G51) A cal gal AA eae aie dg’! AQ) patil POU 429)! GygUl Jgaql esha sel pV) AY) ALadeal) walied Qaoluaiiy) Aad Ruud AbLIY icy Bud 1 3, LAN a aus Bled le Beige Ae Fpudo LS ngs =p gu tilSuud| 1 Gt jolla De hine oot Akins 1 Mgip Maw Baty Ani 6 gla dng Be LSD) cyte 6 gest i pane | bay A LaS LAGAN att 7 2 shall 6 UE ga 5alatN agua GB pep lantt acts pba VT 7 SARLS dia JB) ASD y Steel call IS AyMeall Ata peas = eg 5LL GE! —€ CAS ly Sip Sila Deu pple) Ge ASL putas gh og Dad pL 5)! poll keys ood Aiki gle Madey GY DOLaalt | Beli ylac ot pany LS pgrgiag Mt Dike a yb GLI a epic tay yaaa Y pd! GY Ayetinalt Juolally gLiWt AS gas 95S pga DAN cot die Wade (TIO,) ppaSCecd) ai i ALABLAN pci SS pa ay pelt (Epos pabiy (7) ies) aay yaad Madi ya Mylan St uaa 5 Ga Loy gat plu del) Clas. sala April) gd Mab Jung aie cle Aysilil) ailsgo A al gall BA eae ye he ByS Bylly Be Sg Landy ea AS gS aad GN die DLs Aud LS] ic spgyilall SAN, Os gga syuSi ual ABS yay Disha GIS pi aa gb pacing IY JST agli sana RAD Ga il eo A lm olay ele Mig Chapel Relea ob Riu’ psbrny sr nty ag algal Jab pg 426) SLi, SN aL Ga tle Days le puaie pg St RED CoA AST GSH ys Lam we G89 Montes he uu (ya Bale 955 LTS ASD Lea yh paca a YY Ale yo Lala pa Lola tans Lee dud pried S13 saghyt ReLaay Gala ¢ Sika ob py sSt padcianay gen Cars Chay 9S itd y placa Jee (9b pudriins gaat! Cr,O, (TIT) 9g yt) suai Ral ag SOLS yo cng aS 50 SaLeS pseu i KCrO, apap) ABin dpay pela Y ruled 0 WPM pay) Aa daglad Debian gh Fateh a a Oa pa ay CLS ya gi Ae Drinks a3j1831 Cay ptt gue Be Lise ® ee pgalagl Al pet 9 hall Gus bial Sp tuSje fale gag MnO, jutritl suai 519 1 Balgll juleit OLS yo ag JSLGY Lyiag lat Cans: apy 3 pplany SduS$e 5aleS (KMnO,) pga pli linia nrg Blanlt apaalt Aelia bps diiuay Calg pall dua MnO, II juieat ga hy gBAthy BaLL pass gag eS Say oly ygSEl gly siy Bonk! GLA dpa delay sadytod! "1 SUR Sagem olny (tigy ~ ppl) Adz ytas jail) SLB DeLee flim alas patois LaS gol pa)! (ing d = pligd) Bip glag olan 258g ot! (Capa 950 uu sig Cnmardaell Ge dau) Git AAAS) ChutoLiat! Delis ¢B Lotbinsy dade lt Jl Lea dis gi pO asada! Cubyg SI duty: Cub gt V Baga Slyluull Gd Malay Gyles) DAWN le Ale 3 pty din By Lualt Lol Aaidi jl oN! 60 cits gS) Lgasi Lada Lpatad phe LSI Cy gS 9 BAN edie geca age (ye Sli by Haight dade Liles he. vat Byguo gb Sta ps ot Sats bye dley BN ayy ue ASI ball Gd pabciansy CDLung play Sai Ain fund nth Fale Y ALA pguasls — JS yyy Red Jail pcan: JSD =A CaN ake Bg SDN y IAT) LAL pany pala 1 Dey liiey iuad! Aayliny 2p Dually oka Uebel ISL Sys jalan lay yam tt Da pl Rasy in ISN pla BY Baa 41 G14 y Digg ts ae jth JS pig LS gu ISS gaany JST BuS ga Baya nly pun ge As By GLI Ae 5 Jyh Ld — gall pens 2 ull 4 Gag Mba) CD) A Lay Bay gS GIS Beinn dp Id sla y6SU a ange cleat ly plaiall heaSy fyi A aeaS ptdeiaas gilt (CUSO,) I yalaitt GLiyS Syagil yale OLS pa p8irp ESY g 8 Gale GUS po 9g — lg gene psbvingy yt ole Las MAS pal ltt 81 By alt Jpnca Cm gS plat pang) OS ya yay ial ya galery aN Bly Atle 8 ps LI Slat abl bas 3S + aa LAST = 1+ aS US pag Juan Cl paocinng dally SLA Belg a Js 301 ZnO GuuoslANt Lusi Bpagtlt Ail Bat) OLELSy Aaa! GU Mal Delia 9B pudclins 6a ZnS (yu latgsi I Sal Raya RAL ees uaa [isAr] 4s? 3a! MIB | 21S¢ TiO2 , Tiz03 [isAr] 4s* 3d? IVB | niTi |__| V20s , VO, V203, [isAr] 4s? 34° | VB | 2Vv C103, C203 , CrO [isAr] 4s! 34° MnO2 , M03 , MnO, KMnOy , K2MnO, Fex03 , FeO [CoFs” . CoCl; , CoCly [isAr] 4s? 3d* [isAr] 4s? 3d [isAr] 4s? 3d” VIIB | 2sMn | uFe Vill | nCo NiO2z , Niz03 , NiO [isAr] 4s? 3a® CuO, C0 [isAr] 4s! 3a!? [isAr] 4s? 3a"? UB | 302mgo A al gall BA eae ye REVEL eves ers pel G3d*) Fei, OW ere 3d") Se¥s, pal (Bd®) Fez, ret Gd) Ti, rl (3d) Co%,, ei Ge) Vi, pal Gd) Nix, pal 3d!) Crt, si} Gd) Cur, ot (3d*) Mn, Oph gus (Bd) Zn%s, Cur, (5239) po! (3d) Mn, naa shy Ally spd) SAS. jap Vogl GLA ge tall edt! (SFE Apedie algal Ne J yuan cag) psi) Sac Ash ull (ans sei ened Atal) ) AY NMS Hg pues Gy ALN yt) anes) alle (cet eSlhy aap! Jacl y atau! iyi) pals plasty gull) Gaal) jy6 Tuy apes fay al sil peat it pl SS) 8 tpt Fgad abyg yglot! Ge Gabbly pL! Lagds (1) FeCO,, —S» FeO, + CO,,, ated? 7% 2FeO,.. re Oy65 Fe, Ox, ye 69.6% 4 2Fe,0,3H,0, —S-> 2Fe,0,+ 3H,0,, sent yin 69.0% sppdiarg Dlg Cay SI) Me ilgili! soy Suu] (Os) A So +026 SO, 4P ‘ 50,5-—> 2PO 5 raysall cals Jha) LS ALA Gyyall BSL oda ty EDgSIl aod Ge GIL Gy SI aus Spl jk SU5S91 (i) A C,, +0,,, —> C,,, A Cx, +0, —— 20, A 3CO,, + Fe, 0,» 2Fe,, + 300, combed LAS) ce Soe SLid! (iLL) Serer tnglly Ogu ST! raul Sol eile Laybsy JUGS) wgaSpha yd 25 Aplaall oka tig (93% 43CH, SLirall jl Syuus) 2CH,,, + C0, —*-» 3C0,, + 5H,,, Mis) 219) 4” 2Fe,O,,,+ 3CO,,+ 3H, —» 4Fe,, + 3CO,, + 3H,0, 2 46) 28) 0 yrGUN RN al gall AA ees uae ily Ayoet AS Ge - ess ~ Cm 58 si thine tg Lake Ling Linge pe FAN CSS Gym Ses of ose Gotett sees (o-)) Ue ae (207) GSS 6-5) Bae B98 FLAN GH Ge Ae SS ee Ot UBS ee tT pe Sl BY GSTs Aosgltat acpaus HOWL Gs Gaunt juasT SSS) bapa! S355} Boey HHS OL oto juts ot berl BpDtee Gye sahabe gy Cm AAS: he oe AL eal! aolgs Gams Sb Ere Sree gay shguaFIGLe p09 amas tg Bytes! Stead posal USL asad Cp Begitl Mm Jd Byes APSO) Cage STN g apa Ages Leal Cpe g Seat (aes PASI Lua 6 43 BiB Oy lee Yt fat! Sts Giaes Jaa LI Cpe Egil! the 8 co (9 9SMy tet) Bape She BtLie Stl Gortgtly Spelt! ISANly pleat! ass CASEIN g tyson) BS garg (elit hy uid!) ASeguag Hear Y (60) abel laid LS)! iL gD USL S faba! BS epaul BD gSLI pecoLal toh ASL Cpe gegAll Khe God SUS p+ ct Big pal! SRLS Cob tgat Wiles gtk QaSSY Bless OLS ps Wgitdel pag cisagatl Stet pe Baal Re gers cB a5 YSIS pe G9 Ae 2a! peaks CHB pathy (ColaaT! — agate stBt!) 9 (UST! - agate gt!) asa oFe,C cuctesutly Au, Pb (unatt — olio 531) assy cregti Spall vals 3Fe,, +20,,, “> FeO, 1 ie 5 3Fe,+4H,0,220S Fe,0,.,+ 4H, ut ‘i si 49 t FAL SU aa 3, 2Fe, + 3Cl,,—“-» 2Fe,Cl,., A Fest Sw Fes. wego A al gall BA eae ye pales) as -4 dil Fe, + H,S03.5) FeSO..