TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs READING ACTUAL TEST VOL 6 VOCABULARY EXPLAINED: INSTRUCTION: HOW THE BOOK IS ORGANISED? BAND 8.01 BAND 55 (what natives often write and you | (What students at lower level often should lean for Reading and write) copy them for writing Task 2) Miniature (adults). /mmetfocry very small, much smaller than usual Intellect (n) / mtolekt/ the ability to think in a logical way at Ex: aman of considerable intellect __| an advanced level 1 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce TABLE OF CONTENT: PASSAGE 1 PASSAGE 2: PASSAGE 3) 93 se seve a sevens 10 2 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them_phatTAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs ie. PASSAGE 1: Paragraph 1: Whether childhood is itself a recent invention has been one of the most intensely debated issues in the history of childhood. 1. Whether + clause = if + clause: (used especially in reporting questions and expressing doubts) if, or not: She asked me whether I was interested in working for her. 2, one of the most + adj + N (plural noun) : pay attention to use Plural nouns after “of” Paragraph 2: Historian Philippe Aries asserted that children were regarded as miniature adults, with all the intellect and personality that this implies BAND 8.0+ BAND 5.5 “Miniature (adults): [mmotfacey, ‘Very small, much smaller than usual Intellect (n) /‘mtalekt/ the ability to think in a logical way at Ex: a man of considerable intellect an advanced level. After scrutinising medieval pictures and diaries, he concluded that there was no distinction between children and adults for they shared similar leisure activities and work, Scrutinise /skrustonarz/ (v) to look at or examine somebody/something carefully there was no distinction between | = difference children and adults For: used to show a reason or cause = because, since Ex: The town is famous for its cathedral. 3 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd shared similar leisure activities and work. did similar leisure activities and work However, this does not mean children were neglected, forsaken or despised. this does not mean + clause to express or represent something such as an idea, thought, or fact: neglected, forsaken or despised: Jnr glektid/, /fa' setken/, /dr'spatz/ not receiving enough care or attention, have no respect for somebody/something The idea of childhood corresponds to childhood, which distinguishes the child from adult, even the young adult. awareness about the peculiar nature of ‘A correspond to B: / koro'spond/ match something Awareness something awareness of something to raise/heighten increase public awareness of @ greater/a growing/an increasing Knowing Something distinguish A from B Tecognize the difference between. two people or things differentiate Therefore, the concept of childhood is children. not to be confused with affection for Therefore: the logical result of something There is still much to discuss. We shall, therefore, return to this item at our next meeting. © (Use “therefore”after the Subject to emphasize better) For that reason, consequently, so, as a result, as a consequence, hence, thus, accordingly 4 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs It is not to be confused It is not supposed/intended/destined to be misunderstood with Paragraph 3: Traditionally, children played a functional role in contributing to the family income in the history. Traditionally (adv) /tro difonali7 Tt is our tradition to V played a functional role in Play an important’ crucial’ vital indispensable role in contribute to (with negative meaning): cause = bring about = play a part in = be instrumental in = be a factor in = be partly responsible for (With positive meaning) = make a great contribution to family Income How much the whole family earn Under this circumstance, children were considered to be useful. Under this circumstance = such being the case, because of the circumstances Children of 5 or 6 years old did necessary chores for their parents. Chores (n) fo = household/domestic chores During the 16th century, children of 9 o: even forced to leave their family to wo: apprentices for a trade. r 10 years old were often encouraged or rk as servants for wealthier families or Be forced to V = be made to V wealthier fat The richer, richer people 5 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs apprentices for a trade (2 prentis/) a young person who works for an employer for a fixed period of time in order to leam the particular skills needed in their job Go to work to learn some particular skills Paragraph 4: labour, In the 18th and 19th centuries, industrialisation created a new demand for child Note the way they use Noun for Subject. This is called “Nomalisation” in English. Academic writing frequently uses nominalisations; that is, the noun forms of verbs. The process of nominalisation turns verbs (actions or events) into nouns (things, concepts or people). The text is now no longer describing actions: it is focused on objects or concepts. a_new demand for People want more of something child labour Using children at factories The issue of whether long hours of labouring would interfere with children’s growing bodies began to perplex social reformers. The issue of ... began to V ‘Again, they use “nominalisations” to start a sentence. So, bear this in mind and start practicing to begin your sentence with a noun. interfere with (¥) prevent something from succeeding Perplex () /po pleks! perplex somebody | it perplexes somebody that... = puzzle (w) makes you confused or worried because you do not understand it social reformer a person who works to achieve political or social change Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Some of them started to realise the potential of systematic studies to monitor how far these early deprivations might be influencing children’s development early deprivations (ny/ depri vein’ social deprivation - sleep deprivation . the fact of not having something that you need, like enough food, money or ahome (meaning in this sentence: the poor childhood of young children) influencing children’s development wy) G5) Children might not develop properly. Paragraph 5: The concerns of reformers gradually condition of children. had some impact upon the working had some impact upon Did something to change (have influence/ effect on st = affect negatively/ positively st) For example, in Britain, the Factory Act of 1833 signified the emergence of legal protection of children from exploitation schools for factory children and was also associated with the rise of Signily to be a sign of something = be a sign of. mark. signal, mean ‘the emergence of (5.5) starting to exist or becoming known for the first time be associated with Ex: a proven association/link between passive smoking and cancer ifone thing is associated with another, the two things are connected because they happen together or one thing causes the other related, connected, linked, correlated = There has been a link between A andB the rise of (schools) (G5) Schools became more popular. 7 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs ~ rise (of sb/st) the act of becoming more important, successful, powerful, etc Due partly to factory reform, the worst forms of child exploitation were eliminated gradually. Dueto = because of, owing to, as a consequence of, as a result of, eliminate gradually. | (GRAMMAR). Note the way they often use an adverb after a verb. An adverb is a part of speech that provides greater description to a verb, adjective, another adverb, a phrase, a clause, or a sentence TIP: so when you write in writing task 1 and task 2, please insert adverbs that go/ match with verbs The influence of trade unions and economic changes also contributed to the evolution by leaving some forms of child labour redundant during the 19th century. Leave sb/ st redundant = to be made | (5.5) lose their jobs redundant from your job = dismissed, laid off, discharged; unemployed, jobless, out of work, out of a job 8 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Initiating children into work as ‘useful’ children was no longer a priority, and childhood was deemed to be a time for play and education for all children instead of a privileged minority. no longer TIP: When you want to write something in negative sentence, instead of using “not” before a Verb, you can use “no longer, neither, never, few, hardly, little, rarely, scarcely, seldom.” used to say that something that was once true or possible is not now true or possible a priority: something that more important than other things and should be dealt with first. Collocation: a high/low priority, top priority, get your priorities right Something that is most important. (8.0) childhood was deemed to be a time for play and education for all children TIP: use this sentence for writing task 2, when writing topic Education. (5) children should play and study at school, (deem = consider) a privileged minority ‘A small number of people that have better chances Childhood was increasingly underst dependency, development and learning full-time work. ood as a more extended phase of with the delay of the age for starting was increasingly understood as People started to realize that. TIP: note the way they use passive voice instead of active voice in their advanced sentence. a more extended of dependency phase G5) have more time to depend on their parents. 9 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd TIP. they use Nomalisation in writing quite often (instead of using “depend”, they use “dependency”) delay of the age for starting full-time work, (6.5) so they can work fulltime much later. Even so, work continued to play a signi lives in the later 19th and 20th centuries ificant, if less essential, role in children’s Even so, =nevertheless, nonetheless, still, yet, however, notwithstanding, despite that, in spite of that. play a| This phrase is more advanced than “are very important” significant | = play a major role, role in Finally, the ‘useful child’ has become a controversial concept during the first decade of the 21st century, especially in the context of global concern about large numbers of children engaged in child labour become a controversial concept This phrase is more advanced than “many people argue about this” in the context of global concern This phrase is more advanced than “when people around the world are more concerning about this” Paragraph 6: ‘The half-time schools established upon the Factory Act of 1833 allowed children to work and attend school. allowed children to work and attend school Better than “children can go to work and go to schoo!” 