Practical File on 

 
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY LAB (RM LAB) 
 
Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA-208) 
 
 
Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
Submitted To: Submitted By: 
Mr. Saurabh Bansal Sana Monga
36013701720
                                         Class: BBA-IV(M2) 
                   Batch: 2020-2023 
 
 
Institute of Information Technology & Management, 
Approved By AICTE 
Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Dwarka, New Delhi 
New Delhi – 1100 58 
Batch (2020-2023) 
RM LAB SANA MONGA 36013701720

INDEX
SERIAL NUMBER TOPIC
1 Introduction about MS Excel and
SPSS
2 Introduction about Data Analysis
3 Basics of Excel
4 Introduction about research,
objectives, steps and excel response
file
5 Difference between parametric test
and non- parametric test
6 Data Visualization
7 SPSS and its tools
8 Learnings

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MS Excel

Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS,

Android and iOS. It features calculation or computation capabilities, graphing
tools, pivot tables, and a macro programming language called Visual Basic for
Applications (VBA). Excel forms part of the Microsoft Office suite of software.

Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells
arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data
manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions
to answer statistical, engineering, and financial needs. In addition, it can display
data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-
dimensional graphical display. It allows the sectioning of data to view its
dependencies on various factors from different perspectives (using pivot tables
and the scenario manager). A PivotTable is a tool for data analysis. It does this
by simplifying large data sets via PivotTable fields. It has a programming
aspect, Visual Basic for Applications, allowing the user to employ a wide
variety of numerical methods, for example, for solving differential equations of
mathematical physics, and then reporting the results back to the spreadsheet. It
also has a variety of interactive features allowing user interfaces that can
completely hide the spreadsheet from the user, so the spreadsheet presents itself
as a so-called application, or decision support system (DSS), via a custom-
designed user interface, for example, a stock analyser, or in general, as a design
tool that asks the user questions and provides answers and reports. In a more
elaborate realization, an Excel application can automatically poll external
databases and measure instruments using an updated schedule. Analyse the
results, make a Word report or PowerPoint slide show, and e-mail these
presentations on a regular basis to a list of participants. Excel was not designed
to be used as a database.

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SPSS
SPSS Statistics is a statistical software suite developed by IBM for data
management, advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence,
and criminal investigation. Long produced by SPSS Inc., it was acquired by
IBM in 2009. Current versions (post-2015) have the brand name: IBM SPSS
Statistics.

The software name originally stood for Statistical Package for the Social
Sciences (SPSS), reflecting the original market, then later changed to Statistical
Product and Service Solutions.

SPSS is a widely used program for statistical analysis in social science. It is also
used by market researchers, health researchers, survey companies, government,
education researchers, marketing organizations, data miners, and others. The
original SPSS manual (Nie, Bent & Hull, 1970) has been described as one of
"sociology's most influential books" for allowing ordinary researchers to do
their own statistical analysis. In addition to statistical analysis, data management
(case selection, file reshaping, creating derived data) and data documentation (a
metadata dictionary is stored in the datafile) are features of the base software.

The many features of SPSS Statistics are accessible via pull-down menus or can
be programmed with a proprietary 4GL command syntax language. Command
syntax programming has the benefits of reproducible output, simplifying
repetitive tasks, and handling complex data manipulations and analyses.
Additionally, some complex applications can only be programmed in syntax
and are not accessible through the menu structure. The pull-down menu
interface also generates command syntax: this can be displayed in the output,
although the default settings have to be changed to make the syntax visible to
the user. They can also be pasted into a syntax file using the "paste" button
present in each menu. Programs can be run interactively or unattended, using
the supplied Production Job Facility.

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Data Analysis

Data analysis is a process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modelling

data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and
supporting decision-making. Data analysis has multiple facets and approaches,
encompassing diverse techniques under a variety of names, and is used in
different business, science, and social science domains. In today's business
world, data analysis plays a role in making decisions more scientific and
helping businesses operate more effectively.