+ Hy) Fe, + 2HCI,-OL FeCl, +H, 3Fe,,+ 8H,SO, “> Fe,SO,.,, + Fe,(S0,) 4 + 450,,, + 8H,0,, (yest) TT apse yest 1 yall duals clggll ge Ujmey (ID) tgtod) SY buns of Gucuuity =) coo x | Fe > Fe + C0, + C0, coo G54 S01 duu] sisi ouraytngll cde! ats JI; Fe,0, ) * Hay RATE 2FeO,,+ H.0,, Fe,0, I + Has A TOON > 3F 0, + H,0,. 4FeO,, +0, —A-» 2Fe,0. a) Ory daze dit — Fe, +H,SO,,,-——» FeSO, + HO (Cores) + TTT teas) asus) -2 FeCl, +3NH,OH,,, ——> Fe(OH),,,+ 3NH,Cl,,, ust 2Fe(OH), —FoGe > Fe,0,,.+ 34,0, A 2FeSO,., FeO, + SO,,5+ 3055) Ana) 3 A Fe,0,,. +3H,SO,,.—~ > Fe,(SO,), + 3H20,, (ospzand) (esa) gst) asi) aged) ss! -3 3Fe,0,.+ ©0,,; aes 2Fe,O,.+ CO... Conc FeO, + 4HSO0, 9 A” FeSO, 4.9 + Fe(SO.)aaq) + 44,05 Anal 2Fe,0,,,. +h Ox.) . 3Fe,0, toh \refot Lahaat at pal cet lth what die al al gl Sigh FOS sf SL je) Cilagueall oy pole gil aoe cle cg yin (pill Sola AS 9 J) pall pada deal ys (ty FSM Ane Gils y 3) AP + 3e AL AL NS 2 Use 1 25S AD chi gsh os Sy 1 USRY GUS SSI) os Uy 3 abl 5 pile Repeal Samy sf ts jell GS AAAI) jolted 43 USN g pane : (g) Algal d elall Saay (g) sunies 2 Te/moryaaam ~ Mmol) ci sal) sae golagiae x Cluj all oY pase = CLiyjall wis 6.02 x 10° (S691 gla gi) Co i) (atSTP) (L/mol) 22.4 x (mol) 3) eXts4 ae = (1) Jl ape Cg /mol ) 41-0 5 1 = jad) Aas Yatstr) (L /mol) 22.4 (gf) 38 “ (mol) vy se i ep = = (M) gaa 358 109 x SR = (a) % Sect paint GUS Ay gil Apat Mn i Snits 100% rae ~ Bihan Se cab Sl Uyts yg Ayal Qualitative Analysis :( 2:8!) Aces)! Juli! -) vaya Be cya la ghsve gl (Waa ale) 24 Cuts equa Balad CiLigSa le Ciel I chaps Qualitative Analysis :( 4S!) Juloill-* Solel deol sell ye b9Ss JS dius 08d I bags esiT LIS! Say i> Balad! Cage gle a pail) Soh AUST! Jule) Liles ele! oe uy eliaS Lglyltd 3 lal!gS A al gall BA ees ae Ae es IS ple san te pt 9 BERL Sha IS ype em + call at» Aue ype tot ote pS Joke + pl Ile» Na,CO,,, + 2H), ——> SUSAN lo grealec sy Os tha a Ge S +MgSO,,,, ——+ Na,S0,,,, + MgCO,., MgCO,,, + 2H Mal, Na.co, FHOp)+ Cy Spb lane, gi sgl Need Sy See sally tema ob PNiGueeest toenbill las Joke gl) Jal abe doe cagl l O35 2NAHHCOs 6+ MESO jog Na,S0,,,, + Mg(HICO,), Mg(HCO,),., —A 5 MECO,., + H.0,+ C034) Eat tA Late + alll lew el ed Se Na S0,,,+2AgNO,,, ——> ‘Ag,SO,,, + 2NaNO, Aad AGS Ie + glee Rat pS ce apd ol oe Na,5,yy-+ 2ANO, 2NaNO,,.. HAE, ed et allt te as + Fs Nu,S.0, 2NuS.0, + 2Nal, Gade 2NaCl,, + HLO,p,+ CO... AST A I sola 31, bin IN Me Sag sy SI CO, + CaOH),,, 57 CaCO, +H 0,5 short time Bad 35.48 3LAN ye Mer ANS SV te ID AD pe AE Ob 9 Se el COP Se SHV) NaHCO, + HC), —+ NaCl, #H.0,,+CO,,, pS ast ge toh sSIA atl L Sys HCO, Sty KN) Dp Bob ALU tp Spear a Na,S0,,, + 2HCI,, ——» ANAC, + HLO,g + SO yy sh ee SNA HU iE elas hy ph lly LAN SN to Notes S JU Ianeathe EBS pare Baar K.Cr0 yy +380, 41150, — SOP Sassnry KS pu9* CSO) sg He, NaS, +2HCI,., 2NaCl.,, +118, ES caressa aS He ea By sass (Mpls jie SH seh) (CH,COO),Pb,., + HS, —> 2CH.COOK,, + PS, NaS,0,,,+2HCI,, —> +H, +80, 2Nacl eSB J Ra os ating al ly Apes peed SOF tase) yy,(oe gS linia J ple + alll Jyle & NaNO, + HCI. ——> eas NaCl,,,, + HNO,,,,, Steal eto 3HNO,, —> SNaND,,.) +2KMn0,,., + 3HSO,.5 HNO,,,,, + H,O,7,+ 2NO,,, = NEN Oia TSO befell AST Ge tea +2MnSO,,,,+3H,Oy, deste dae clo ee pel gall Ol Mage 2NO,, + Oxg, —» 2NO, JS yall dhs pSIl Gan Fe gape 2 NO; eatin te ASD ISL pastel pb 3S pal A SN) mam + cial! cobed caw bavill yeu! « fede t IN pee ee cry pep tay IS LE clay ail Ly IS eal ty Ky Ge eelee Loe Oo Scilly dU) Moped i ase nt nat pata J gles ale orl 5 SA wl St ork — 2NaCl,, +H,S0,,, 224 NaCl + ABNO say) —— Na,SO,,,, + 2HCl,, NaNO,,,,. + AgCl, = © HCl, +NH,., ——* NH.Cl,, Rat Nes e+ Ue ae le ery rte Ley LE dle she ype ple taal ely Op Key thas, pS ea fod US joe LT ll dopa cb pi dels pasted paperclip oeul | ais SEM ple ye Geby py LEN Idee yy eel NaBr,,,, + ANO4,,,, ——> 2NaBr,, +H,SO,,, 4, NaNO,,) + ABI Na,SO,,,,, + 2HBr, 2HBr,, + H,SO,,, 2H,0,,+ 80,,, + Bry, Cr ay) Bro ey Sher) ea Siar al eee ei [seit ealesath sey ya eum (pete carl ace iw gies uaectny SoUhal Iplne igh agallSycth ala uals ely Stl ils ia sia cepind ety Nall, + ADNO, 4 > AAI Ugly Ulla WBys NaNO, + Aly — 2KI.,+H,SO, , Conc/d Kso, (aq) + 2HI,, HI, +H,SO, Cone 2H,0 4, + SO,,,+ | @ 206) "20 zy T aysgatl Cv)$s Naya a an Hi Ee eESies Ge Sglne Lendl S50) Gees Jind Ett Shas + at) StS pe pecan) Ge deb BLS! the S291 GALS stay apes SLES Spall AhiaySTl aaa Ge sale als aces uasul app cbsial pleail le Ghent unl pluutlaie Lata, 2N@NO,,+H,50,,., Contd Pe ee aM Na shat 2HNO, 2NaNO,, + 6FeS0,,,+4H,S0,,, 4HNO NO, o1,uii($) eq seq io ipie Seine + Si Cone, 3Fe,(50),,4 + Nas0.,, 2H,0 + 4NO,,,,+ 0. ot 2 ‘one +4H,0,,+2N0,, 4HNO, | +Cu ne 30 FeSO,,,+NO, _ FeSO,NO,, Cu(NO,), +2H0 on. ) 200g 7 ATM ey SNL Sa sll ws sie yo 4 + NSE Op LW SI et lll S le oe eats eet ore Ue ste es fan PEN IF HN lS tee FPO wld C1) NaPO,,,+3AENO,, ——~» 2Ni,PO,,, + 3B8Cl, , ——> SNANO,,.4) + AZ,PO