1840s, and even if they did, they dropp. However, a significant proportion of children never attended school in the yed out by the age of 10 or 11 a significant proportion of 5.5; many children dropped out 5.5: leave school 10 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce By the end of the 19th century in Britain, the situation changed dramatically. and schools became the core to the concept of a ‘normal’ childhood. the situation changed dramatically Everything changed alot became the core to the concept of Paragraph 7: It is no longer a privilege for childre Are the most important thing n to attend school and all children are expected to spend a significant part of their day in a classroom a privilege for / privalidy) a special right or advantage are expected to Have to/ must spend a significant part of their day in a classroom. Spend most of their time at school. Once in school, children’s lives could bi adult world of work, e separated from domestic life and the be separated from Be different from domestic life When they are at home the adult world of work. The world where adults go to work, behaviour and morals of the young. In this way, school turns into an institution dedicated to shaping the minds, dedicated to / dedikertid/ ‘used for one particular purpose only shape the minds, behaviour and morals of the young. TIP: use this sentence when mentioning benefits or purpose of schools for children Teach young children knowledge about different subjects, how to behave and what they should do towards other people un Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Besides, education dominated the management of children’s waking hours through the hours spent in the classroom, and the importance attached to parental involvement Dominate (¥) Something becomes much more important, more popular than st the importance attached to parental involvement. Note: use this whole phrase when mentioning the importance of parents for children’s education. It is important that parents teach their children at home. Paragraph 8: An increasing number of children are bei and are organised into groups in the light of their age ing treated as a group with unique needs, unique needs Special needs from each child. in the light of their age. = considering, because of, taking into account, bearing in mind, in view of abilities and potential Also, they want tools enabling them to sort and select children according to their sort and select Find according to their potential. abilities and Based on their abilities. 12 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs PASSAGE 2: Paragraph 1: Norman in a synthetic voice, with grea pride. it enthusiasm and maybe even a hint of a synthetic voice synthetic — artificial, manmade with great enthusiasm Very exciting about st even a hint of pride. Makes us feel so proud For the record, humans are not at multitasking, * all unfamiliar with distractions and Gust) For the record used to emphasize a point that you are making, so that the person you are speaking to takes notice not at all unfamiliar with = are not used to st distractions and multitasking When something disturbs us and we have to do a lot of things at the same time We are used to a complex life that get attention-seeking requests, as much as 's constantly interrupted by computer's we are familiar with procreation computer’s attention-seeking requests ‘Request from the computers that need us to pay attention to them procreation the act or process of producing children or baby animals = human reproduction (question 14) Paragraph 2: Humanity has been connected to approximately three billion networked telephones, computers, tratfic lights sine lives. 1 ¢ these things can facilitate our daily 3 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs has been connected to Tip: they use Present Prefect tense for an activity that lasts from the past till present. So, you should ty to use Present Perfect more in Task 2 for the same kind of activity as well. these things can facilitate our dai lives. y| These things can make our lives much easier. coming or a stretch of concentrated w ‘That is why we do not typically turn off the phones when we have a meeting ork. a stretch of concentrated work. Stretch (n) a continuous period of time concentrated (adj) a lot of it in one place or at one time 5.5: too much work in a long period of time We merely endure the consequences merely endure the consequences = usually put up with it Gn question 15) Paragraph 3: Countless research reports have confirmed that if people are unexpectedly TIP: students with lower level often use active voice, while advanced students often use passive voice, and insert adverbs with a verb. interrupted, they may suffer a drop in work efficiency. Countless = many, a lot of, innumerable, numerous, endless people are unexpectedly interrupted | When somebody interrupts us suddenly, suffer a drop in work efficiency They can not do their job well 14 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce According to Robert G., cumulatively, and that stress response it appears to build up the feeling of frustration makes it difficult to focus again build up the fecling of frustration cumulatively Make us more and more angry stress response The way we deal with stress It is not solely about productivity and the pace of life Tt is not solely about It is not only about productivity and the pace of life How effectively we work and the speed of ow life. For some professionals like pilots... Ios: s of focus can be downright disastrous. loss of focus TIP: good use of normalization When we lose our focus downright disastrous Very very bad. (downright: used as a way of emphasizing something negative or unpleasant, disastrous = catastrophic, devastating, very bad, harmful) "If we could find a way to make our computers and phones realise the limits of human attention and memory, they courteous,” may come off as more thoughtful and the Ii memory, 's of human attention and When we can no longer pay attention and memorize any more come off to be successful; to have the intended effect or result thoughtful and courteous Thinking for others first and be polite 15, Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Horvitz, researchers who are attempting to make computers, phones, cars and other devices to function more like considerate colleagues instead of egocentric oafs. function To perform, work considerate colleagues = thoughtful egocentric oafs : / i:gau sentrik/ /oui7 Selfish and unpleasant men. Paragraph 4: Next, it must weigh the value of the messages it wants to convey against the cost of the disruption. weigh (the value of the messages) Consider the value of the message Weigh (v) consider something carefully before making a decision against the cost of the disruption, So it will not disrupt its owner The cost of : the effort, loss or damage ‘Then it has to choose the best mode and time to interject: Each of these pushes the limits of computer science and raises issues of privacy, complexity or reliability choose the best mode and time to interject choose the best mode and time to interrupt (es of privacy, complexity TIP: Master often use nouns intead of verbs. People concer about whether we can keep our life private, and how complicated it would be or how we ean trust this method. TIP: 5.5 tend to use more clauses and verbs. 16 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd In a couple of years, companies might manage to provide each office employee with a software version of the personal corner-suite executives today. | receptionist which is only available to [provide each office employee with _ | Each worker can receive a software version of the personal | Have a software that works like ther receptionist own receptionist only available to corner-suite | That only top managers have executives today. Suite: /swi:t/: a set of rooms, especially in a hotel Executives /1g’ zekjotiv/: a manager of a company or an organization Paragraph 5: However, the truth is that most people are not as busy as they claim to be, which explains why we can often stand it electronic paraphernalia. interruptions from our inconsiderate Which explains why = which means A good way to explain in detail stand interruptions Stand (v) emphasize that you do not like somebody/something = bear (v) our inconsiderate electronic paraphernalia Our electronic stuff that are not thoughtful enough Paraphernalia: a large number of objects or personal possessions ‘They had the subjects on videotape. Subjects Note: most students are unaware of the meaning of this word when being mentioned in experiment. a person or thing being used to study something, especially in an experiment 7 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs ‘The time a worker spent in leave-me-al lone state varied from individual to individual and day to day, and the percentage ranged from 10 to 51 leave-me-alone state Don’t bother me state varied from individual to individual Similarly, by studying Microsoft worker: that they ordinarily spend over 65 per cent of their day in a low-attention mode Is different for each person s, Horvitz also came to the discovery came to the discovery that Discover st ordinarily usually, nonmally, generally, in general, for the most part, by and large, mainly, mostly, most of the time, commonly in a low-attention mode. When they can hardly pay attention Paragraph 7: Inspired by Horvitz’s work, Microsoft digs a bit deeper into every user's computer, digs a bit deeper into =To make a lot of effort; try very hard Paragraph 8: earlier that day The calls that get through are from family, supervisors and people he called (Che calls that) get through make contact with somebody by telephone reschedule a callback at a time which The system will scan both Horvitz’s and the caller’s calendar to check if it can works for both of them. if it can reschedule a callback Tf it can make another schedule to call back 18 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TSR] eavins actuat rest vot 6, vocasuatrnichuciTs a time which works for both of them. a suitable time that they two are free to talk The same happens with e-mails The same happens with Emails is the same as (what mentioned in the previous sentence) meeting, When Horvitz is not in his office, Bestcom automatically offers to transfer selected callers to his cellphone, unless his calendar implies that he is in a Unless /an'‘les/ used to say that something can only happen or be true in a particular situation Ex: You won't get paid for time off unless you have a doctor's note. 19 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs PASSAGE 3: Paragraph 1: Each year, massive swirling storms bringing along winds greater than 74 miles per hour—usually devastating vast swaths of territory. massive swirling storms Storms that are big and move around quickly ina circle devastating vast swaths of territory: swath /swerd/: a long strip of land territory /‘teratri/ Destroy a large area of @ country When these roiling tempests strike densely inhabited territories, they have the power to kill thousands and cause property damage worth of billions of dollars strike densely inhabited territories Hit places that many people live together hard cause property damage Cause many damages on