controls Beside hazard elimination, engineering controls are the first and best strategy for controlling hazards. Engineering controls are methods built into the design of a plant, equipment, or process to minimize the hazard at its source. Engineering controls are a reliable way to control worker exposures as long as the controls are designed, used, and maintained properly. The basic types of engineering controls are: Process control; Enclosure and/or isolation of emission source; and Ventilation.Flaring The controlled combustion of the flammable vapors discharged from vent piping or pipelines.H2s The chemical formula for Hydrogen Sulfide. Hydrogen Sulfide Ahighly toxic and flammable gas that forms as a result of microbes breaking down organic material in areas with little or no oxygen. The gas is colorless and smells like rotten eggs at low ‘concentrations; the gas deadens the sense of smell at higher concentrations. Often referred to as HOS.IDLH ‘An Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) condition is one in which an atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life ‘or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. Instructor (H2S) ‘An individual vino has successfully completed a course in H2S instructor training from an institution or organization offering such courses or possess significant past experience in instructing in this fieldMay Indicates a permissive statement.Non-Essential Personnel (H2S) ‘Those individuals who are not required to engage in activities to control the hazardous conditions associated with H2S during an emergency.Occupational Exposure Limit (OEL) Ahealth-based workplace standard to protect workers from adverse exposure (e.g., PELs, TLVs®, RELs, WEELs, etc.) adopted by the employer or facility owner,‘SCBA ‘An acronym that stands for self-contained breathing apparatus. SCBAs ate one type of ‘atmosphere-supplying respirator for which air is supplied from a cylinder of compressed alr or ‘oxygen. For this type of respirator, the source of the breathing air is designed to be transported by or with the equipment user. ‘Shall Indicates a mandatory requirement should Indicates a recommendation which is advised, but not required.Threshold Limit Value (TLV) The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of a chemical substance is level to which itis believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. TLV is a value ascribed by the American Council of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Tim ‘A general term used to describe the metallurgy and other material considerations used when specifying pressure control equipment for use in particular corrosive environments. E.g. “H2S Trim.”Venting The process of discharging a material to the atmosphere through a series of piping and/or venting devices, to facilitate the proper and safe dispersion of toxic materials and to minimize personnel exposure. Visitor (H2S) ‘An individual who is visiting a job site for a short period of time, and who is not required to provide any of the operational or control activities at the site. Visitors are not exempt from the initial and ‘annual H2S training