i, Ba,(PO,),,, + ONaCl,,,, dD ste) $5 Jylet alll le « Mo) sew Na,$0,,,, + (CH,COO), Pay — at SOP cha ,SC9) 2CH,COONA,,,, + PbSO,,, Na,SO,,. +B 2NaCl,, + BaSO,,, DY! of sacl hentig Ag’, Het, Ph? Qa JS chigils Jaitiig (193) Adin) Ae yenally A Syl es gy gap Gil hay Chay S yy (450 Ata de pep) (ID) Gale! Soul Ge WS) alot pS 0 Sati Ceasly gts (HCI + H,S) de gerrell dts + (IT) Gulrll Jove glove oS Lad hy tall cam Gb gc (ID) CuSO,,,;+ H,S,,-———> H,SO, ‘aay ‘ah ‘an + CuS,., yrs,pe pte ssi gall tas gh gla + chal Jl stp dy ll (AML) Ltn de gana pyc rall te S ase Dae t alll Jule a AV,(6O,) gq + ONH,OH,,, —> ct aed aly OS AB Borie IS ke ME Kae spop all Sy yhe cen ha ie gion al eel yO 3(NH,), SO, ,,, + 2AKOH),,, AL(SO.),,. + NaOH, ee Oe ~~ eee SEAS AMON, + NaOH, ——» NaAlO,,, + 24.0, tos palaeSys40 lea Jae » FeSO,,,+2NH,OH,, ——» RS et oe at aad at OS (NH,), SO,,.,, + Fe(OH),,,, aw (1D) att ot el I IS pe FeSO,,q, + 2NSOH,,, ——> AlN po ylay ne atl re 1Na,SO,,,,, + Fe(OH),,, pera Syn J set pil Sgle » FeCl, +3NH,OH,, > eS pphto at OS 3NH.Cl,,,, + Fe(OH), leo ’ AMT) wat . COs FeCl, NOH, Ht A Oe Re Bev 3NaCl,,, + FeCOH),. ga JS glns + Gall glans) Ay yall aL Stl Aglstatl Ae peat) assis a S asm + cll Sle (1) CaCl, + (NH,),CO,, ——> errs 2NH,Cl,,, + CaCO. 0 8) CaCl, #HSO,., ——e ee US oe ed oS o 2HCI.,,, + CaSO, Bi oyby BHC] Be Gos ~ SLI GSIICY) a Siglatleg nets ge CHC *HLO 9+ Oy —> wish ol oop ca Ca(HCO,),,go A al gall BA eae ye Sole) Src lay 3 Aorta! SY! casey eogy TL Soto! Sac dass gd agit | sacle Las Nl Oeil | ated degli oy | seat | lay sisal asl BB taal Sol eae (say) el all ase all pia! olesil aul ond andl sue bas! Sul hual Spadina Sil MaVa a MbYb ng Dp nd wpcathedll 5 gli) 85: My wpcdtudll Yoeall S53: Ma seeiuuall (gpl! aes Vp, wed! Qeaall pee Vy og gall OY ga te: np aaall GY ge use: ny Aig jyall Joliill Ales 8 Abs 5 gall Jelaill dlales (4 co 928 ah yall GS yall gh jena plas Gulla gle Zip hl oda 5355 + pla) de AUS (6 pekill pla Cyureis gf USES Gaya y 6 yUaiall Solel! cans Le} sitll dbbe is yay Agha) sald Higa gle 0 jps8i MN pall Sal sf pueninll es 3b gle May pall obo nein’ y roy sill A de Spall Se ees als Gs pre che SS shy cla 8 ob sill aad GS rated) AUS asd GSe cial pI AES Gyo s Laing s ale ll Age eat $43 yy cle eat tly Soul yygsi al yall AL een nln eg OLY) Gna QI veri pes peal ge Seals ly ph pals shell cle Sku cles ya peal Ul) cle ees Cae (Le i ga pall slat!) Le sly cladl Gb pad Ge Lis pe Ati) cade Lidl! as GB a gd Me Latah) gall yn Si Leanne Ge an Gl ly gh SLE cole yg gin oll Aas al ell welll el ja) AS ed C95 (Selly 52 bl) QALY IS G8 jad GOEL 8 uly) CDE LEA LONG Se Seta jan G8 pada £9 yaya An af pally Mle Lia a yal eli Sane og slaty Lai Sissy Salis LES ga dyads! able bill ob lyst Gli CANS Lalla LEE gy) FV Shang il silly De bitall GS FB all Jeli) Uses ae cs bl! Sala Les (Gaul y SB ally SE select ol) Je lat) Lausy (58 52 pa ge Anil 5 Ae Litall at yall aoe + AGU Leecal) hs) all dg j9 Ube Jelaall Gy aj Stay gh Melita ol gall 5S 5 8d spilpasSt) JULI fare seh! JEU (Ae pu) Jane cle 5i'g3 ill Jal gall He Liidll ol yall 58 5-2 Ae Liiall al yall Aaya | hicall. 4 Jeli 8 y)ya da ya 3 epall-6 3 jaa Sal gall - 5 ual ge Gayle Galli piles Jeti) Ae jue quilt 5) yall da ya cig aio” :AtiSt) ad cy id Eg) 5] Li jal AY ge ase eg gly Gu & shy JS) JeLEdl) a gal 4 Yl 5S 8 Ge yaa Aig jgall Jett! Alans AMA 2 jadll el yal Se Ke ONS) cul laws FeClsgaq) + 3NHsSCNeg == Fe(SCN)saq) + 3NHsClaq) THs sys agi gel Shilue 9S TI] asl athe 58 sl hal gl) apse ps al ri=r2 :0lb UM) aes [Fe(SCN)3 ] [NH3Cl]? Ky wey) ed a(S ON AY) G18) (@) K, (GLI at) [FeCl3] [NH4SCN]3 vesgo A al gall BA eae ye MW plana! aie JeLiill [aay gSI is pall Slag of Gan (gill AIAN Gyo coal sal cg play) MBL Mbp LL Ky oY) out aia (Png) Ny + 3Hig ES 2H Ke = GT 40) sf AeLitall Gl aU As jall be gecall pty p32 Y Jelalll K, ad Gl Ke gd lal ys LS sop Aas all 9) 451 jG) 4a jal be seas panes gt Jolaill ASI) Licall 815 3a) days ti (Ge BY bail) «538 fil) ba) 5 Allan (48 LBS gle 8 ji'gall Jal gall aaah (pb yt Gan 13)" seul gl Sactl WRG) Noa BG (iy gi IU) gl olay) dat ALB G18 3 all dae C4 985 gh BT Gh 94 oll) Je UKtN me yt Juli) ge 5h Babe Ally Sléath alall Gias OU Edy pASTY) Sllenall 2¥ gi) spi gs Vl GY) GLa ole AGS) Gad Gy gid Guu Alpaca) Gales) Gland Cult) CU aa ate oll J pel (Ka) lal ys iyi Rial eae 17 «10? H,SO, jah jaa 67x 10+ HE Ahyslin tial nae 5.1.x 104 HNO, jal 1.8.x 10° CH,COOH (Shea) abs aa 44x 107 H,CO, ign ines 58x 10" H,80, Bagg otease (Ra) Gs Avy gi pet as LG Mia Galea Sty SU gl ool) Atle 4b CL ja gad Askar gh cult) Hy gAl) aly SIN ob Cty g cgi col) Abad ue Ly jal) JS gat Ale ga zalill cull) \ty,SU CAIUII eal Raya AY seas alin A Ssagg Sigs) ALU ee CL Sall oye ube pa gat Glee go hel cil Ag! Ci jal) ASAE Lak GaSlete Gila, j) pay glanall gd ta ghy ie tis sty) ASSHaM ue Ly Fall g UG GY cya Col Sid Alla LEB Gly ja a gStl GLE g. WI oath y UN g GEL Sa aay Adc LL SIN alan Gob GI FIM) Gye g gill Whe LEQ sig oly gic 43g) A Galas GSN y cht ats UGA A gall itd y Sty) ple ALiSN Jad cob Gua OS Y SAI y OC Cyplall gh ASH Aaja yy ABDLat) shag) Gye add Sas ay bd Adel Chis sty gel) Cg Rt) JS Cpa Ades] CLL y SSIY) Jutland C (mol/L) “ = 2 . * Kg= xx Cy nas [oe ise) chic aie ‘ ee a eee » [H30']=/K, x Cy dass Sc) [OH] As ) xgal ju 6 Glee 2 .. (OH-]= /K, x G Ky = tomer J sLall Guld (pho Ast) Jad oy gilS Gada (Say MAY ciigeda Cady SI) pall rola outs bald =([H*][ OH- ]=10-1* CoS Ge Cu OH, HY elsdl p85 une Gaal ga" Ky olall oi gti) Quota M1071 og sluuy pla} 2h i Ne ld (ig old sl ates 8 ad Goal) Gael alee Ge sill alee oLall [H+] =[OH- ] =10-7 Sallacall Ay gli) gj Aida gead) Aa ys oe pall Gi ghusi! (pH) cea ste! (bt) Gul! "14 a) sie Os all Cee 925d) Cageh 5S (10 abd) lal) ay LE slll ga pH =-log[H*] & pOH =— log [OH] =pH + pOH=14 Mesgo A al gall BA eae ye eas Soke > egg 10 1 12 13 14 _ i y sdallovall and sine stug!l eBsll SI Jone ous Bola eased! Est! | — Zero yslsyaya aa IMOI/L Jylne 1 ALyglSgyatna caas O.1M0I/L Sylne 18-16 Sana!l uaa 23 Saal pune 4 29 gall 4 35 call yeas 4.0 alolatall prac 5.0 gill 6.2 plaal! ele 66 - 63 wal . 