houses, buildings, valuable things Besides, absolutely nothing stands in their way. absolutely nothing stands in their way There is nothing to stop them on their way Paragraph 2: B To see why hurricanes may be susceptible to human intervention, a researcher must first learn about their nature and origins. be susceptible to /so septabl/ very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by somebody/something human intervention Humans affect somethin 20 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs their nature and origins Their basic qualities and where they come from and preci When this kind of air rises, the water vapour ii it condenses to form clouds form clouds Make/ create clouds Precipitation /pz1, sipr terji/ = the amount of rainfall warm water, which causes it to swiftly When reaching the land, the hurricane no longer has a continuous supply of weaken. When reaching the land When the hurricane comes to the land has a continuous supply of warm water find a lot of warm water to grow stronger swiftly weaken. Become weaker very quickly. Paragraph 3: C Our current studies are inspired by my chaos theory 30 years ago past intuition when I was leaming about my past intuition /.mtju 1jn/ “My strong feeling in the past a strong feeling that something is true although you cannot explain why Chaos /‘kervs/ ‘complete confusion and lack of order However, this sensitivity also made me realise a possil lity: if we intentionally applied some slight inputs to a hurricane, we might create a strong influence that could affect the storms, either by steering them away from densely populated areas or by slowing them di own. ivity also made me realise From my sense, I see a potential 2 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce applied some slight inputs to a hurricane Put some materials to a hurricane steering them away from densely populated areas to control the direction in which a (storm) moves far away from areas that many people live slowing them down Make them move slower. Back then, | was not able to test my id can now renew my enthusiasm in large- computer simulation and remote-sensing technologies over the last 10 years, I leas, but thanks to the advancement of -scale weather control. Back then = in the past. (Refer to a specific period of time in the past) test my ideas Check whether my idea was right computer simulation / sunju leh’ Create an artificial model on computer similar to one that could exist in reality renew my enthusiasm in Start to do st again with excitement. Paragraph 4: D To find out whether the sensitivity of the atmospheric system could be exploited to adjust such robust atmospheric phet nomena as hurricanes, our research team ran simulation experiments on computers for a hurricane named Iniki that occurred in 1992. adjust such robust atmospheric | phenomena (/rau bast’) Change the condition, strong atmospheric simulation experiments on The current forecasting technologies w surpr that our first simulation turned out to be an immediate success, ere far from perfect, so it took us by far from perfect Not really perfect took us by surprise ‘We were so surprised 2 2 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/Deval Ta ee mee G Ma ccd turned out a8 was shown or proved by later events turned out to be an immediate success It was successful instantly after that With the goal of altering the path of where we wanted the storm to stop after Iniki in mind, we first picked the spot six hours With the goal of = In order to V, to achieve, with the aim offto altering the path Change the path [picked the spot Choose the place Paragraph 5: Usually, the temperature changes across the most noteworthy change, the grid were only tenths of a degree, but the most noteworthy change The most interesting change In terms of structure, the initial an seemed almost the same, but the cl substantial that the latter one went off id altered versions of Hurricane Iniki hanges in criti ‘the track to the west during the first six ical variables were so hours of the simulation and then travelled due north, leaving Kauai untouched. In terms of with regard to, concerning, regarding, when it comes to the initial and altered versions of ‘The first and changed versions of seemed almost the same Seemed similar the changes in critical variables were so substantial There were so many changes in critical variables The latter one went off the track The second one did not go in the right direction leaving Kauai untouched Make a place not damaged by the storm affected/ not 2 3 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 6: Future earth-orbiting solar power stations, equipped with large mirrors to focus the sun’s rays and panels of photovoltaic cells to gather and send energy to the Earth, might be adapted to beam microwaves solar power stations = solar power plants (factories that produce generated from sun energy) power equipped with provide somebody/something with be adapted = Be changed’ modified Paragraph 7: G Simulations of hurricanes conducted on a computer have implied that by changing the precipitation. .., we could make a difference to a storm’s route or abate its winds. Simulations of hurricanes Artificial/ models of hurricanes. manmade make a difference to a storm’s route Change a storm’s route abate its winds (/ beit/) Make its winds less strong Intervention could be in many different forms: exquisitely targeted clouds bearing silver iodide or other rainfall-inducing elements might deprive a hurricane of the water it needs to grow. Intervention action taken to improve or help a situation deprive (a hurricane) of (the water) Ex: They were imprisoned and deprived of their basic rights. to prevent somebody from having or doing something, especially something important. 24 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs ans WP4 PASSAGE 1: Paragraph 1: A At the very beginning of the 20th century, the American grocery stores offered comprehensive services: the customer: s would ask help from the people behind the counters (called clerks) for the items they liked, and then the clerks would wrap the items up. offered comprehensive services Offer complete, full services Comprehensive (adj) including all, or almost all, the items, details. facts, information, etc., that may be concerned the counter a long flat surface over which goods are sold or business is done in a shop/store, bank For the purpose of saving time, customers had to ask delivery boys or go in person to send the lists of what they intended to buy to the stores in advance. For the purpose of = with an aim of go in person With the personal presence or action of the individual specified. in advance beforehand, before, ahead time, earlier of Such early chain stores as A&P stores, although containing full services, were very time-consuming and inefficient for the purchase chain stores one of a chain of retail stores under the same management and selling the same merchandise ‘time-consuming and inefficient for the purchase taking a lot of or too much time and inconvenient for the buying 25 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/Plot val Ta ee mee G Ma ccd Paragraph 2: During his working in the store, he fou: to buy things there. ind that it was very inefficient for people During his working in the store During the time he worked in the store it was very inefficient for It was very inconvenient for Without the assistance of computers a a quite backward way t that time, shopping was performed in Without the assistance of Without the help of shopping was performed in a quite backward way. Shopping having made less than normal progress. Having noticed that this inconvenient sh consumption of time and money, S oping mode could lead to tremendous ‘aunders, with great enthusiasm and innovation, proposed an unprecedented solution—let the consumers do self- service in the process of shopping—which might bring a thorough revolution to the whole industry. lead to = bring about, give rise to, be the cause of, lead to, result in tremendous consumption of time and money Have to spend a lot of time and money enthusiasm = and ith great innovation With huge excitement and ability to think of new creative ideas proposed an unprecedented solution Gave a solution that has never been thought of before self-service the system whereby customers select goods for themselves or service their car for themselves and pay a cashier bring a thorough revolution to the whole industry. Bring a completely huge change to the whole industry 26 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 3: C In 1902, Saunders moved to Memphis to put his perspective into practice, that is, to establish a grocery wholesale cooperative. put (his perspective) into practice | To make his idea into reality Put st into practice: To make (something) a practical reality that is used to introduce or follow a clarification, interpretation, or correction of something already said Inhis newly designed grocery store, he divided the store into three different areas ‘A front lobby’ served as an entrance, an exit, as well as the checkouts at the front. Checkout the place where you pay for the things that you are buying in a supermarket an entrance /"entrans/ a door, gate, passage, etc, used for entering a room, building or place “A sales department’ was deliberately designed to allow customers to wander around the aisle and select their needed groceries, allow customers to wander around Allow customers to go around the the aisle /arl/ stores Aisle: a passage between rows of seats in a church, theatre, train, etc., or between rows of shelves in a supermarket 27 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reaoincacru eae mea ec In this way, the clerks would not do the unnecessary work but arrange more delicate aisle and shelves to display th browse through all the items e goods and enable the customers to In this way Ex: Keep the soil moist. That way, the seedling will flourish. ‘You can use that way or this way to refer to an action or situation that you have just mentioned, when you go on to mention the likely consequence or effect of it. do the unnecessary work Do something that is not needed arrange more delicate aisle and shelves ‘Arrange more aisle and shelves that are made or formed in a very careful and detailed way browse through all the items (brauz/) to look at a lot of things in a shop/store rather than locking for one particular thing In the gallery above the sales depa customers without disturbing them. tment, supervisors can monitor the monitor the customers watch and check customers “Stockroom’, where large fridges were another section of his grocery store only placed to maintain fresh products, is for the staff to enter. maintain fresh products Keep fresh products Also, this new shopping design ans customers to go shopping simultaneou phenomena: impulse buying and later supermarket. d layout could accommodate more sly and even lead to some unimaginable layout the way in which the paris