]F RESOURCES Human Resources Non- Hum WASTE MANAGEMENT use * Reduce * Reuse * Repair * Recycle BIODEGRADABLE AND NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE * Biodegradable Waste + Non- Biodegradable Waste MANAGING BIODEGRADABLE WASTE MANAGING NON- BIODEGRADABLE WASTE CLEAN CITIES IN INDIA * Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Clean India Mission CHAPTER BB aaunal RESOURCE MANAGEMENT psources’ are components-that a goal or completo-atask. It_in essential for starting, performing a task. For example,.the first.te capital or money needed. to obtain individual_requites 10 perform the fy electricity; tra and materials reg machinery for maintenance, et Respuucescan be tangibleand int angi (material and non-material requiremen itcan include a person to doa task and it the skill of the person to perform the tas} skill, a person is unable to perform and a task CHARACTERISTICS OF RESOURCES Resources are tangible as well as int possess certain characteristics which are as fol] ws 1. Beneficial and Useful: They are used to our requirements to accomplish a task availability _makes_the task easier convenient. For example, it is difficult to ¢ without a knife. Thus, having a knife is ben, and it helps to make the task of Cutting eg simpler and quicker, 2. Finite: All resources, natural and manmat limited in quantity. They should be used judic No resource should be wasted. They sho utilised to the maximum and used efficiently example, time is a limited resource and once it cannot be reused. Similarly, money, water electricity are also limited. 3. Interrelated: All resources or interdependent. No task can be com} with only one resource in hand. All resoure equally important and unique. However, are inter>) Munces Oo iyefedl bol Quis ' a i¢ { wt rested, like without money. one may not be ale t. purchase equip n ‘ aa hone electricity, the equipment (art ut-woek Luerefore, yore sta maul alficionthy and amoothly 4 4g Mattiperpose: Ags sesource can be used jr ee tien_one ways The poe = tare endless! cone should have inn vative i vs and a good se of -ement to utilise the resources to the maxirnum in tore tham one manner ae many examples of multiple uses of cesmuces but the best xarp tne reuse of waste materials or recycling of the same and open pew pos" 16S seecegand Teton By products coralsobrutlaedin numerous #373 For durin die example. the solids that are strained out during “up preparation can be \ prepare chutney 5. Replaceable: The scion iat ct ict oe above Here, more than one resource is used for ane task, whereas the above Spentioned characteristic suggests using the same resource for many.p's"P°°eS or tasks. However, this characteristic is very important so as to ke ing and ceatinue work in absence of any resource. All resources should be backed up ucth alternatives during the planning of work. This keeps the workflow secure ‘ge example, if there is a scarcity of electricity in an area, one should have-an coverter or in case of unavailability of fresh ingredients, one should have some préterved ingredients so as to keep the production line eintact. TyPES OF RESOURCE; Ve Resources can be infinite. In fact, any object or skill can be a resource for one ‘other. However, they basically fall under two main classes nam Human Resources and Non- human Resources, a_— a. 1, Human Resources: Is or qualities of Aber, the ski are education, hard ,, . re. Some examples of human resources are art, bette er ‘a person. These ar, perience managed Lk BY : 2 i me, energy and i x Shi she accomplished req, ny or others for their qua) { ‘an resources shouly ¢ 4 should be utilised t most of these resources, ne may underrate him/h a and not utilising this skill, art or knowled: in vm oe keenly studied before assigning any task t0® maximum go as to achieve the best rest! human resources ¢ ; ‘ serial oF no! Dy Tapa een aa ames a nate orbustes DA Thr Es dew antsy 8"? a A te ent anit. In case of abseny s the base ofthe task andthe result ate" atly dep yas to substitute it with oh base of the task an esource, OMe gee scarcity or unavailability of oe Mater? ood decision-making abil, e requires 8 resource. To select the best sea oni ven ewer» ua This decision making power 16 d with other resource; be ang if cannot walities of a hu Human reso work, knowledge and other skills ae ieee othe Intelligence, art, hi me be given, borrowe' ough soe tS tq i itive.. » a being have no atest ents of a person remain wit with himself. Alt a Dee may use. The qualities o or art can be shar shared with others or taught to others, Thig resources like knowl ee the availability of human resources. Thus, training ang 2 yharing can hugely in cescing can increase the existing human resources. yes of Human Resources © , sine ° aga utvidual has twenty-four hous a day to complete along with practic the proper util time, basic awareness praca ae Gunite ae perishable of thesasourcesinielind is necessary. ‘ energy are closely related to each other. Using the right amount of ent TE. and Jk saves time and energy for other activities )Qne thst vigour to complete a tas! always be conscious of time available and time needed to carry out various only for occupational activities but aso activities. "me is a us forest