Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/matpr

Smart real time health monitoring system using Arduino and Raspberry
Pi
Pronami Bora, P. Kanakaraja ⇑, B. Chiranjeevi, M. Jyothi Sri Sai, A. Jeswanth
Electronics and Communication Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, AP 522502, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The common problem we face these days is the lack of accurate health care for the elderly. There are
Received 16 January 2021 many home-based health care monitoring systems but they are limited due to various setbacks. This
Received in revised form 30 January 2021 work proposes a design of a health care monitoring system by using Arduino and Raspberry PI, to monitor
Accepted 9 February 2021
the parameters i.e., heartbeat, body temperature, heart rhythm, and electrical activity. GPS module is
Available online xxxx
used for tracking the location and camera for capturing live feed and an alert notification system that will
notify the hospital and family if the values are abnormal and we can also check the real-time data in an
Keywords:
app or a website that is incorporated into this module.
Internet of Things (IoT)
Health monitoring system
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ECG Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Confer-
GPS module ence on Materials, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering for Sustainable Developments-2020.
Heart beat

1. Introduction Aging includes physical changes along with mental changes in

Health Care Monitoring has been regarded as one of the chal-
lenges to date. It plays a crucial role in obtaining information about
the patient’s situation. Some examples that fall under Health Care
Tracking are Fitness Trackers, Smart Fitness Watches and Portable
ECG Sensors. Continuous gathering of such data gives companies to
make better decisions in case of vulnerable cases. These healthcare
devices have many benefits in the medical field. These wearable
technologies benefit the doctors as well as patients by keeping
them updated from time to time. IoT has enabled to implementa-
tion of complex systems onto compact devices [1]. By using just
a smartphone we can analyze and compute the data [2]. The com-
bination of the internet and healthcare improves the reliability of
these services. It makes our lives smarter, more efficient, and
easier. IoT has given us a huge advantage in developing modern
medical treatment. The sensors have become smaller which has
enabled the development of a wide variety of wearables [3].
Fig. 1 displays the architecture of the remote monitoring system.
It shows the detailed analysis from the beginning of how wearables
from the person’s body retrieve information and pass it to doctors
or family in case of emergencies [4]. The Internet plays an impor-
tant role in this, where it acts as a barrier between sender and
receiver (Fig. 2–5).
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: pamarthikanakaraja407@gmail.com (P. Kanakaraja).
people’s bodies. With this, the functional changes of the bodily
organs also vary [5]. This is one of the crucial reasons why some
of the elders need constant assistance. Their ability to perform
independently drastically changes. Forming an extensive care plan
can be helpful to provide necessary support services. The proposed
module works on the combined access of Arduino and Raspberry Pi
[6]. When working with electronic devices, communication is key.
Each device needs to communicate with other devices clearly. This
is one of the primary things to work with basic applications or
complex ones [7].
2. Literature survey
The IoT-based healthcare monitoring system is one of the man-
ifested application areas in the medical field. ECG monitoring is
widely used and applied. A system for implementing lightweight
ECG signals to improve performance, accuracy, and reliability has
been proposed by Guangyu Xu. The theory of signal strength anal-
ysis (SSA)-IoT platform is used by the suggested framework. The
ECG-SQA approach proposed is close to current approaches
focused on morphological and machine learning techniques.
A multi-physical digital telemedicine health management sys-
tem solution was introduced by Kai Zhang and Wenjie Ling. The
key physiological parameters of this study are body temperature,
breathing, saturation of blood oxygen, heartbeat, blood pressure,
ECG. Different algorithms are used for each parameter. With the

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.290
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the International Conference on Materials, Manufacturing and Mechanical Engineering for
Sustainable Developments-2020.