of something such as the page of a book, a garden or a building are arranged 28 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs accommodate more customers to go shopping simultancously to provide enough space for more customers to go shopping at the same time Tead to | phenomena some unimaginable Lead to a situation that people cannot imagine impulse buying /impals/ Buying st without thinking too much about it Impulse: a sudden strong wish or need to do something, without stopping to think about the results Paragraph 4: chose the goods on the shelves... Quite distinct from those in other grocery stores, customers in Piggly Wiggly Quite distinct from Quite different from Inside the Piggly Wiggly, shoppers were not at the mercy of staff. not at the mercy of ot able fo stop somebody/something, harming you because they have power or control over you ‘They were free to roam the store, check out the products roam the store /roum/ walk or travel around an area without any definite aim or direction = wander customers was the money-saving effect. As a matter of fact, the biggest benefit that the Piggly Wiggly brought to As a matter of fact = actually, in actual fact, in fact, in point of fact, as it happens, really, believe it or not, in reality, in truth, to tell the truth 29 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs money-saving effect The effect of saving money “It is good for both the consumer and retailer because it cuts costs,” both the consumer and retailer Both customer and the seller cuts costs Reduce costs ‘if you look at the way in which grocery expense. is that there are a great number of workers involved, and labour is a major stores were operated, what you can find there area great number of workers involved A lot of workers have to do the job labour is a major expense Labour is very expensive Fortunately, the chain stores such as Piggly Wiggly cut the fat. Fortunately =luckily, cut the fat To eut off people who are no longer needed Paragraph §: E Piggly Wiggly and this kind of self-service stores soared at that time Soar () = increase rapidly, shoot up, rise rapidly, escalate Meanwhile, Saunders immediately applied a patent for the self-service concept and began franchising Piggly Wiggly stores applied a patent for the self-service concept First introduce the concept of self service Franchise /‘freent{arz/ formal permission given by a company to somebody who wants to. 30 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs sell its goods or services ina particular area In order to keep the flow rate smooth, replace the common entrance mode. Saunders even invented the turnstile to keep the flow rate smooth To keep a continuous movement Paragraph 7: F Clarence Saunders died in 1953, leaving abundant legacies mainly symbolised by Piggly Wiggly, the pattern of which spread extensively and lasted permanently leaving abundant legacies Leaving many properties when somebody dies legacies mainly symbolised by Legacies that are a symbol of something spread extensively and _ lasted permanently Spread to a large degree and lasted forever 3 1 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce PASSAGE 2: Paragraph 1: A Afier studying the similarities between chimpanzees and humans for years, researchers have recognised these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought in the latest decade. these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought The similarities is much deeper than we first thought These researchers frequently quote the word ‘culture’ to describe elementary animal behaviours, like the regional dialects of different species of songbirds, but it turns out that the rich and varied cultural traditions chimpanzees enjoyed rank secondly in complexity only to human traditions. elementary / clr mentriy ‘very simple and easy regional dialects the form of a language that is spoken in one region the rich traditions and varied cultural Many different traditions rank secondly in complexity only to human tra Tis complexity rank secondly only after human traditions. Paragraph 2: B During the past two years, the major research group which studies chimpanzees collaborated unprecedentedly and documented some distinct cultural patterns, ranging from animals’ use of tools to their forms of communication and social customs. collaborat unprecedentedly Work together ina way that has never happened, been done or been known before distinct cultural patterns Unique cultural ways their forms of communication. ‘Their ways of communication 32 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs social customs /‘kastom/ ‘an accepted way of behaving or of doing things in a society or a community This emerging picture of chimpanzees a these amazing creatures ‘fects how human beings ponder upon ponder upon think about something carefully for a period of time = consider Also, it alters our conception of ht extraordinary ability of our ancient an uman_ uniqueness and shows us the cestors to create cultures. alter our conception of Change our belief about st uniqueness the fact of being the only one of its kind the extraordinary ability of our ancient ancestors to create cultures. ‘our ancestors were so amazing that they could create cultures. Paragraph 3: C Although we know that Homo sapiens and Pan Troglodytes have coexisted for hundreds of millennia and their genetic si imilarities surpass 98 per cent, we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behaviour in the wild until 40 years ago. Coexist @) exist together in the same place or at the same time, especially in a peaceful way their genetic similarities surpass 98 [per cent “Their genes are nearly the same next to nothing Almost nothing; a very small amount 33 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 4: D During these primary studies, as the chimpanzees became more and more accustomed to close observation, the remarkable discoveries emerged. became more and more accustomed | ~ be used to, get used to to close observation the act of watching somebody/something carefully for a period of time, especially to learn something very close the remarkable discoveries emerged |The amazing discoveries started to appear Researchers witnessed a variety of unexpected behaviours, ranging from fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing to lethal fights between members of neighbouring communities. a variety of ..., ranging from...to __| several different sorts of the same thing. such as lethal = deadly, fatal Paragraph 5: The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. technological variations Changes in technology marriage rituals series of actions that are always performed in the same way, especially as part of a religious ceremony in marriage culinary habits Eating habits 34 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Of course, animals do not have myths and legends, but they do share the capacity to pass on behavioural traits from one generation to another, not through their genes but via learning. share the capacity Have the ability pass on give someone something that someone else has given you not through their genes but via learning ‘Not because they were born with that ability but because they learn it from their parents From biologists’ view, this is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait— something can be learnt by observing the established skills of others... observing the established skills of others Watched the skills of others Paragraph 6: What are the implications for chimpanzees themselves? implications a possible effet or result of an action or a decision decimated We must place a high value upon the tragic loss of chimpanzees, who are [place a high value upon Consider st as very important the tragic loss of The big loss of century. The population of chimpanzees has plummeted and continued to fall due to illegal trapping, logging and, most recently, the bushmeat trade within the past Plummet (¥) 7 plamit/ fall suddenly and quickly from a high level or position =plunge, drop, crash, descend rapidly 35 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs illegal trapping A way to catch animals Megall Logging /‘Iogmy/ the work of cutting down trees for their wood The latter is particularly alarming because The latter Teton used to refer to the second of two. things or people mentioned Such destruction threatens not only the animals themselves but also a host of fascinatingly different ape cultures. Such destruction the act of destroying something a host of a large number of people or things Paragraph 7: G However, the cultural richness of the ape may contribute to its salvation. the cultural richness the state of bemg rich in cultures the ape = primate, simian, monkey its salvation /sel vein a way of protecting somebody from danger, disaster, loss, ete For example, the conservation efforts some local people have already altered the attitudes of the conservation efforts Ways to protect wild animals altered the attitudes Change the attitudes After several organisations showed videotapes illustrating the cognitive prowess of chimpanzees, one Zairian viewer was heard to exelaim. prowess / pravos) great skill at doing something 36 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs exclaim to say something suddenly and loudly, especially because of strong emotion or pain Paragraph 8: Although scientists have been delving into chimpanzee culture for several decades, sometimes their studies contained a fatal defect. delve into to bry hard to find out more information about something contain a fatal defect. Contain a fault that is very serious solely relied upon officially published each research site. So far, most attempts to document cultural diversity among chimpanzees have accounts of the behaviours reported at have solely relied upon Only rely on officially published accounts Written or spoken studies that are already published. Account (a): a written or spoken description of something that has happened reasons. But this approach probably neglects a good deal of cultural variation for three neglects a good deal of cultural variation Forget to mention many cultural differences. 