55 Soul | 7 a lal 74 - 62 sola 745 - 7.35 pal 84 ceultele 86 - 78 Auballijban!! £ 10.5 Ulett atte " Imol/L Ssh Sell age (po dpee ApenSgyane O.1MOI/L glen 92gue sau yyaua TMONL Jalna (CSU atl tat Und cited Saale! es Self Uploatl ell ales 3B B33 Na,CO, Jpleve tii - eine pleat mattlabediyans | NH Cl slot -¢ alate Jglovll siny CH,COONH, Jglee pci slat Igloal! sine NaCl sina pais t sat) ot gt isi) Gabel K* — KOH psetigs eS gt Nat — NaOH psi pe teaSy tet CY aag'S — HCI te yslS ppg uae NO3 185 © HNOs 4 fish Gas SOF” StS — H2SO4 ey Sl) GoanGUN RN al gall AA ees uae NarCO ase nell GU gS 142385 fee jas Ce IL Lal) Sloat 7 NaxCO; ——= 2Na* + CO37 2420 2H* +20H NaxCO; + 2H20 2Nat + 20H + HsCOs NHGCl ssiseil sys's Hid Sac lhy og gh aes cya pill lal cil ail. NH,Cl ——= NH} +Cr #0 — =H +O NHACI + H20 =——= NHAOH + H+ A Adee Bsc y ee CH3COO NHy assy! tal CH;COONHs == CH:COO + NH{ 120 H + OH CH3;COONH; + H20 CH3;COOH + NHsOH NaCl agtgaltassls Apsh bach 5 of een Ge ai lad ial! Jill 4 NaCl —+ Cr + Na* HO == H + OH NaCl + H,O Na*+ OH + H* + Cr sg Silly Ceaall Gils pLal) A Lal lash aied Julai) Gass go guatll Gi ret Las aaa Gos JS 5h le Glall Jplaal Assay Ayala) Spall) aca Gal Lapa ficial wall cod Gall Chigd coe Gail) yg gly (hag aed coh gel Spa ANSYI Yaad g) LIY) Jules Kop Git 19! Jacl SUG) OY ge tae ig gla Cul Uple JS 6 gh ya il / Uipally 5 yale Aad gi JEU nt Gua ga” Maal gl gla ee Sl A aa gh ly ol ai aay gd hed «(AY/ dg) Clas) Ga Glad aud Jglaall 5S fd Aly) days sasis ys) Leis 20°C aie lds 31.6 2/100 ¢(H20) og stad oLall LA KNOs ase) (0.0016g/100g(H20) A 8310) 4a.j3 Gadi aie ell 4 AgCI dail! PbBr2jay == Pb7j) + 2Brgq) K,p= [Pb?*] [Br-]* MeNgo A al gall BA eae ye 1 eLyaySll AMily 4285 jpadte.al jayl de Zn | Znzny)) Cuggyy| Cu? (adi glo Sgn) paola SyileasS gS! apg! Ala auSitlage | baste (a) catan | (asd ata +3045 eat) las SS a ui Lite K Ke +2924 Na Nat+e +271 Mg Mgi+2e | +2375 Al APs3e + 1.670 Mn Mnv+2e | +1029 Zn Zn?-420 +:0.762 cr Cr++3e- + 0.740 cr ceyze- | +0.587 ce cere. +0410 Fe Fev42e- | +0.409 cd cd42e- | + 0.402 co conse | +0.280 Ne2e- | +0,230 pb°'#2e- +0.126 F050 cu -0340 +0340 40H - 0401 +0401 Ag -0800 +0800 nm Agh42e = 1.200 41.200 i Au4ze -1.420 +1420 2F +287 emf Ay sgStl Andtall 6 80) lus (3.9.3) Comb) 4p 6S) Sadia 5 si = gS! Spal Gl GAS Bases) age — 4 539) SaaS) age = 2989) JIG aga — a gS) JI 58) Ya = I A gHLSl) JIE age + 4979) Saas) age Ags) WO) yi ay, Zn, + HgQ) ——» ZnO + Hef, — Ecat = 1.35V 2H + Org — 2H20@) + Energy \ty,GUN RN al gall AA ees uae Z aS eu 2Haw + 40HGjq) > 4H20@ + 4e~ E' =0.83V Ox + 220@ + de~ — 40Hiq) E’ =04V } edie Laat 2H + Oxy > 2H20e) Een = 1.23 V Ast) Loan ad Beal Map (cecal oS yall) Adal ala ol Ay ay 1 Alt jeu | Phe) + SO%i4q) — PbSOu)+2e" E° = 0.36 V :(smaall) agi! Jetii « 45.0.36 = detail Lag) culill aust age PbhOx) + 4H* + SO3;,4) + Ze —> PbSOe) + 2H2O ce) :CG4) 2st! Jeti 298 1,69 a Soli Ned gulall JIG) ae. lal Quflsteal easy dole Jeans G4 pill ale Ay Ua AS) Je tail Phy) + PhO) + 4Hfi9) + 280%) —“— 2PbSOug) + 2H20e) Ly NA20S= 1.69 + 0.36 = ANU Ay gil daitat 5 sith ron Jeuis rad) aie 4 laa (Ast) Je lil 2PbSO4) + ZH20@) raze Phy + PbO) + 2803i4q) + Hig) 244 Ua 1st) Je tial) Phy) + PbO) + 4Hguq) + 250329) 2PDSO4 + 2H2Oe) LiCws —> Cosy + Lifag +e CoO%) + Lifagy + 7 4 LiCoO2) \tnfA a gall BA ees ye a y LiCos) + CoO2) SS Co) + LiCoOrs) regiStl Jouitt) Ecc = 3 V Caled! JSG rag LS Galea y apse JSG SSIS ae et Alslaall Gag suStill aig gant abe ye 2 SY! Fey — Fey + 4e7 wee (1) Splally 28) Ge US yyy asi saad debi Gl apse 5 82 pa. sall Gy SI) Cal go ald 2 gS) Ask! (OH™ ) SesS5 jcugll de penne iol) cl sell GuaeSi J) pS a ASI aie iy 2H2Oy + Org + 4e7 > ACOH) aq (2) ATT yaa aS 5 joes Se (OH?) Sy p44] SU gl ae (Fe?) tall Ob gl aati 2Feft) + 4(OH) ag) > Fe(OH)26) @) = T1epsel) aS 9 pape Goll elall (ob IAI Gun) Alaa y Tapco ape pass anti, 2Fe(OH)x) + ; Ox) + H20H — 2Fe(OH)xy) «..-- (4) spsall SUAS Jel AIS date!) giih AL) GYLeal) eaary 2Fey + 3H200 + 30. — 2Fe(OH)3) V3) he pus SLs Lael ang OE ga) Gye Sapte GLeS le (g slay elall GY Aube ake fuels waa ole AUS CSU I ye pS) OLS (ale olall os sia! pagal Lae lh Ge A jal 5 y8 | Sale ides Lavell Ge span Glan G yh Uiaes igh Lady (Loss aie JH) ja) jis lb Aes Ley sees (oa lst) patty Aya gst) Aten —j Unuisase AS) ja) flip lb ghaks Le mes 2(ig gi eli) yagi Steal — Agus ay LP: La 83 tS SU yg po ads aly SIT J glad thee Leal 90 seg Sl) Qala sete) Gate (gla) 8 Gall SHALE CS 6) gus obas (gl atc ASL aaM gf Ai Stal) Salad) ApeS Gali" 5g lal dl Yl capil "Pals BOY! gsenaall sl Abell gb p5 Gil ely el Ans ee ah Gal dole hobs yell aS dh yg pas Sle eal 6) Ab SEN gf MALAI ol gall GLeS yg Hal Lal REN oy gil NARA YES gn GALE GN gl gle Maite Olt 5 SI seGUN RN al gall AA ees uae AN ABDI