Jesus reper is defined as the ability todo the work onal work such as standing, sitting walking, climbing stairs and other household activities like dusting, cleaning, washing,_ and cooking, repairing work requires human energy. When energy of different members of the family is wisely utilised for household activities to-achieve the family goals, then they aré considered as a resouirce of that family. All the ‘members of the family should use mjgimum energy for maximum benefit by proper magni of Hels a person unfit for bogh mental and activityOne st ira to use energy resources wisely,constantly be built ¢) Knowledge (Knowledgoih human resoure whan constant be bal and utilised in every sphere afactivities jin individual's kno thing aker can iigé this Sy way in determining the success of managing thingA home-m: nd human resource in meal planning for the family to meet Sear omesy qualitative standards of the mutritional requirement)An individ ype of the latest techniques of ac hieving goals with a fixed budget , time an helps them to achieve their goals. 4) Attitude: Auitude A opinions and feelings can_stimulate oF retard - icular action} (laintaining a plae attitude helps one fulfil the a ie ose with'a positive attitude become successful in every field while (Tost hile fe with a negative attitude prevent them from reaching their goals. So the negati attitude of the members of the family must be changed at any cost) It is very important and helps them to view their surroundings and life in a more positive manner. Fore.g. bringing about a change in the food habits of people, to consume jommon, inexpensive and seasonal vegetables are the resources of the family. Optimism, willingness to experiment or try out new ideas and to accept changes and adapt are som; ‘amples of positive attitudes towards the situations one meets in life, 2. Non-human Resources:(hese SOE are objects or materials and can be gen or gained. Most material resources are bought in exchange for capital or money nd are finite or limited. These resources add convenience to our tasks and help be to things easily. ‘The first and most important of all non-human resources is capital. Capital (money) - lows buying or achieving other materials and goods required for the accomplishment fany task. It also allows hiring of workers and saves human resources like time and nerey) To organise proper utilisation of non-human resources, one should plan their work nd prevent wastage of resources, One resource can be substituted for another and an be interchanged. However, care should be taken in terms of cost and value of a ssource when it is substituted. Additionally (ese material ‘CBloces san be borrowed, lent or sold to others and re easier to obtain than human resources. On the other hand, we are dependent on 2e material resources and if unavailable, they have no alternative. For instance, if 2e equipment is unavailable, the task to be performed by the equipment becomes ifficult to accomplish without me examples of non-human resources are capital or money, time, electricity, Saat ank rhb cal fr peon uit ask, irement of these resources changes for every oTa. Types of Non-Human Resources. roof source OF (4) Memey: toney is the most impettant res | veer Tecan be exchanged £0 BO 2g must callable equally to all and is home mal phe 5 achieve goals of their families Qe ) Materialistic Good ™ n\ 40 = 7 aby\iy Material goods" conditioners, cars. television $e fod, clothing.cosine tC. d ee ¢ money. Th fe soc the use of MONEY. oF mo aa ie! ited availability Ot es mus in a family is limi G gh : human resource. All these g0° For e.g. household work J ost i > a hos itals, publi (0) Gop an individual makes useofareliter and electrict supply, which ar ee ores, markets, Parks, erson Wi perative stores, ETO often helps to provide a P Fiilisation of these rescue a and goods ata proce T : WASTE MANAGEMEN llecting, transporting, is the procedure of coer. The term ‘waste! us Giaste managemen' ee a week recycling (or disposing) and monitoring Wa> is important to manage waste veltes to materials produced by human activity tis import portance of mani proper manner. Let us see what waste is and learn about the imp’ riatel in eee il that js ne longer wanted. However, it can be useful to of like the poor or it can be useful in other ways It can be given away to the n not ao, it can be recycled to produce other or similar substances. To ensure hous: waste is suitable for use in making new products (recycling) it needs sorting. So should begin at home and continue at the local household waste sorting site. Sor enables us to produce a clean and usable stream of raw material, e.g., paper, cardb plastic, glass, tin cans, compost and wood etc. x Most city waste is organic mat like ier food, sewage (human waste) and garden waste. This biodegradable # made rotten by micro-organisms. On the other hand, waste from man-made obj re i batteries and plastic are left lying around. They contain dangerous chemi ha = i get mixed into the water sources thereby polluting them and makin; 3 fe. This can result into serious illnesses to people consuming or using an Jaste. i in separate bins where kitchen waste, soli : ee ee fe, solid i sorted and recycled accordingly. It is also aeeth ne ied out processed to recover resot3 wil _ pean involve sl liquid gaseous or radioactive substances, with diffrent Oi ei fields of expertise for each The major pollutants that pose a danger to the environment and life are plastic electronic waste. The use of products made up of plastic and electronic gadgets be monitored and we should essentially follow the five R's of sustainability. 