37 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reaoincacru eae mea ec Paragraph 9: First, scientists normally don’t publish an extensive list of all the activities they do not see at a particular location. an extensive list of A longer and detailed list of Yet this is the very information we need were not observed at each si to know—which behaviours were and behaviours were and were not observed Behaviours were and were watched at the site not Paragraph 10: To tackle these problems, my colleague and I determined to take a new approach Determine (¥) ‘ar ta:min/ to officially decide and/or arrange something take a new approach. Take anew way Paragraph 11: Then we distributed our list to team lea ders at each site. Send our list to ‘They consulted with their colleagues and classified each behaviour regarding its occurrence or absence in the chimpanzee community. consult with ‘Ask others for opinions, advices regarding its occurrence or absence How often it happens or it doesn’t happen 38 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/Plot val Ta ee mee G Ma ccd PASSAGE 3: Paragraph 1: Many education researchers used to work on the assumption that children experience different phases of development, and that they cannot execute the most advanced level of cognitive operation until they have reached the most advanced forms of cognitive process. work on to try hard to improve or achieve something, experience different of development phases Go through different of development periods execute / eksikju:t/ the most advanced level of cognitive operation Perform the highest level of cognitive operation Those containers had the same capa were demonstrated that .. ity, but even when the young children Those containers had the same capacity Those bottles were the same size Piaget concluded that the children were incapable of performing the logical task in figuring out that the two containers were the same size even though they had different shapes, because their cognitive development had not reached the necessary phase. incapable of = unable to, not capable of, lacking the ability to, not equipped to, lacking the experience to [performing the logical task Show their awareness of logic figure out think about somebody/something until you understand them/it = work st out their cognitive development had not reached the necessary phase Their cognition hasn't fully developed 39 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd Critics on his work, such as Donaldson, ., have questioned this interpretation. Critic @ person who expresses disapproval of somebody/something and talks about their bad qualities, especially publicly They point out the possibility that the experimenter’s game, or that they did by the experimenter. children were just unwilling to play the not quite understand the question asked [point out the po: y that Give an idea about the chance that just unwilling to Don't like to V experiments are social situations where These criticisms surely do state the facts, but more importantly, it suggests that interpersonal interactions take place. state the facts = tell, show, reveal interpersonal interactions take place Interactions connected with relationships between people happen The implication here is that Piaget's investigation and his attempts to replicate it are not solely about measuring thinking, but also the degree to which the children’s capabilities of logical they could understand the directions for them, their willingness to comply with these requirements, how well the experimenters did in communicating the requirements and in motivating those children, etc. The implication here is that The result/ effect of st is that replicate = copy, reproduce, dupheate, make a copy of, make a replica of ‘to comply with obey a rule, an order, ete. ‘communicate the requirements make your requirements known to other people so that they understand them 40 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 2: The same kinds of criticisms have been targeted to psychological and educational tests. a isms /kritisizem/ the act of expressing disapproval of somebody/something and opinions about their faults or bad qualities been targeted to =aim, direct, level, intend, focus, position For instance, Mehan argues that the subjects might interpret the test questions in a way different from that meant by the experimenter. interpret Understand wrong substantive answer. ‘They adopted the reasoning line expected by the experimenter but got to the adopt the reasoning line ‘Accept the process of thinking about things in a logical way; opinions and ideas that are based on logical thinking ‘wrong substantive answer. A wrong answer but it is dealing with real, important or serious matters Paragraph 3: Here we are constantly getting questions about how valid the measures are valid based on what is logical or true aL Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Some scholars such as Donaldson consider these as technical issues, which can be resolved through more rigorous experimentation. ‘technical issues Technological problems Technical-practical, scientific, applied, technological, high-tech, hi-tech rigorous extremely thorough experiments experimentation rigorous=meticulous, punctilious, conscientious, careful, diligent, attentive, ultracareful, scrupulous, Paragraph 4: Critics argue that this does not take into consideration the nature of human social life by assuming it to be made up of static, mechanical casual relationships, while in reality, it includes complicated procedures of interpretation and negotiation, which do not come with determinate results. take into consideration = take into account, consider the nature of the usual way that a person or an animal behaves thet is part of their character static, mechanical casual | Static (adj) not moving, changing or relationships developing Mechanical: (of people’s behaviour and actions) done without thinking, like a machine Casual: not formal procedures /pra si:dgacry’ ‘a way of doing something, especially the usual or correct way Determinate dr'ta:mmoat/ results. fixed and definite a2 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs It is implied that social life is much more contextually variable and complex. variable / veoriobl/ often changing; likely to change Paragraph 5: during the last three or four decades. more and more educational researchers to adopt qualitative methodologies adopt = embrace, accept, use There are many forms of qualitative re: terms like ‘ethnography’, ‘case study’, ‘ search, which is loosely illustrated by participant observation’ loosely /‘lu:sli/ illustrated by illustrated in a way that is not exact case study a process or record of research in which detailed consideration is given to the development of a particular person, group, or situation over a period of time. participant observation a technique of field research, used in anthropology and sociology, by which an investigator ( participant observer ) studies the life of a group by sharing in its activities Paragraph 6: Qualitative researches have an intens ive focus on exploring the nature of certain phenomena in the field of education, instead of setting out to test hypotheses about them. an intensive focus A focus that is extremely thorough, done with a lot of care Hypotheses shar podasis/ = theory, 43 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs analytical categories. It also inclines to deal with ‘unstructured data’, which refers to the kind of data that have not been coded during the collection process regarding a closed set of incline to tend to think or behave in a particular way; to make somebody do this video devices to record what happens or As a result, when engaging in observation, qualitative researchers use audio or instead of coding behaviour concerning a pre-determined set of categories. write in detail open-ended field-notes, write in detail open-ended field- notes Waite all the details of the field-notes that (of a question) allow the formulation of any answer, rather than a selection from a set of possible answers Code st to put a message into code so that it can only be understood by a few people a pre-determined set of categories A set of categories that are decided in advance so that it does not happen by chance Similarly, in an interview, interviewers postal questionnaire. of ones that require specific predefined answers of the kind typical, like in a will ask open-ended questions instead open-ended questions answer. Closed- ended questions are those which can be answered by a simple "yes" or "no," while open- ended questions are those which require more thought and more than a simple one-word 44 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd predefined answers Answers that are defined, limited, or established in advance. in a postal questionnaire These can are normal to tick. Sot questions, Most social surveys use a postal questionnaire be closed, meaningthat respondents lly given a fixed number of responses me questionnaires use open-ended especially attitude surveys Actually, qualitative interviews are conversations. often designed to resemble casual resemble casual conversations Feel like a normal talk Paragraph 7: At most, quantification and statistical analysis only play a subordinate role. play a subordinate role Play a less important role than something else At most not more than’ in Britain in the 1960s marked the begii A series of studies conducted by Lacey, Hargreaves and Lambert in a boys? grammar school, a boys’ secondary modem school, and a girls’ grammar school inning of the trend towards grammar school another term for elementary school marked the beginning of the trend Start the trend These researchers observed lessons, interviewed both the teachers and the students, and made the most of school records. observe lessons Watch lessons made the most of to use or enjoy something as much as possible 4 5 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs TEST 3: PASSAGE 1 Paragraph 1: A Upto the middle of the 18th century, the navigators were still unable to exactly identify the position at sea, so they might face a great number of risks such as the shipwreck or running out of supplies before arriving at the destination. the navigator ‘a person who navigates, for example ona ship or an aircraft face a great number of risks Deal with many difficulties the shipwreck (/'fiprek/) a ship that has been lost or destroyed atsea running out of supplies Don’thave any supplies left. Knowing one’s position on the earth requires two simple but essential coordinates, one of which is the longitude coordinates each of a group of numbers used to indicate the position of a point, line, or plane, a ship. Paragraph 2: B The longitude is a term that can be used to measure the distance that one has covered from one’s home to another place distance that one has covered The distance that one has traveled 46 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/Plot val Ta ee mee G Ma ccd To determine longitude, navigators had no choice but to measure the angle with the naval sextant between Moon centre and a specific star— lunar distance— along with the height of both heavenly b podies. To determine = work out, calculate, find out had no choice but to = you cannot avoid doing it both heavenly bodies. heavenly bodies (= stars, planets, etc.) Unfortunately, this approach laid great r brought great inconvenience to the crew members. ‘eliance on the weather conditions, which Lay (aid) great reliance on = rely heavily on, depend heavily on brought great inconvenience to TIP: use the noun form of inconvenient” for advanced level St is too inconvenient crew members /kru:/ all the people working on a ship. plane Therefore, another method was propose the home time and the local time