Lucky y Gglat UW GAIN gy gill Ge pues JY) patel Aidlcal) Ais) gS) peaiell As colt) paiall Aiilcal) Atisi ol) paiall Als Casals Spe Lc) | id gle 5 paill Ug) all salad) AS Uys dual jal) Audis) AGI a pat haSll Jelill lB] big gSIY! Aga\ all 425i) As) Aga) yal) Ailey dist) = (Z) nas) Gg) Gling asc (IC =1A xls) sell a5 x shill 55 = ely ygSll nS relat lll L118 mg se ead CU yl plan GE IC sly pS Ua jlae ol ell Oe AnsS 5) yo] sie (0.001118 g gl) Xaadll Go debe sh ol gS call say alll GME cally SY JNA (96500 C) = (IF) gglaloBaals sly) sie AB) aa aie Bald) Gye Apel jo Als AS Gs AMD ABD als Sey Lye jal Salall AS GLb Le yas ue fal Lal SH HS Se (8) X (A) A 5a 96500 (Z) #483) x (F) glae= = (el sally) Ae piel! Sala A 3 / aa] Apel oe 38 oe 8 ll Ap eS) AS ela gly Mal — 1 set gS) Jalal) des F— Ag* ix)sotution —} |A# asi Taw Aut Atv ee |go A al gall BA eae ye aspiagll adie — 2 OS ISN ye Migs Gazal 5 ayssll 0 & sivenall ASI) ans ga (2 slSt!) Lesgall 4 5S Ss oda 8 eal yy ye te 5 (Sails) ye Sl oe OI plea Ge Bye (2 pV) Semel Ss Late (Gull a) J) Rly Baal Joli Coaey AM abd as ops eS 2AP* +) Ge + 2Aleo (Bagally 2 gist aie 307 + 3/202 + be (seal!) 59) aie 2AF* + 30? —— > 2Alo + 3/202) 4 (lS) oui eS fie A Gy SI eT Gy SI CIE BS iy SII tbl an sell Gan Jey Al ll ol os JS Ulias 3/202 + 2C —*CO®™ + COx® Als Keka Aah II Gye AgLSh Gye g yube IY) Gang Csleall is — 3 Cus) > Cuz + 2e7 Hg as Cur) + 2e-— Cu pA g8LSl) wis Zn > Znzy) + 2e- ail ptt Li Fes) > Fefiy + 2e7 8) ial Aaadll 5 Gan ll Ge IS Lilac Lely plod 8 OU yl ode UyGUN RN al gall AA ees uae Agger) sleeStly ual) atall al Force gill A Ya Rygps gh Maal gy Ge) CS YE SNS 9S aT YS all gt Ayal CAS al) of alain oie Sal CS yall oa cans Say (Gd gal ) gl pada eye Ghai Ce Ay gaall os gAll Ay ad Apt Ay pe te gb LNW) plat) Any 1828 ple Gh ah cg ab OS yl pila sha Cad ca ly al ob (Gl day od aS ge Se A) Rail ies psig gS NH4Cliag) + AECNOfaq). ———* AgCls) + NHsCNO ea) NHuCNOqq =—S—+ H2N - CO- NE) psslpall lila hos HLS yall Shy ys a Goa Oe Ce gl geld BLL le ay SN) OL ad NA gall GS alloy at Goes pany ee Gg SIT Gl bags 9b gh - ANG 9) QS gl tal bly yp be 9 ad Bayne Ariba ye 3) Anaidade cdi gf de pile adler gf 8 peas Jaudhew Aine (plo Le) Able Aapcall 42 Zeal) CLS yall 6 Lge 2 as pt Hagia cs ph Bi as .G SI poli BLL G55! g gs S Cail pale eg si05 Ob fat | ell oS I cll ATSBaagl yi sy UE edt Bs a all be Gays PTS cash -2 fait ys | 4 Headil day 3 haiy a Gi Taos d We Line Wie cin murs H20,CO> bas gis Ua sae 6 Aya beig; jal! hats il els -7 a pS AST Les TA A OF aly | - = “ Soe yg eee 8 tj a a gy Ly dell ie 9 UB agg Sh yaaye Ce 9S gle YS pts js ol 9! Balt -10 ok GUS Chie On UE an Bid ge Sieg) Soe (44358) FO ati shined oatsgo A al gall BA eae ye C#2.Cu0™)—A+ 2Cu) + CO%y 2H+ CuO) —2> Cu) + H20% Hydrocarbons 265255 9544) oid Cass OH IS) g pale He g gin ypee CLS ps A SlpSael Asli ‘asd sel _— a ees: ela cuit aio! abut s Aabtvans tahns ce cH Bins de My Eee ea re oO ApH) iapelly — “S sea) cushy Stam aque woes | ma at n Clly ts : ou can,,., CH! Coma CH, a . . :Homologous Series Mails) Lata} AT ty AS Ugacal 9S BA iy ale pia jo Ggild Ygrany CLS pall (ys AE game Got (BN Ag) Pha Aa ail gal 98 :Alkyl Radical (R-) Jsl¥) $4 4) 46 gape cetety = Ae Cg a Bk go ay Salta GLY) ye Gig Ba ple a YAS AS ge Atal) Uglies (RR) Jeulls gl jay — (duals (a) hare lay Ade AB) GSI) aly =p Atal NY J 920 Cats CH, by CH, Shah dene -3. bey Sete -2 Ply sl AOE gh A Shes) pads Aad yy Si Abell de ll Jo gall C1 9S 1). SH ae (de Ay a yay Lage Lg Sb Np Ae pare sh agua si yoiSlh is cum gle Bod gill ONS 13) - £ wSutal 4) sa52 sl s25l5 Jd (9) gS AA uses Go Oe Ci gle Justi de pane) Als gg ill AIS Li] - 0 wen € sae Hl gg ill JSD pany G5 GBI Oy ab) gy Gf sey ALOU Yalan eel gd Piel) puss CHsCOONaw + NaOH) 29 CHag + NaxCOse FELIU pgp gual! gel N yal galt GRY -1 CHa) + 202% —4—+ COxe+ 220) + Energy yetgo A al gall BA eae ye 400°C gf UV sata shell ee Jelittl -2 1- CHa) + Clg) (uv) CHCl + HCl) — 4 (uv) (Bes 33319) 2- CH3Clq + Cl <> 9 CH2Chrg) + HCl) cha 93986 a (uv) (ca ass) 3- CH2Chyw + Cl ———+ CHClx) + HChe) tye gy 316 DE (uv) (estate) 4- CHClyg + Che “> CCl + HCl) ie sol yet (98 sus Qh) 5 gig SUAS tbs Lalo CHBrCICFs cS gig bila pading s jadss Ab gh 52d CHCl psi siSl) pial — 1 (O48) 53.9! ADK -1,1,1 -s 9162-5092 2) As Mat Ba cee A at) gags ADE 11,1 ptdioy— 2 CARBLS 9 Cail gly il gual Andho ah paS 9 GLa dill s CiuSall 3 gal pb GU gs pil) Cuasdind) — 3, suasll gly CRs fie OUST Agi gla ciltidie 6 Fle Calis lly Agiy IYI 5 jg ol} sg Sia gyal) ye — 3 GH Hye Gao Ca coe ots et ooh ancvraagenaisis ee ABU) CU gi Sg gl (Olifenes “4159\)— Alkenes SUS!Y1 -] CoH, Ethene GY! 6,10 EO, os H0,, 180°C at . salle Qui ghd (pie JeLidl Ida ais Kaas pn JAN ely 5 Ughe 55 pall yy Sl) aa ga USN Jelly 1GUN RN al gall AA ees uae ay H-(-C-0-SO,H +H,0 H Area Sh ots OLY) OgSing Bally Aan agll LAY) cis nS Jats -2 i woo Ht 4 Je "y= ot jag GY -1 CaHag) + 302%) —4 + 2CO2x) + 2H20) + Energy ay) adie lis .2 Castell hal (i ¥) PlorNi, CH cH my Cet Hy 9 15000 Aisa gly) Adil ( fl 7 CH,=CH,,,,+ Br,,, Ty a o f- H, oat! Br . » sligll Galea!) Guns stugll clade Abc (@ HW Hu HeCae- Hy HBr, sc onl, H Br EL! g29y HHH HH H rit tot H-C-C=C-H HBr —+H-¢-(-¢-H HBr Oban gag 2 H Cues sp sail e jell gd Site 52 GSI ll (HVOSOSH) 5} (H"/ X) isis pe Jolie dita) X) Mull c jolly Gey paell 1S ya pS) asad Adela 5) 501 58 I} Leas Jeliiall be (H*) Car sod! GIS Ge dil ae eld! G15: 80 6 Goll