Data mining is a particular data analysis technique that focuses on statistical

modelling and knowledge discovery for predictive rather than purely descriptive
purposes, while business intelligence covers data analysis that relies heavily on
aggregation, focusing mainly on business information. In statistical
applications, data analysis can be divided into descriptive statistics, exploratory
data analysis (EDA), and confirmatory data analysis (CDA). EDA focuses on
discovering new features in the data while CDA focuses on confirming or
falsifying existing hypotheses. Predictive analytics focuses on the application of
statistical models for predictive forecasting or classification, while text analytics
applies statistical, linguistic, and structural techniques to extract and classify
information from textual sources, a species of unstructured data. All of the
above are varieties of data analysis.

Data integration is a precursor to data analysis, and data analysis is closely

linked to data visualization and data dissemination.

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Basics of Excel
SUM
The SUM function returns the sum of values supplied. These values can be
numbers, cell references, ranges, arrays, and constants, in any combination.
SUM can handle up to 255 individual arguments.

The SUM function takes multiple arguments in the

form number1, number2, number3, etc. up to 255 total. Arguments can be a
hardcoded constant, a cell reference, or a range. All numbers in the arguments
provided are summed. The SUM function automatically ignores empty cells and
text values, which makes SUM useful for summing cells that may contain text
values.
The SUM function will sum hardcoded values and numbers that result from
formulas.

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IF OR and NOT
The IF function allows you to make a logical comparison between a value
and what you expect by testing for a condition and returning a result if that
condition is True or False.

But what if you need to test multiple conditions, where let’s say all
conditions need to be True or False (AND), or only one condition needs to
be True or False (OR), or if you want to check if a condition does NOT meet
your criteria? All 3 functions can be used on their own, but it’s much more
common to see them paired with IF functions.
Formulas:
 IF:=IF(Something is True, then do something, otherwise do
something else)
 IF AND: =IF(AND(Something is True, Something else is True),
Value if True, Value if False)
 IF OR: =IF(OR(Something is True, Something else is True),
Value if True, Value if False)
 IF NOT: =IF(NOT(Something is True), Value if True, Value if
False)

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CELL REFERENCE
A cell reference refers to a cell or a range of cells on a worksheet and can be
used in a formula so that Microsoft Office Excel can find the values or data that
you want that formula to calculate.

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V-LOOKUP
VLOOKUP is a pretty handy and powerful formula in MS Excel and it is
also one of the most widely used formulas to save time and effort. For
starters, the VLOOKUP stands for vertical lookup. This formula is used
when you have to find things in a table or a range by row. It searches down
the first column of a range for a key and returns the value of a specified cell
in the row found.

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RESEARCH
Financial literacy is increasingly important as it has become essential that individuals acquire
the skills to be able to survive in modern society and cope with the increasing diversity and
complexity of financial products and services available. Financial literacy is the ability to
make informed judgments and to take effective decisions regarding the use and management
of money.

OBJECTIVE

 To know about the financial knowledge a regular college-goer possesses with

reference to current investment and savings trends.

QUESTIONNAIRE

 Do you shop anything online?

 Yes
 No

 If yes, what do you prefer shopping online?

 Fashion (clothing/ shoes/jewellery etc.)
 Grocery
 Services (salon services, cleaning etc.)
 Lifestyle
 None

 How often did you place online orders during the pandemic?
 Very Often
 Often
 Moderately
 Hardly
 Not at all

 How often did you place online orders after the pandemic?
 Very Often
 Often
 Moderately
 Hardly
 Not at all

 Have you found better deals online in comparison to offline deals?

 Yes
 No

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 What was the reason to go offline mode post pandemic?

 Not a reliant source
 Complexity of online applications
 Lack of customer support
 Delivery date being an issue
 Other
 Mention:
 Which payment method do you use most often while placing an order:
 Credit card
 Debit card
 Upi wallets
 Bank account
 Cash
 Any other

 If Yes, Factor’s to be Considered while investing in Mutual Funds

S. Statements Comfo Not Moder Slightl Not

N rtable comfort ately y comfort
o able comfor comfo able
table rtable
1 How comfortable do you feel while ordering from a
new company?
2 How comfortable are you with the exchange and
return policies of the company you using?
3 How comfortable sharing your financial details
online with the website?
4 How comfortable are you shifting to offline mode
post pandemic?
5 How comfortable are you with delay in deliveries?
6 How comfortable have you been with most of the
customer services provided?