2 pemicals used to manufacture the two can be fatal and are responsible for many - al changes in the health conditions of living creatures, ree us see the five R's in detail as they can help the world overcome the pollution Dy pethods a poll oblem: © +. Refuse: The first element of the SR’s hierarchy. Learning to refuse waste can take some practice, but incorporating this step into the waste management strategy is the most effective way to minimise waste. We should refuse to oducts. When working with vendors refuse annecessary product packaging and request reusable or returnable containers i i isi is and expectations Making-smarter purchasing decisions.and setting standards early in the purchase of goods makes it easier for us to “refuse” waste in the first i - 2. Reduce: Reducing the use of non- biodegradable wastes like plastic and electronic gadgets ae very important The-ather ban sues ct cole apse ace energy and water. Turn off water taps properly after using them, switch off the Jights when you leave a room and turn off electric equipment when it is not in use. In many states, the government has banned the use of plastic materials. However, vendors find loopholes in the rules and continue to use them. We, as customers should avoid and discourage the use. Without demand and sale, there is no market for any product. Other things to remember are: 44) We should try to buy recycled products. 46) Prefer using rechargeable batteries. 40 Use doth dish towels and napkins instead of paper ones. 48) Avoid the use of disposable plates, cups and cutlery. SofUise own basket cloth, bag or reusable plastic bags in the supermarket. 3, Reuse: If the waste in the bins is sorted properly, a majority of the products canbe reused for one purpose or the other. The discarded products should be sorted in such a-manner-that-they.can-be useful to us.or others. Paper, plastic, strings, cloth, rubber, and wood can all be reused with little innovative thinking. All of us should think creatively and make good use of waste materials. Unless damaged or broken, most waste products can be reused. Sometimes, art pieces or useful articles are made out of waste products. This should be encouraged to minimise landfills and reduce pollution. Also, paper bags, plastic bags, bottles, and containers should be reused as much as possible and we should avoid using new bags every time. One should develop these habits and apply the practice of Teusing in our daily life. Reusi f sustainability that requires nosffortand-saves-money.—8 mw 4. Repair: Qne af the higgst : challenges in using eawipme”* longer is. the downand poor, component Availability af spareparts Medic equipment hasalot of ee such 8 and PCBs (Printed Circuit Boards). Rea of Printed Cie such as : pours smit-re = en power supply board, control board, transmit-reg ae splay board, Sensor Interface Boar" very useful in longer usage ©! tubes can be repaii i affordable compared to using new" le but after_re but aft 5. Recycle: This method yeuses he product age product, Reeyeling of ; sami becomes economically and plastic consuls stes strictly require rec impractical and unfruitful: However, on er products th wr should not be discarded along with ot be recycled are metal ‘and glass. These are re¢ items. BIODEGRADABLE AND N Basically, waste can be divi biodegradable. Biodegradable Waste Giodegradable substances are easily converted int tobecome rotten and easily get mixed with the soil. Biode; plants and animals. It can be broken down and made degra If the waste material is froma natural source like leaves, fruits, flowers or other fe they can further be used as pas) Jo vec Non-Biodegradable Waste Non-biodegradable waste does not decay. and is a major cause of concern. It hhugeand serious problemslike dumping which causeslandfils, incineration or but “of such products which causes ait ‘pollution; water pollution can alsa occur d improper disposal or allowing the effluent into the water bodies. Non-biodegra waste can take a lot of effort, energy and capital to be managed correctly. There many materials from which non- jects are manufactured. The biodegradable obj ‘main non-biodegradable products to be managed carefully are plastic and elect waste. Also, medical waste needs to be managed carefully, so as to prevent infect to human beings and animals. Plastic does not decompose; it litters the environ for centuries. Plastic bags cause ‘major havoc in many cities. Moreover, animals die from swallowing them or getting tangled up. ‘They are banned in many citi India. As a customer, we should avoid using plastic bags while shopping: There many ways to manage the nnon-biodegradable waste correctly. Due to basic differences in the nature of different objects, we should dispose of separately. All biodegradable waste should be collected together so