Gin ( (ApSiat 5 agi) relat) 4aLa) (4 LOY) A) Geant) La) 1 CH, = CH, +4-080,H,,, > CH,-CH,-050,H,,, Hen BOC Copb Pb 8) ELIE ST) eee Aes LISS yengo A al gall BA eae ye cH, CH 080M y+ 10, ae cH —CH-OH,,, +H,S0,,,, (tbo) sia any +H, Te CH CH,—OH,, ay suet (Abe) dit dea) 3, :Baeyr’s reaction Jb Jeu Giada Ost Lyle gsi auy A pgpati gal) Cinta yy plas of GubY) Sle I yal aie 59 jal Ay) agg Ge GRASI ale JUGS) 98 5 a peut gall qa kwno, | I Prcee HHO + Ty een ol OH OH Addition polymerization betas pal y MLL gall pay SLI) Sl ya gi ge Cea Lal Stall easy AGL eat duatg Bete nlsSHly GIN + Ad Gielen | otelbl sasistt decing Ot Rahal PISS «KAD stadt whbbaiayn | eres reall att saan | ashyisk (alot « Kasay = Cha Jalsa = ole Agua yap Sine (SN) pall ityiintand | Iytoad! Lardy Fe F OB sash ols > aT, bats Ramm dogam ~ rey . ost — F eee tei) LT ple = Bled p FOF cae data stys6st waielode FoF oe Condensation polymerization :itSiy 3 ly) -2 yoy,GUN RN al gall AA ees uae Alkynes SUAS! -2 (Acetylenes Aika!) Ca Jeu GN) H+ Ca(OH), ia) 2CH,., 100°C, CH, + 3H, ak as) Gay i 2C2Ha~) + 302) sel 2COng) + 2H20p) + 2Cw 2C2Haw + 50x —29—* 4COxq + 2H20q + Heat ont Aay) eli si eeall SSM agey ob de agit i H H 2 ‘cs > H— C=C —H ON YONN YY ON H Me) 2) ou : a ry spits ry CG, Hy jt Bry; C,H, Bry, ~ CH, Bry ct Sabi gagy SU 2 OL pag gel 22.11 HX) layla He H 7 HBr i H— C=C, H+ HBr, —> C=C 8S H—cC-c —Br “ . I | H Bry H Bry, Catal gaan) Gabaeny-I liga JULI \on,go A al gall BA eae ye Hehe! (40% )H,SO, © HgSO,- 60°C CH,CHO ,, Cypatla!) JL! Apa Y AU y (am alti) SUEY) Susy My ob gE) (zeae deine (ob Jo Liill Nia Gita sll aks Gd gale att gy Sclea CH, -CHO lode. on, coon y Aclified KMnO>) A gaan Ast aes [gmt] SEL SEL (LN Sal) gibi ple Squall HUIS Says cu,cuo 4 CH, CH0H | © ett, cycloalkanes 4giati clasty) —dagtali Agta te Sok I AS i Le CA, CH, ale GLuSa eile ligy Ab obey (haa gS) (GLa, p15) (big otSew) (Shaw Sew) ooo “OO O. IO Srhae Shs Anthracene nana Bence Ob ee Ge =I cca ya -2 egalall GLasg) ga =| Heat on, -CH,-CH,CH CCH, sole Shas “e) Reed hot, 1h ah Gg) Nitube OFGUN RN al gall AA ees uae sisill Ge -3, o Reductign ++ tn, Retin + 70 Or A oe % dais ooh — Hy gies “OONa a8 A poetgee Glen ot cole Galil gf Sahay [ys Las Sl gt Slpibite SDE i an gob LY) SUE cy jal YS 13) wl) Ges sell 38 Sa als J he penal dele sh Liles Bl Gand pall Age pall Sle panall - X osssllelly-NH> sel - OH dS 5 4!) - R USI! sg) Une ipa ga gall Ge anall - NO: 3841 - COOH JS #1 8lI - CO a suSll - CHO a sista 3, eles, ae Gost) comps ka) = CA, CA, ® A ne atoll aga 2 a ct. a uv sc, —> cna, @ #) cr ‘cl ey wn Sa pa a Sha Day! ole Halogenation 4ajg) -1 cl Rec 1} een, Fy oO + HeL 1H i UV © @gsi A all aya aL ees yale (28S — Jud detit) Alkylation UsY! -2 cn, +cHCL Sy +H Me ( (anhydrous) 74, “ (ovate) ooh date Nitration 544) -3 No, HNO, Conc.H,SO, + (HO-! aaa +H, ot FOND), s0°c 4e)* HO @ ee cnbars °H, Hy ip, “OF NO, 4+3HNO, => +310, 6 ( Conel& © 2) aslglall (Cosh betes) caslslell ahd a Sulphonation 42) -4 Son Cone. oO + HO-SO,H > © +10 w ® ® ® EhSgdludl Gals Gane Uganda Atle g JY) Ah pill Gana SUS ye (gl Lekeal Apc Lineal) Cabal) decline 9 sft BLA ig 5a ob tay spall (98 cla gill SHAM pa gt pucll ball (ge Juans Ay gLsit 12 pucally shall Aa 1S og Ay shall Aig Sg ptsgll Ababa) Ge BLE 989 (all) Cul Je Ga 5S hydrophilic FLall Aas (2 9 Abbie AS sane 52 5 Gul pI ga AY) ¢ Jolly hydrophobic r{O)-soy + NaQH—> R{O)-s0'N4: +H,0 *@) (aq) Vea 71H Ag glad! ou5by oiaam LST SSF ssp eget! ell! piled! 5b eee (aa)GUN RN al gall AA ees uae Y clits jeu JST ea gdh gl] Sc pemlls Lgcand! GUS Ul pLusdi Ausigllegantl abl eal unl! OH Jens) sue!! R—OH Saya! OH Juu5su6!! Ar—OH Oyyual =O ayy R-O-—R asl 4H hua! = C20 S38) ° =O Juin ° bg cH, —C—cu, R—-C-R staal CH,— CooH COOH Jenssysii] 0 Talay SII ialanit A ghail iaae R—C—On CH,COOC.H, =COOR iui] 0 ite et a R—C—or NH, (sisal) ua | R —NH, Stiga OH CH,OH faronrecy (Seiad) hss Gee R = ron [22 Rg Slaadl 5S tee 0H +r anon |22M ard Slay | Op Sere alcohols S¥ 5381 (1 lah CN gal) Aan Chi jb Ga SY) Ae ganad 4S CM past pd paul y s(Aasteal) paul) JS) AS gna eg Apeuill | CoHs-OH gts} Jas 5 CH3OH cites J pa Sie digas a Upsetgsi A all aya aL ees yale aly 9 pl Was Ayal BLS 0 (5g SN ND ye tell Cpa gle (5 gimmall) Juthall GISIY! Gye gas aul & Hadad a 5 Spall ais cans 9s! CoHsOH dsitea CH30H dis (dy) tga sn 9 pagll AS gana oy i) od atl Ge Ai yy I) Lass Added Jaca aS pally jal aul lay oh (le Gland Aas) Clrauill gf 2Ada gale = Cage Sky Dike (Fe gan Ab AS ll 9 SII 38 Jeet CH, —CH,—CH,—OH CH, —CH—OH sale luay Jans lanai Uses Ssikew 1 yi Usibew2 si SY ga) es NTA AM acciall Gb SaaS gpaigll le gape 36 Cams OY pall dla (Sas JenSaalliagas — eaSaytegl DE ua ayteg ELS eaSertggll sted CHOM, C.HKOm), cHoM, CH, -OH Jstuspal Sapaaale JsSebe cell sill! CH,—(CHOH),—CH, CH,— CH-CH, H,— CH, fo de tee on das de 528059) stp AS 9 cue Ay G1 AD A aa aug Qala GY yal) its (O58 3544 |) AS pana ALaiall oity ISH) Re gaone Loli)! Gum GY gS! Capua Uo Aysit SYS Adsl Oty epee lad tas Heser lead Ls aig 61 de gaena eed aS i Sold Sty iS pS ode Ista 16 Bass SanS ay Ladis ol ise oaS Baoly cararue bis crash CH, H H CH, it Con cH fon cu {ion CH, CH, H BY Asa Sao sil luna! Joos Jet] Ssiban 2 Sales 2 eihan -2 CoHsOH (SsQ9!) ALLY! Lgasth ste JS 5 paagll Ayalei A s¥) Gy gall aeUuall SSN) aes Gb Hydrolysis C,H,0,,, + HO,-—"""S cn.o, + C,H,0, o + HOS a FLO) + CHM a9) Jae i 3 95; Yeast — CHO (aq) Zymase