serve: d, that is, the time difference between -d for the measurement. the time difference between the home time and the local time the difference in standard time between places in different time zones, people in the middle of the sea with no Theoretically, knowing the longitude position was quite simple, even for the land in sight. Theoretically = Ih theory the middle of the sea with no land in sight. in the ocean and can not see any land around a7 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 3: The truth was that nobody in the 18th century had ever managed to create a clock that could endure the violent shaking of a ship and the fluctuating temperature while still maintaining the accuracy of time for navigation The truth was that = the sad truth is that, what is true is that Used to emphasize what you say is completely true, Manage () = succeed in doing something the fluctuating temperature The temperature that can vary significantly maintaining the accuracy of time Keep telling the time accurately Paragraph 4: D After 1714, as an attempt to find government offered a tremendous amount of £20,000 a solution to the problem, the British offered a tremendous amount Promised to award such a huge amount of money then the error of the required timekeeping for achieving this goal needed to be within 2.8 seconds a day, which was considered impossible for any clock or watch at sea, even when they were in their finest conditions. achieving this goal Get this goal the error of The error in time their finest conditions. In best conditions Paragraph 5: E This award, worth about £2 million today. inspired the self-taught Yorkshire carpenter John Harrison to attempt a design for a practical marine clock. self-taught Lear something by yourself rather than by somebody teaching you carpenter @ person Whose Job is making and repairing wooden objects 48 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reaoincacru eae mea ec attempt Try very hard to do st a practical marine clock. | A marine cl lock that can work at sea. The first big project of theirs was to Brockelsby Park, which was revolutionary because it required no lubrication build a turret clock for the stables at revolutionary = new, novel, original, unconventional, fresh, creative, innovative it required no lubrication. It didn’t need oil to work Harrison designed a marine clock in 173 financial aid. ‘0, and he travelled to London in seek of in seek of. To find for financial aid. ‘A source to support him financially He explained his ideas to Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal, who then introduced him to George Graham, Britain’s first-class clockmaker- first-class the best and most expensive Graham provided him with financial ai id for his early-stage work on sea clocks. _provided him with financial aid Provide him with money early-stage work His work during early stage for some time until it was adequately s: Remarkable as it was, the Board of Longitude wouldn’t grant him the prize satisfied. Remarkable as it was TIP: a good way to emphasize st is to It was really awesome. put the adjective at the beginning 49 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/Plot val Ta ee mee G Ma ccd wouldn’t grant him the prize Wouldn't give him the prize he deserved until itwas adequately satisfied. Until they are satisfied with the clock. Paragraph 6: F Harrison had a principal contestant English mathematician called John Had! for the tempting prize at that time, an ley, who developed sextant. hada principal contestant A main competitor the tempting prize The attractive prize Paragraph 7: G Most chronometer forerunners of that particular generation were English, but that doesn’t mean every achievement was made by them. Forerunners of st ‘a person or thing that came before and influenced somebody/something else that is similar but that doesn’t mean + Clause Mean (v) = entail () One wonderful figure in the history is the Lancastrian Thomas Earmshaw, who created the ultimate form of chron jometer escapement—the spring detent escapement—and made the final decision on format and productions system for the marine chronometer, which turns product. it into a genuine modern commercial One wonderful figure in the history (Figo) ‘One wonderful person in the history the ultimate form of (altmat/) Ultimate = final ‘turns it into a genuine modern commercial product. Make it a modern product that can eam a lot of money 50 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce PASSAGE 2: Paragraph 1 A Even though crocodiles have existed for 200 million years, they’re anything but primitive. As crocodiles’ ancestors, c1 lifestyle rocodilia came to adapt to an aquatic anything but not at all (used for emphasis). adapt to an aquatic lifestyle Become more familiar with life under the water When most of the other contemporary able to make it because their bodies cl climate. reptiles went extinct, crocodiles were hanged and they adapted better to the contemporary = Modern, present- day, present, current, present-time Extinct (adj) =No longer exist, vanished, lost, died out, dead, wiped out able to make it (in this context) able to survive They witnessed the rise and fall of the dinosaurs, which once ruled the planet, and even the 65 million years of alleged mammalian dominance didn’t wipe them off. They witnessed the rise and fall of the dinosaurs They lived long enough to see dinosaurs increasing and dying Wipe off. = eradicate, erase 51 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Nowadays, the crocodiles and alligators are not that different from their prehistoric ancestors, which proves that they were (and still are) incredibly adaptive prehistoric the time in history before information was written down. incredibly adaptive TIP: note the way they often use an adverb to emphasize an adjective. You should do the same in writing task 2 able to change when necessary Paragraph 2 B The first crocodile-like ancestors came into existence approximately 230 million years ago, and they had many of the features which make crocodiles natural and perfect stealth hunters come into existence begin to exist stealth hunters (/stel0/) Hunters that hunt in a quiet or secret way ‘They are bom with four short, webbed legs, but this does not mean that their capacity to move on the ground shall ever be underestimated. this does not mean that = that is not to say that, it doesn’t mean’ that their capacity to move on the ground shall ever be underestimated. We should not underestimate their ability to move on the ground 52 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs When they move, they are so fast that you won’t even have any chance to try making the same mistake again by getting too close, especially when they're hunting, won't even have any chance to try making the same mistake again Won't have another chance to do it again Paragraph 3 C Like other reptiles, crocodiles are poikilothermal animals (commonly known as coldblooded, whose body temperature changes with that of the surroundings) and consequently, require exposure temperature to sunlight regularly to raise body Like (other reptiles) TIP: use “Like” at the beginning of a in the same way as somebody/something (exposure to st: the state of being in a place or situation where there is no protection from something harmful or unpleasant) sentence to compare similarities between thing require exposure to sunlight | Need to have sunlight quite often regularly When it is too hot, they would rather stay in water or shade stay in water or shade: Stay in water or in cool places Compared with mammals and birds, crocodiles have a slower metabolism, which makes them less vulnerable to food shortage. mammals any animal that gives birth to live babies, not eggs, and feeds its young on milk. 53 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs metabolism the chemical processes in living things that change food, etc. into energy and materials for growth makes them less vulnerable | Make them easily affected when there is not to food shortage. enough food. (vulnerable:/‘valnorabl/) In the most extreme case, a crocodile can slow its metabolism down even further, to the point that it would survive without food for a whole year, enabling them to outlive mammals in relatively volatile environments. In the most extreme case describe situations and behaviour which are much more severe or unusual than you would expect survive without food Can live without food out mammals in relatively | Live longer than other mammals in volatile environments. unstable environments. outlive somebody: to live longer than somebody Paragraph 4: D Crocodiles have a highly efficient way to prey catching. prey catching. Catch an animal, a bird, etc. for food Crocodiles are successful because they are capable of switching feeding methods. capable of switching feeding] Able to change the way they hunt for methods. food. 54 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs It chases after fish and snatches birds at the water surface, hides in the waterside bushes in anticipation of a gazelle, and when the chance to ambush presents itself, the crocodile dashes forward, knocks the animal out with its powerful tail and then drags the prey into the water to drown. It chases after fish Catch fish for food snatches birds Catch birds for food in anticipation of = expectation, prediction, forecast the chance to ambush | When it is time presents itself on somebody/something from a hidden position for a chance to make a surprise attack knocks (the animal) out make somebody/st fall asleep or become unconscious drags the prey into the water to drown. Pull the animal into the water so that they cannot breathe any more. Paragraph 5: They transform into a quiescent state called aestivation. transform into a quiescent state (quiescent: /kwi' esnt/(adj) = quiet, not active) Change into an inactive mode ‘Acstivation (esta vaSHan/) @ slate of animal dormancy, similar fo hibernation, although taking place in the summer rather than the winter. Paragraph 7: G The study discovered that the crocodil creating waste and exhausting water and fat reserves. es’ metabolic engines function slowly, exhausting (water) (*) uuse all of something so that there is none left 55 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Nevertheless, the concentration of waste products in blood doesn’t fluctuate much, allowing the crocodiles to carry on their normal functions. carry on their normal functions Continue their functions the losses were propo growth rate. nal, upon emerging, the aestivating animals had no dehydration and displayed no other harmful effects such as a slowed-down (The losses were) proportional increasing or decreasing in size, amount or degree according to changes in something else In this context, it means these two losses are quite equal, had no dehydration Did not lose too much water from body displayed no other harmful effects Have no signs of other harmful effects a slowed-down growth rate. TIP: use a noun phrase for advanced writing Did not reduce their growth rate. through the harsh times and the long st: The two researchers reckon that this capacity of crocodiles to get themselves arvation periods is sure to be the answer to the crocodilian line’s survival throughout history get themselves through the harsh times Can survive through difficult periods. the long starvation periods Periods in which they have no food to eat 5 6 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce PASSAGE 3: Paragraph 1: A In a shabby office in downtown Manhattan, a group of 30 AI (artificial intelligence) programmers from Umagic are attempting to mimic the brains of a famous sexologist, a celebrated dietiti: jan, a popular fitness coach and a bunch of other specialists, Umagic Systems is an up-and-coming firm, which sets up websites that enable their clients to seek advice from the virtual versions of those figures. In a shabby office Shabby — ran down, scruffy, uncared- for, neglected, in disrepair. tumbledown; slummy: in poor condition because they have been used a lot mimic the brains copy the way somebody thinks celebrated di (celebrated: Pselibrestd, Dietitian: / dato’ tifn/) famous people who advise people on what kind of food they should eat to keep healthy fitness coach ‘a person who gives private lessons to somebody in fitness Specialist spejalist/ a person who is an expertina particular area of work or study an up-and-coming firm ‘A company that is likely to be successful and popular in the future enable their clients to seck advice from the virtual versions of those figures. Help customers to find advice from those specialists online 37 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs ‘The users put in all the information regarding themselves and their objectives: then it’s Umagic’s job to give advice, that a star expert would give it’s (Umagic)’s job to— itis smb’s job toV. Smb has to do st Even though the neuroses of American consumers have always been a marketing focus, the future of Umagic is difficult to predict ... the future of Umagic is difficult to Teis very difficult to say something for | predict the future of Umagic However, companies such, as Umagicl are starting .to intimidate major American firms, because these young companies regard the half-crazy ‘creative’ ideas as the portal to their triumph in the future. intimidate major American firms | Threaten large American companies Regard st as = consider as the portal to their triumph in the | As their chance to success in the future future. (portal: /po:tl/) Paragraph 2: B innovation has established itself as the catchword of American business management Enterprises have realised that they are running out of things that can be outsourced or re-engineered. Winners of today’s American business tend to be companies with innovative powers such as Dell, Amazon and Wal-Mart, which have come up with concepts or goods that have reshaped their industries. innovation has established itself as the catchword the introduction of new things, ideas is the new phrase to get people's attention: running out of things (ofa supply of something) be used up = be used up, dry up, be exhausted, be finished 5 8 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs come up with concepts or goods that have reshaped their industries. Think of new concepts or goods that have brought dramatic changes in their industries Paragraph 3: C According to a new book by two const last 15 years, the top 20% of firms in ultants from Arthur D. Little, during the Fortune magazine’s annual innovation survey have attained twice as much the shareholder returns as their peers. attained twice as | much the shareholder returns (attain = achieve, get, receive: Shareholder: owners of shares in a company or business, Returns = profits) A twofold increase in profits for owners of shares in a company or business their peers @ person who is the same age or who has the same social status as you In this context, “peers” mean “other firms” The desperate search for new ideas is tl merger boom. he hormone for a large part of today’s the hormone for (ha:maon/) a chemical substance produced in the body or in a plant that encourages growth. In this context, “hormone” imply “an important factor for business growth” merger boom, (/bu:m/) (merger: joining two companies into one; Boom: a sudden increase) ‘a sudden increase in the act of joming two or more organizations or businesses into one 5 9 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs The same goes for the money spent on licensing and purchasing others’ intellectual property. The same goes for what I have said about one person or thing is also true for or relates to another person or thing licensing and purchasing others’ intellectual property. (license (v) /‘latsns/: give somebody official permission to do, own, or use something: Purchase (v) /'pa:tfas/ = buy st) give somebody official permission to do, own, or use and buy their intellectual invention Based on the statistics from Pasadena-based Patent & Licence Exchange, trade volume in intangible assets in America has gone up from $15 billion in 1990 to $100 billion in 1998, with small firms and individuals taking up an increasing share of the rewards. trade volume The number of overall shares that are traded on a daily basis intangible assets (/m'tendgobl/) Properties that do not exist as a physical thing but are still valuable to a. company taking up an increasing share of the rewards Continue to take a larger share of the market 60 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 4: Peter Chernin, who runs the Fox TV and fil out that ‘In the management of creativity, lm empire for News Corporation, points e is your enemy.’ size is your enemy In this context, it means “small firms more creative, bigger firms less creative” It’s impossible for someone who's ma someone doing 5. naging 20 movies to be as involved as It’s impossible for someone Someone can’t do V someone who’s managing 20 movies to be as involved as someone doing 8. Someone who managing 20 movies to be as dedicated to their work as someone who’s only managing 5 movies. risk of higher expenses. Therefore, he has tried to divide the studio into smaller parts, disregarding the Therefore being so. = for that reason, consequently, so, as a result, as aconsequence, hence, thus, accordingly, then, that disregarding the risk of higher expenses. Even he has to face the risk of paying more money Paragraph 5: E Nowadays, ideas are more likely to prosper outside big companies. more likely to probably, in doubt, doubtlessly "such as well might happen or be true, probable all probability, presumably, no prosper =thrive, flourish, flower, bloom, blossom, burgeon, grow vigorously, shoot up; boom, expand, spread, improve, 61 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs In the old days, when a brilliant scientist came up with an idea and wanted to make money out of it, he would take it to a big company first. Tn the old days @ period in the past, often seen as, significantly different from the present, especially noticeably better or worse. make money out of it Make a profit from doing st But now, with all these cheap venture capital around, he would probably want to commercialise it by himself. But now Used to contrast with present situations commercialise it by himself. ‘Make a profit by himself So far, Umagic has already raised $5m and is on its way to another $25m. on its way to another Ts going to raise for more Even in the case of capital tensive businesses like pharmaceuticals, entrepreneurs have the option to conduct early-stage research and sell out to the big firms when they’re faced with costly, risky clinical trials. capital-intensive businesses Businesses that need a lot of money to start when they're faced with costly, risky | When they have to try many clinical trials. experiments in the lab that are very expensive and risky 62 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] reabincacr Ta ee mee G Ma ccd Approximately 1/3 of drug firms’ total revenue is now from licensed-in technology. revenue =income, earnings, profits, returns, rewards, yield, licensed-in technology Technology that are already allowed to use Paragraph 6: F Some of the major enterprises such as General Electric and Cisco have been impressively triumphant when it comes to snatching and incorporating small companies’ scores. impressively triumphant =victorious, successful, winning, prize- winning in a very impressive way snatching and incorporating small companies’ scores. (snatching: take something quickly and often rudely or roughly incorporating: include something so that it forms a part of something) Take small companies’ good points and merge them into large companies. However, other grants are concemed the way to keep those geniuses who ge about the money they have to spend and nerated the idea. grant asum of money given by a government or other organization for a particular purpose. Keep those geniuses who generated the idea. Keep those people who can come up with innovative ideas 63 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs It is the dream of everyone to develop more ideas within their organisations develop more ideas within their organisations ‘Come up with more creative ideas for their companies. It is the dream of everyone Everyone want to V Procter & Gamble is currently switching their entire business focus from countries to products; one of the goals innovations. is to get the whole company to accept the switching their entire business focus from countries to products Change their focus from countries to products In other places, the craving for it intrapreneurship’ transferring power and tracking inventory so that the talen innovation has caused a frenzy for and establishing internal idea-workshops ts will stay. the craving for innovation The strong desire for innovation a frenzy for intrapreneurship Frenzy ((frenzi/). a state of great activity and strong emotion that is often violent or frightening and not under control Intrapreneurship is a system that allows an employee to act like an entrepreneur within a company or other organization. the talents will stay. TIP: sometimes, in writing, less words are more advanced than a lot of words that describe everything in detail, Those who have can make innovation will stay with their company. 