S. Statements Very Likely Neutral not Not at all

No likely sure
1 How likely are you to recommend the website/app to
some one
2 How do you rate the average experience of online
shopping?
3 How likely are you to prefer seeing the product
before purchasing it?
4 How likely are you to benefit from online offers
provided?

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6 How often do you purchase online?

S. Statements Strongl Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly

No y Agree
Disagre
e
1 Do you prefer offline mode over online mode?

2 Do you still feel that online experience need to

provide more trust to the users
3 Does paying delivery fee bother you and changes
your decision
4 Does out of stock items change your decision of
buying online
5 Do you benefit from online deals such as Diwali, new
year etc.
6 Do you think that online platform provides a better
comparison of products and prices?

The medium used to collect data: Google Forms

Steps to use Google Forms:
1. Set up a new form
 Go to forms.google.com.
 Click Blank +.
 A new form will open.

2. Edit and format a form or

 Here, we can add, edit, or format text, images, or videos in a form.
 Edit a form
 Create a questionnaire with Google Forms
 Choose where to save form responses

3. Send your form for people to fill out

When the form is ready, we can send our form to others and collect their responses.

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Excel Response File

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Parametric V/s Non-Parametric Tests

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Data Visualizations
Data Visualization in Excel:

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1. Column Chart:
Steps to Implement:
 Select the required data.
 Go to the Insert tab of excel.
 Select Column Chart and select 2-D column.

Screenshot showing implementation:

2. Column Chart:
Steps to implement:
 Select the required data.
 Go to insert tab of excel.
 Select Bar chart and select 2-D Bar chart.

Screenshot Showing Implementation:

3. Pie Diagram:
Steps to Implement:

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 Select the required data.

 Go to the insert tab of excel.
 Select the pie chart and select the 2-D pie chart.

Screenshot showing Implementation:

4. Histogram:
Steps to implement:
 Select the relevant data.
 Go to insert tab of excel.
 Select Insert Statistic chart and select histogram.

Screenshot showing implementation:

Data Visualization in SPSS:

1. Pie Diagram:

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Steps to Implement:
 Go to the graph section in SPSS and select legacy dialogue.
 From legacy dialogue select Pie and select define.
 Add relevant fields in the Define options and click on OK to generate the pie charts
on the output screen.

Screenshot showing the Implementation:

2. Histogram:
Steps to Implement:
 Go to the graph section in SPSS.
 Select legacy dialogue and select histogram from the list.
 Add relevant data in the required fields and select OK to generate the histogram on
the output field.

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Screenshot showing implementation:

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SPSS and Its Tools

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Frequency: In SPSS, the Frequencies procedure can produce summary measures for
categorical variables in the form of frequency tables, bar charts, or pie charts.
Steps to Implement:
 Click on Analyse -> Descriptive Statistics -> Frequencies
 Move the variable of interest into the right-hand column
 Click on the Chart button, select Histograms, and then press the Continue button
 Click OK to generate a frequency distribution table.

Screenshot of output:

Interpretation: A frequency table shows the distribution of observations based on the

options in a variable. Frequency tables are helpful to understand which options occur more or
less often in the dataset. This is helpful for getting a better understanding of each variable and
deciding if variables need to be recoded or not.

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Descriptive: Descriptive statistics is a statistical analysis process that focuses on

management, presentation, and classification which aims to describe the condition of the
data. With this process, the data presented will be more attractive, easier to understand, and
able to provide more meaning to data users.
Steps to Implement:
 Go to analyse and select descriptive statistics.
 From there select descriptive.
 Then click on the options tab and select kurtosis and skewness.
 Click OK to generate the distribution.

Screenshot of output:

Interpretation: Descriptive is best to obtain quick summaries of numeric variables, or to

compare several numeric variables side-by-side.

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T-Test: T-tests are used to compare the mean scores of two groups of people or conditions.
There are two types of t-tests: Independent-samples t-test: compare the mean scores of two
different groups of people or conditions. Paired-samples t-test: compare the mean scores for
the same group of people on two different occasions.
Steps to Implement:
For One Sample test-
 Go to analyse.
 Select compare means.
 Select one sample test.
 Add the variables and click on Ok to generate output.