enzyme 2C,H,OH,, + 2CO, jaSale stl JanS vrGUN RN al gall AA ees uae CAN 5 pus? Cracking Rite Bist: | =F on = cH, 0,5 coon, = - eC ABs Lah - By Fae Sr teally gh gee lass GAN dam oll (HSI 9 Cay: A goal + (BgS.595 pla 3rold) BAIS gi 4g OY greS tants OLS H, CHiy CH=CH, 9 H,0)— > CH,~ Hen, OH (3338 Jae) dsihan 2 CH, . HS0, cy Hy, HO, CH,~ C ~ CH, CH, alge Bm Sala 2 oH (AU US) Soitigy -2- hte -2 s(alcohol Converted) Js!) dsssii yg pchall ob A GLE Gyo tall 96% 0 5S 95 ol) (il) J pity (gle Atte Las) Ay ssh gS Jp DM Says Slat aSiudil |B OS y Aepan Le lainly dame | pal Ga byl Lal Alga) Ag) LSS Gy) aay gall yelp AalaRal Say og poe Gy day Ay glass) le Licall cya 2S Ggby Seal cranny (ga 8 Ail) Cats pally (gatlly Oiginll anes) Ssitinal fe Ala al gal yiaes Cosi Oo) ay Babes Ataess Sibens YY} USL Y Ge pad Gy Y CLAY! ode 9 4 ght ple Gila, rN gaSt) putea dale) di allnall gs Ga gllaall J gall LSI) (Setth Gye LSI YB 0 Sip ill USI haa Gaby SAGAN gS) 6 9S g AMG Go Jae SiS g phigh Ae game Jad hy gill aly lll ital A RX KOH <> Ro OH + KX alg! $4-X. JS Bo Rus ON egh 98S page dag cooly LAS SID aa ya Lge 1 ji) Al gga Guus Cilia gig af 2b gale ENN od Ugg GSI) haa ge aan 7 eset ae 2OY galt Label) al gil 78°C 5 oe Heaha 5) CY gal CALS GL jl) Gal gS) am ol gb SULSIY Ge (Lge LAT SS atl 197°C ea Fait yo YUE Aa ys pla) 8 Gg GY gal} eS 5 till Ae game agaist ald eas 290°C Bly CaS pe lg (Sabi lgetany Qs gh pall a Ang ptegsi A all aya aL ees yale 1 Bent val gl gb ISN AS gape, ald opel - + AS cs Sell Jac dle Lis - ¢ eS s dll Ae pee un sad Bly Leal cle tis -| AY gal Apa (/ Apeae Aine bel gi ol Seal! oo GSLs - Guedll ale gle fidt) Male GY gas G| LSS 5h ea Sak ill psa ally gat all Sha Alaa) 5) Qn YAEL Gyn ly Alsace OS 3 pligll AS gaa Cut gue 2ROH + 2k ———» 2ROK + H, passeligll tye Sa G5 CH, oC ‘0 OH+H oc, w Cone fyi cae Ja CHyg, -,COOC,H,+H,0 2, a Sy jtigll Ao pages eld cde Lis ~2 CH,OH,, +HCI,, a CH,Ch,* H,0 © Doig AS do pepe Leald cdle lis 3 ¢-on) AgLg3! CY gas) Bausi =i t [0] oH HO. ons OW —> |cH, + on} > © 1 ee tinal ou eles CHy Fay, [01 44 gH) GY gost) Sasi cH, Qu % curd! cu,-¢-on| ‘cag, ch, ca Censidies) he dee! ARIA GY gost) Saas) -¢ cg BM ode cas aus gd 1A Cue gat GIL Daa Y Ugly isl! de gene Go) cya,GUN RN al gall AA ees uae 41S J gall fs Joy duals Odie lis 4 1 = H i H,S0,Cone, 7 fOHy Te ETE tHe 1 1G H H, i a H 2 H,SO, Cone. CHOW TPO AO CH,— O— CH, + H,0, CHOW, 140°C eo > H Ay gal Aetna fae SyihpagSl) ile Lindl (By (gall gags jl ls Ay gated ALS yal yes wisi yglly eDUall y SB pe AG pull hy 5 glans 54les Aenea! aye Ge GLa all plied lls (8 padting - sa) Byghad (ol) Lin 0935 Gb agg Algal Cag pall y Ay pla Gilg tl Aetna fb J oihY) padiny -¥ Baal) CHa pag SySt) Cas fhe Glaaty Mac lo AStab ) pak Gye YT Lad Algal) ilps pall J yLtt sissally = Gell She Gaba gary of Sl tual 198 98 ptdinngs Gals jal) ga bly -£ Fails O%crghralilia| 1% dyitia 5% tJ gil! 85%) gral) Lyasll Cy 9S ot Jd 0 Agila le nell cians big gl jia agiigS pion pli (slay Rags GAUL ally ~ 50°C fe Leak) 8) jal) Sl ys ask (ll ol ie pe fill A OL « (-110.5°C) esas CH—CH, — :dsSg yuugi Ault cy gas Jia oth wot | OE Sprit lt oy Aap AeiLe BAS 54) Gaal 8 Cl Lal Cia ye od ating = 1 As taal tani y dba) adBY) slanl'y AuSalg pigll el pill Jil gue (of ating Ain jll | ys get dba ell (PEG) SSH Coalthl ooloy yaad: Abs pny Og Slall Call pans (8 Jan « Gaull A pal g ya gual ad iste S28 3 etl ABE CY ga! CHs-CH—CH, big iS ou (eK - 3,2 1 On ont op 32s! de wag 8) 5 Sean) i) planned stall Abe ya 5aleS padioy - 1 = Aa gaily Aig pall AaB) Gea TY ell Moline A eas JS pal) A fl g hy Sl) dae a das Maal gs 5 fil be ale os (Cg pottad IS ADS) cy pul 9 lll Clad phe CH,—OH CH;-0 —NO, ch—on + 3HO-NO, _Conc/A ch O—NO, +3H,0,, 2) ~ ° ch.—on, © HS," ch—o—No, LOH, 2 2) Ag a8 ge Al ll ag Lg pal gl py LasSoA ET a apa ae ple Se 5 pagll Baye LS pal CH,- OH cHO I 1 c=0 (CHOH), 1 | (CHOM, CH,OH CH,~ OH S9iSpall ASU ZL igual JS 32S BSUS hal Phenols SY shill Jone dsssis ae (ig gaan) dil sual) le Jpaall Gk spall ol pall (i jad) hill Ga) SS 98h a Udy AD y Lule Ugh Ala g MI Aan sll) CLS pall Gye - 2300 atm dle ides 300°C 4aki ys Bla 4a Fh ager pall a on 300c +NaOH Za? i ‘NaCl (aq) 300 atm “aq) © ™ cabinets seid A eal! Gal gl ols Gad 43°C Ae eal Aa) AD aU Ay gts Aas Bale J ath wO5°C ae Label Ay ¢ Fay ogi 5 yl pall Aaja ab ys eLall Gb Aa gd ala jay elall A Aha) Gal gt) (Op ow ssist | mon sn sgn 4 be J sil) Auta -1 ‘adeatacl (Oy ONa +H, RONa +11, (Oy (ONa oh AEG Jeane pepegiall siS 9p Bem Spy he aes Sgt) ALAN ge Jal Jets -2 Ona a 7 Syl R = on + HCLK-——> HCL @& ay Gad Jol ae RCI+ HO Sela Raley Spon Ge ‘ yw,GUN RN al gall AA ees uae ou on dai gia ee ON NO. suo, St, * | +310, * Se) WSO, © Le) @ H H-C=0 Maal gill ee - 5 file yaad Lae GU Sy gael gh ptaan Laary cob Lagat lly gall) a syhalla ll Je Liss = SUSAN jagl ge Gy gSiad Lali jal Aiba s 505 ab Copolymers gladll ge ies) seg ealy C5) 9S eLall AA sind) Jglne ool) (TID) tpt) tay gis U plas Qs cil pb Al wash Guay Sy eal) (ob gst plane call ag yall ole AdLiQ) aie -2 Aus 9 ated) Carboxylic Acids AS gama Cleat 13g ASLAN) yabea¥) 6 9Stl Just) Ae panes JS 94 SII AS gene aati ou wich gs) viaen Ci 9Si 5 ylhe Gy 5 Alla yas 52 Stl | c=0 a R-C=0 Slag eee Ghali ae SyS Nase OY 1B Agta) aban) SaaS g 9SI) Asta Aaaciall AST alas! (le callers Ca pagal Gs Sil fia! Aisa Oe Cy gall oof a gs Galan) ole Gs (C=O) Saige 8 it game C0 AS ya AS game Ay gland (salen 5 jp! Jus 