64 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 7: G Some people don't believe that this kind of restructuring is sufficient. restructuring an act of organizing something such as a system or a company in a new and different way sufficient =enough, adequate, plenty of, ample, abundant; Clayton Christensen argues in new book taking care of their existing customers, can get in the way of innovative that big firms’ many advantages, such as behaviour. taking care of their existing | Care the customers that they already customers have. get in the way of = Disturb That’s why there’s been the trend of businesses that will confront and jeopardise the existing ones. cannibalisation, which brings about Cannibalization / kenibalar'zetjin/ (business) a reduction in the sales of one product as a result of the introduction of a similar new product bring about make something happen = cause, lead to, result in businesses that will confront and jeopardise the existing ones. (jeopardise: / d3epadarz/) Businesses that will deal with a problem or difficult situation and risk harming or destroying businesses that one companies already have. compete, with its actual branches. For example, Bank One has set up Wingspan, which is an online bank that in fact that in fact compete, with its actual branches. ‘The truth is the new Ban One will be a competitor to its other branches 65 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs Paragraph 8: H There’s no denying that innovation is a big deal. There’s no denyin g that Ways of emphasizing that something is true or exact = Actually, Clearly, evidently, obviously, evidently, patently, unquestionably, undoubtedly, withou +t doubt, undeniably, incontrovertibly, irrefutably, a deal. big A thing considered important. Big companies can adopt new ideas wh and rewards have become more quantifiable. en they are mature enough and the risks adopt (new ideas) Sembrace, take on, acquire, Approve, agree to, consent accept, validate to, the risks and rewards have become more quantifiable. ‘The risks and profits can be described or expressed as an amount or a number. 66 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs 8 PASSAGE 1: Paragraph 1: A Although we lack accurate statistics about child mortality in the pre- industrial period, we do have evidence that in the 1660s, the mortality rate for children who died within 14 days of birth was as much as 30 per cent. lack accurate statistics Don’t have enough statistics child mortality also known as child death, refers to the death of children under the age of 14 Nearly all families suffered some premature death. Nearly all almost but not quite nearly Suffer (v) /safowy experience something unpleasant, such as injury, defeat or loss premature death. (/"prematjaqy)) Death happening or being born before the normal length of pregnancy has been completed to invest in their newborn children. Since all parents expected to bury some of their children, they found it difficult Bury /"beri/ place a dead body in a grave invest in their newborn children. Make emotional connections with their newborn children, Moreover, to protect themselves infant. children’s death, parents avoided making any emotional commitment to an from the emotional consequences of ‘Moreover addition, also, as besides, furthermore, what's more, in well, too, to 67 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs boot, additionally, on top of that, over and above that protect themselves from | Don’t want to be hurt emotionally the emotional consequences avoided making any | Try not to have any close emotional connection emotional commitment to | with a newborn baby an infant. It is no wonder that we find mothers the death in the same paragraph with reference to pickles. leave their babies in gutters or refer to It is no wonder that = it is not surprising that paragraph with reference to pickles. (mothers leave their babies) in| the gutter [singular] the bad social gutters conditions or low moral standards sometimes connected with the lowest level of society refer to the death in the same | Talk about the death as pickles. Paragraph 2: B The 18th century witnessed the transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial one, one of the vital social changes taking place in the Westem. world, 18th century witnessed _ the transformation from an agrarian economy to an industrial one an agrarian economy changed to an industrial one in the 18" century. take place = happen, occur 68 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/‘An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. ‘An increasing number of people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities where life was quite different. Many people moved from their villages and small towns to big cities, but then they found out that life was quite different, TIP: use this sentence in writing task 2 when comparing lives between rural and urban areas and disease Social supports which had previously replaced by ruthless problems such as poverty, crime, substandard housing existed in smaller communities were ruthless problems hard and cruel problems substandard not as good as normal, not acceptable childhood became painfully short Due to the need for additional income from the poorest families were forced into early employment and thus their to support the family, young children the need for additional income to support the fa When family need more income to make ends meet young children from the poorest families Children from poor families forced into early employment Must work at very early age Children as young as 7 might be required to work full-time, subjected to unpleasant and unhealthy circumstances, from factories to prostitution. might be required to work full-time Might have to work all day subjected to unpleasant _ and unhealthy circumstances (subject to/sob' dgekt/: to make somebody/something experience, suffer or be affected by something, usually something unpleasant) Suffer from poor working conditions 69 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce Although such a role has disappeared in childhood employment still remains a rarely disappeared entirely most wealthy countries, the practice of staple in underdeveloped countries and the practice of childhood employment still remains a staple (staple (n): 2 large or important part of something) The fact that children had to work at early age still exists Paragraph 3: United States. C The lives of children underwent a drastic change during the 1800s in the undergo a drastic change Experience a big change Previously, children from both rural participate in everyday labour due to and urban families were expected to the bulk of manual hard working. Previously =formerly, earlier, earlier on, before, until now/then, in the past, back then, In the old days both rural and urban families Families from the countryside and city [participate in everyday labour Have to work every dai the bulk of manual hard working. (bulk: /balk/ the (large) size or quantity of st) The large quantity of works that have to done by hands Nevertheless, thanks to the technologie ical advances of the mid-1 800s, coupled with the rise of the middle class and redefinition of roles of family members, work and home became less synonymous over time. thanks to the technological advances Because of technology development coupled with Couple with [usually passive] to link one thing, situation, etc. to another 7 0 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs work and home became less synonymous over time. (synonymous:/s1'npnimes/ synonymous (with something) so closely connected with something that the two things appear to be the same Work and home became less the same over time. When the country depended more upon machines, children in rural and urban areas, were less likely to be required to work at home. be less likely to be Won't V be required to work at home Must work at home 19th century, this trend increased expo! Beginning from the Industrial Revolution and rising slowly over the course of the nentially after civil war. this trend increased exponentially (ekspo'nenJoli/) Increase in a way that becomes faster and faster John Locke, one of the most influential writers of his period, created the first clear and comprehensive statement of the ‘environmental position’ that family education determines a child’s life, and via this, he became the father of modem learning theory. family education determines a child’s life (/di'ta:mim/) family education decides a child’s life the father of (modern learning theory) the man who was responsible for starting something ay Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/TAR] teaoins acruat test vous, vocasuanr ichuciTs During the colonial period, his teachings about child care gained a lot of recognition in America gain a lot of recognition = official approval, certification, accreditation, validation Paragraph 4: D According to Jean Jacques Rousseau, who lived in an era of the American and French Revolution, people were ‘noble savages’ in the original state of nature, meaning they are innocent, free and uncorrupted. noble savages (“noubl/ /sevidy/) Noble. having fine personal qualities that people admire, such as courage, honesty and care for others Savages: a people that is simple and not developed in the original state of nature In their character; born that way uncorrupted = undefiled, perfect. In 1762, Rousseau wrote a famous novel Emile to convey his educational philosophy through a story of a boy’s education from infancy to adult-hood. convey = project, exude, emit from infancy to adult-hood. From when they were newbom babies to when they become adults This work was based on his extensive observation of children and adolescents, their individuality, his developmental theory and on the memories of his own childhood. Be based on = found, build, construct, form, establish, adolescents =teenager, youngster, the _ young, the youth, juvenile, schoolboy, schoolgirl, 2 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/PU op Nast MSTA mee ECA ei ce on the memories of his own) When he tries to remember what had childhood happened when he was small He contrasts children with adults and describes their age-specific characteristics in terms of historical perspective and developmental psychology. their age-specific characteristics | Their personalities are different according to their age Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi, living during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, sought to develop schools to nurture children’s all-round development. nurture = bring up, care for, provide for, take care of, attend to, look after, rear, support, raise, foster, parent, mother, feed, nourish children’s all-round | (of a person) development with a wide range of development. skills or abilities for children He agreed with Rousseau that humans are naturally good but were spoiled by a corrupt society. humans are naturally good Humans are basically good people were spoiled by a corrupt society. _ | Were changed into bad people due to a bad society. His approach to teaching consists of the general and special methods, and his ¢ learning environment, which had to be in place before more specific instructions theory was based upon establishing an emotionally healthy hom occurred. Establish an emotionally healthy | Create a learning environment that homelike learning environment feels like home and make children feel all the healthy emotions. be in place Be ready to work 73 Follow Our Page: httos://www.facebook.com/ielts.them.pham/