For Independent Sample test:

 Go to analyse.
 Select compare means.
 Select Independent sample test.
 Add test and grouping variables and define the grouping variables.
 Click on OK to generate the output.

For Paired Sample test:

 Go to analyse.
 Select compare means.
 Select Paired sample test.
 Add the relevant variables and click on OK to generate the output.

Screenshots of the outputs:

One Sample test:

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Paired Sample test:

Interpretation: SPSS calculates the t-statistic and its p-value under the assumption that the
sample comes from an approximately normal distribution. If the p-value associated with the t-
test is small (0.05 is often used as the threshold), there is evidence that the mean is different
from the hypothesized value.

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ANOVA: One-Way ANOVA ("analysis of variance") compares the means of two or more
independent groups in order to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the
associated population means are significantly different. One-Way ANOVA is a parametric
test.
Steps to implement:
 Go to analyse and select compare means.
 Select one-way ANOVA-add dependant variable in dependant list and independent in
factor box.
 In post hoc and select Tukey and games Howell.
 Select continue and okay to execute.

Screenshots of the output:

Interpretation: The ANOVA test will tell us whether there is a significant difference
between the means of two or more levels of a variable.

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Chi-Square: The Chi-Square Test of Independence determines whether there is an

association between categorical variables (i.e., whether the variables are independent or
related). It is a nonparametric test.
Steps to Implement:
 Go to analyse and select descriptive statistics.
 Select cross tabs and drag the relevant variables into rows and columns.
 Then go to the statistics tab and select chi-square and click on continue.
 Then go to the cell tab and select expected and click on continue to view the output.

Screenshot of output:

Interpretation: The more the values diverge from each other, the higher the chi-square
score, the more likely it is to be significant, and the more likely it is we'll reject the null
hypothesis and conclude the variables are associated with each other.

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Correlation: To run a bivariate Pearson Correlation in SPSS, click Analyse > Correlate

> Bivariate. The Bivariate Correlations window opens, where you will specify the variables
to be used in the analysis. All of the variables in your dataset appear in the list on the left
side.
Steps to implement:

 Go to analyse
 Then correlate
 Then bivariate
 Now copy the variables into the box
 Select Pearson and two-tailed value
 Then OK

Interpretation: If the number is <0 then it is a positive co-relation but if it is near to 0 and
not 1, it is a weak positive correlation.

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Regression: Linear regression is the next step up after correlation. It is used

when we want to predict the value of a variable based on the value of another
variable. The variable we want to predict is called the dependent variable (or
sometimes, the outcome variable).
Steps:
 Go to analyze
 Then regression
 Then linear
 Copy variable to the dependent and independent box.
 Then click OK

Interpretation: The sign of a regression coefficient tells you whether there is a

positive or negative correlation between each independent variable and the

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dependent variable. A positive coefficient indicates that as the value of the

independent variable increases, the mean of the dependent variable also tends to
increase.

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LEARNINGS
In this RM Lab subject, I learned about MS Excel and SPSS and how we can
analyse our data with the help of them. In MS-Excel I learned the basics of
Excel and the various functions within it. Some of the functions which I learned
are SUM, IF OR and NOT, CELL REFERENCE, PIVOT TABLE and V-
LOOKUP. Further, I learnt about SPSS and its various tools through which we
do data analysis of our research. These tools were FREQUENCY,
DESCRIPTIVE, T-TEST, ANOVA, and CHI-SQUARE.
Besides this, I learned about the parametric test and non-parametric test and the
difference between them. Parametric tests are suitable for normally distributed
data. Nonparametric tests are suitable for any continuous data, based on the
ranks of the data values. Because of this, nonparametric tests are independent of
the scale and the distribution of the data.
I also learned about DATA VISUALIZATION. Data visualization is the
graphical representation of information and data. By using visual elements like
charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to
see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data. Here we express our
data into graphs for better understanding. Data visualization can be done in both
MS Excel and SPSS.

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