54 SI) Ae gare _ CO) desSs pues A daS 54 950) alan! £93} (Astetat Asati) + dauSgs SN Ayala) yolani HCOOH hats sane (Ayactan gud) + awSsp SHAE Gale coon coor on coon . edt aa eh unSi oan wwgo A al gall BA eae ye sais) Lat) eee oh BY) sh LEU ahh Cpe Atal) Aas) Uplands Sale Alas gp St) Gabe) pai Aba yaa gill poly SU ta al RW Ay gant) OLS pall eas Ads Ge Lala) ASV) Got Galen slaty eaaall ol) Ga ab th als Se co ging og AM ula) LSI) cya aman) pad pds Ty gS agi Gaal dyad aie aul Yy CASI al AGS gl} (Ala) Qealball AbLOLy cage SI) GL ase Ay 9) aU tai Ug ileal g Anil Ugilanel 9 Aphaes 52 601 Galea) Gans (lil J gall qa gag etn Seb eli gen aaa er ee en th yiline yaam ott (Formica) Jaill eha;sal\ yaam HCOOH ysis nae oly (Acetum) Jeu! thu! as CH,COOH tasiliges aam yet (Butter) 5ayj) thane! games C,H,COOH AysiISy shana ppS 35 16 4 SIS ys LS (Palm Oil) yt) ag} tga see C,H, COOH iia Gas Asal) Mb 1 Cospess| Aba gg AAAS) gat Jalal) Sathya oo (JE) Aca) Gea pay «OSI Say CaaS ll LSM agay Gd gpl : ropbila) Qu oyedand -2 GE ah pha 8 pags aly Ua ple Melina) ob Lead aaa pay oA ggg andl (ol) op gay duly oil) grat) nsoaom HE poy . HC SC H+H29 ago, ge CHs C= O —> CH -C=0) Osu age hil oem LY) Galan SU Lala! yal gt GIG A SY aS! Oble a ya os lel Alas 5 SI Gola Gble da je ay jill Gel gl | ye sees is be ee Bt pp eal is je ool alld a ey ty jal) ALS ee OFS 3 uid | alas | Ohll ay “Agel 2S asl 78°C 46 100°C 46 Aaya 98°C 60 usc | oo. elu! v8Seated atl od! Jet Geld = 1 ite Gal gil) (CH3COO),Mgjaq) + Hoe) 2.CHsCOOH 9) + ME guetta itil CHsCOOH aq) + NaHCOs),) ——————* CHsCOONa aaj+ CO) + HO) poesgee Sd sm gost Ae gape coll 6 i Ul sh -2 wSlally Sa! CyygStl GA gall ea Ay geal) aban Jeuits :l ad) gy ySi o OR R-C- ON+H-OR > R-C -OR+H,0 p20 Xe gael os J Ul gS 3 35 TY Gala Sng S$ ie jis Sale a ga.y Ah can g tagll Maal gp Manas 5 SI) aban) J 58S SS SEU Nha pea g AA jl odgy ised) Gren Go JgTLY) putas CSe9 « 200°C Aa wualaal (1) CY gat) Baus) Jeuis ° CH, OO jae CAs CH, OH+H,0,,, fo oat el GHA) Ba Gy gS CaaS -2 M) Sates oar 00 coon coon OQ” at sae Si gas 2 (Hyaclatlgstel) (Zyselall siz) cout oh jpUat ily oad) eB Ly gd Gilg ASIN) Gaabeay) pa Li og shi dale Alay MI Galea y CN cay 9S cob ANS Shay g ALAIN Csaba) (68 5a ga gall ld And Janes gy ll Ae game DE Ubi y NAS Ge SN fied Oa Sig UGS ge S gh Lgl gy tad gl OIF Oe NaOH COONA,,,, + H,0, fete Sins oe © COOH] shy yaa OO0C Hayy +0, eat Sisadalgs al gal AL een nln Ula 63 Ay pall Galas! Agudh — allie — 5 she — 4 pla Cilaype — ae rela lll an = Age Glo) — Ay ya Glaus — Slane — Geline ype — JS eh eas -2 cole Cl hill gai ghd LS Gaile 8508 0),1% a.gi2 peal Gilg i pad pels g Fall Gam -3 ayy H ped) Gas -4 H-C-COOH i SY GES le GAS pal HO-C-COOH ASU) ot) Goins pH bs sell H-C-COOH eanday Lei le Bilas! Saenall tL oH AsO cas -5 CH,-CH-COOH (> Cesk) Ay shud) Goran -6 Dsl ae! eye GLY) lly mall egal) Gil I Ga pt Gl) ad Gok aati 9 gy 2 Gy ual jel oe Gilly ball uolall peal Gi) piantnse (yo 8S Ae aia — Cy welll juss dled! aan -7 bet) amy Ryall! EI gle Lact pig ual nbl cys Hyland | de pill thee y ~ Ase) Galea) CH,COOH -> NH,-CH,-COOH Reto NS "up Acetic acid Giyeine (amino acetic acid) Be gare Ol gl sal Lill gill yo Lanes Lal CLS g ll 3 20 go gall CHGS 5 pl pats Byles aS 5) SI Le gene IS (Sl gay Uall 52 8) Es R-CH-COOH yah jalan Gl yal 9 NH el aay! Halal Alstealls Ald has 5 CY pall ae Salus gs SI) alan abadl gills gs Col ul 9° R-C{OH FH] oR ——= R—C-or + H,0 a des fu ABS) ALYY cya AUG etn g pall cy Dat) aaaly cqazaabanl) ell aly iY) pany COOC,H, Baal stl, CagSiy Had gal ee cglyS og 5) inal) JEU) gh ial ppt 5 Shpall Ay ly AY) yall ee hii) anal Jo lily Gaby CH,COOC,H. na H. BS CH,COOH + C,H,OH i w sical adh renee wyGU RN al gall AA eas ge Al jalll Gel gS ca) Jest! ae penser] HCOOCH, C\H,OH CH,COOH w 97.8°C 118°C OWL aes C\H,OH C,H,COOH Ssitigns Boney “4 118°C 141 Obata > I I R—C—OR + HO ——» R-C-OH + ROH cpa) SMa) ) (pac y SLi falas Ciide Gpliee Ginan plaids (pilal) lait) [de pail GSayy - i (ent) oO I H,C-C-OC,H, +H,0—"> CH,COOH + C,H,OH “a (aa 4 cpa) clay Sy gts Sm coil og plb aoe Ceplly lal Stell 6) pa) Gay lis ALAS pgs gucall CL) gh Cy gebecall Gi Cum) Coacaill si (gael pital) Slat) poms «Ans Abas 51S CH,COOC,H,+NaOH Scu COONa+C,H.OH selec oF (0q) pessqn tient (29) “4 C,H.COOC,H, +NaOH 4, C,H,COONa+C,H.OH Sesion 4 (00) pyameciie (al uw (eg UK Slat) J gas y areal sual cy gS Lai ga) goa cl sash) JoLASE 2s gal Jill . 1 oO oO 1 CH, -C-0C,H, +NH,——> CH, —C-NH, + C,H,OH addncaiead Uf (e) seta a ° ° f C,H,-C-OC,H, +NH,——> C,H, -C-NH, + C,H,OH denon Uf a we i" gasg 358 ja J) oO 0 i CH,OH HO-C-R, CH,-O- C-R, CH OH 0 | ° ! I CH,OH + HO-C-R, —> CHO- C-R, +3H,0 0 | ° | f HO-C-R, CH,-O- C-R, wsGI CNT all yall AAD ses le q g sl Sl iu! Ho— &O+ C—on——l0—cn,—cH,— on Casall ay Cases) gh Updmalg a see 9 lal Cpa iS at gb Ay gal Gil jin) pte Aga 5st gM AY) GMS ala Gy yb Ge Gali Cys are ga GUNS pid gill) oe oy GM Adal as ga Op sMlal) Gyles judans Gb padiuall og patel! Gaal y 4 AS Goats (sil) sas sh Vans elds o) Aides dus y gly ee ge Sl) ie game ANA) Ce Lt) con H]}0-cx, €- ou, ¥ + HO ee isin Soo, OME ® (aa coalad gnats g C-OH .C-OH oman, ol @ al nae cee pat sae (ibaa gaa cal) rt oO 1 oO ss + HO —~> + CH-C-OH,,, Fa Caf, 6 UY) quay JM Seal Aa 8 Gaudi By Sea) load Lasgd Gad Lleal Gay ie Ay gl Bakey Abate Gy 985 Cop pe) Ce El gil ia g eLall (gf Aide Waal gi Ugel Jb Gy eed! ASSL Aude gaat) Sale a gube gl) tyes 5 uk