that ma easttes a ‘ew equipment alto e, These 1 yr parts OF buying ™ to day life. It also nic was ver wastes. Oth -ycled to form ne! ‘an be very tii DABLE WASTE -BIODEGRA\ oe sses: Biodegradable and ded into two da: oa simpler form,abe prepared using the wast — wii te vimals. If this food Sometimes irmful substances evr Additionally, eps it in usable co) { this waste is odegradable an, praatie «discarded food is eaten by the poor of at S'¢ When disposing it animals may consume Sod and injuries from broken glass ot pins may dition, If ane Waste should be collected in dry bins, This Nec! with wet waste, it cannot be recycled. Recycling discussed - furt d non bio Sie this chapter, Let us see managing the basic able waste materials from a household \ANAGING BioDeEg, Biodegradable waste ‘GRADABLE WASTE n managing biodegradan, be managed or utilised in many ways, Some methods wgasse. © are composting, vermi composting, biogas and 1. Composting: waste is decomposed j A the bacteria present in i 4, 2. Vermi-composting: e hebacte aise. ae crea ost is the result of decomposed organic or S Mixed with along with th all non-biode harmful effects. It is also very rich in nutrients and works as a soll conditioner, <\ 3. Biogas: Bi encigy. 4 \d_animal waste, In this method, i aLonygen-andair_It is an anaerobic m At iethod of decomposition, Raw materials used vary and consist of sewage, food waste, plant and agriculture waste. The resultant gas ice., bi i is e_and_hydros ; sulphide. Tbis.s very useful for the generation of electricityand.can also be used_ " 4, Bagass: Bagass is the le s part of sugarcane that remains after the \ extraction of sugarcane juice. This fibrous material can be used as fel Itcan_ t» also. be-used-to-generate electricity through steam that is released on yurning the bagasse. This steam can help to rotate ine and icity. ‘MANAGING NON-BIODEGRADABLE WASTE 1, [ncineration : A waste treatment process which includes the combustion of waste for recovering the energy is called incineration. Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steam, and ash. These products are further used © toproduce energy. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals = andon alarge scale by industry. It is used to dispose of solid, liquid and gaseous * waste, In earlier days, incineration was carried out without segregation of materials, thus, causing harm to the environment. This resulted in a risk for plant workers health and environment, Incineration is a controversial method of waste disposal, as it has some advantages as well as disadvantages. decomposingBe di ‘scard them, reuse them, recycle them and save the enviro, tod etree ment f, (a) New fuel from non-biodegradable waste can be research ‘wo problems at once, Discarding plastic and fuel shortage achieved : ©) Energy-saving automobiles, electronics and appliances can be g appliances can be developed more and more $0 as to save the ng Md. Thi both cy, develon tural, (© New methods of recycling and reusing the non-biodegradable mary, be invented ss thay CLEAN CITIES IN INDIA A lesson on the importance of waste management was learnt the hard the health authorities in India in the year 1994. Unhygienic surroun,." accompanied by a flood:-lke situation in the city of Surat during monsoo, to the spread ofa deadly disease or ‘plague’, which was spread by rats. A large, of rats died due to infection, which spread the plague to human beings ang the death of more than 50 patients. Many people migrated to other cities. How Surat then became one of the cleanest cities in India. This incidence clearly importance of cleanliness and proper waste disposal. y ings This shows In Kovalam, a Zero Waste Centre was developed in the year 2001. This cy has viewed waste as a resource rather than garbage. The biodegradable and ny biodegradable waste is treated as required and there is practically no dumping, garbage to cause landfills and pollution. This centre is an ideal to follow nationyiy Swachh Bharat Abhiyan or Clean India Mission This is the biggest cleanliness mission run in India. It was initiated by Honourable Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. It was launched on 2nd Octobe 2014, which was the 145th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. The campaign w: running across 4,401 cities, towns and villages of India i.e., in the year 2017-18 involves the construction of toilets in private and public areas, provision of dustbit inpublicareas and each household, segregating waste separately like a kitchen dusthi for wet waste which is green in colour whereas a red dustbin is used for the disposal’ dry waste. It also includes promoting sanitation programmes, cleaning streets, rox and changing the infrastructure of the country. This mission is a politics free missio which is boosted by patriotism and willingness to change and improve India and! citizens’ health. The Clean India Mission is a strong step taken not only by the Government ‘ India, but also promoted and supported by celebrities, business tycoons and otht countries. The citizens of India also want a better India now and are making a serie" effort to dispose of waste in the proper manner so as to maintain a cleaner 4” healthier environment.