Please cite this article as: P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al., Smart real time health monitoring system using Arduino and Raspberry Pi, Materials
Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.02.290
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al.
Fig. 1. Remote health management system architecture.
Fig. 2. Mechanism of sensor measuring the Heart Beat of the person using LED.
combination of telemedicine and signal processing, the overall
functionality of the system is tested [1].
Health Care monitoring usage includes many factors in which
low cost is one of them. A wearable health tracking device was
developed and tested for the commercially available Xiaomi MI
Band2, which is low-cost, simple, intelligent and non-invasive 2.
In an emergency, the device automatically generates text messages
to doctors or caregivers with location information through fusion
tables. The optical filter suggested directly filters the TCRT1000 sig-
nal stored within a map to maximize the accuracy of cardiac rate
estimation and reduce energy consumption [6].
2
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To address the challenges related to healthcare monitoring,
there has to be a solution planned, deployed, validated by sufficient
skills. Extensive simulation results are obtained with productivity
and are cost-effective in acquisition and handling of data in the
study of remote health surveillance of the seniors by wearable sen-
sors. The data is accumulated through wearable sensors by SW-
SHMS and transmitted to the cloud for further processing any con-
dition in the data obtained will be reported to the doctor of the
patient [3].
3. Measuring of parameters of the body
3.1. Heart Beat
One of the essential and relevant human body physiological
parameters is the cardiac rate [8]. The number of beats per minute
of your heart is commonly described as (bpm). Changes in your
heart rate can be caused by heart failure or another problem, a
pulse or a hard blood vessel. We will sense a pulse in some of
the blood vessels as your heart pumps blood through your body
[9]. Near to the area of the skin, such as the wrist and the arm or
neck. It is easy to count your pulse rate to find out how quickly
your heart is pounding the heart rate monitor, using a light source
optical and a light sensor for LED, measures the heart rate in beats
per minute. The light glows through the skin and tests the sensor
through reflecting the sum of light. As blood pumps under your
skin, the light reflections will vary
3.2. Temperature of the body
The K-type thermocouple is a simple, widely used component
for measuring temperature. This is the most used thermocouple
type that provides the largest operating temperature values [10].
In most applications, K type thermocouples can usually work
because they are nickel-based and have a high resistance to corro-
sion [11]. This is the most popular form of sensor calibration with
the largest working temperature range. Due to its durability and
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the proposed system.

Fig. 4. ECG readings in the signal form.

precision, at temperatures of up to 2300 °F (1260 °C), the K type tively [13]. It has the potential to work even in extreme environ-
thermocouple is commonly used [12]. mental conditions, making it a standout over other temperature
Accuracy: The standard K-type thermocouple is ± 2.2C% transduction devices in different atmospheres [14]. A K type ther-
or ± 0.75%, with a particular cap error: ±1.1C or 0.4 percent respec- mocouple can be connected to a voltmeter for easy data collection.

3
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al.
Fig. 5. GPS coordinates of the patient along with temperature readings and pulse rate readings.
The temperature differential of the site’s skin would also influence
the outcome of the test to a certain degree.
3.3. Heart rhythm and electrical activity (ECG)
Heart Rhythm and Electrical activity are done in the ECG mod-
ule. By tracking the cardiac rate – the number of times the heart
beats every minute – the heart’s electrical circuit determines the
pulse duration [15]. Heart rhythm, which is the four heart cham-
bers’ synchronized pumping activity. To analyze various heart
problems, Electrocardiogram records the heart’s electric pulse
[16]. To record one’s heart electric impulses, that beats the heart,
electrodes are mounted on your chest. On a screen display that is
connected, the signals are seen as waves or values. To detect every
heartbeat, an ECG sensor with disposable electrodes is connected
directly to the chest [17]. The ECG sensor electrodes can help to
transform the heartbeat to an electric signal. ECG Sensors are very
lightweight, slim and measure continuous heartbeat accurately
and offer the heartbeat data rate. ECG sensor electrodes have three
pins and are connected by a 30-inch-long cable [18]. This is to
make it simple to attach the ECG sensor to the controller and posi-
tion it on the waist or pocket. Moreover, a male sound connector is
the cable connector that allows to detach or plug the cable into the
amplifier board [19]. The sensor is connected to the pulse of the
arm and the pulse of the leg. There are methods of assembling
all the sensor electrodes in the body. Although the flow of electric-
ity is actually very small, ECG electrodes attached to the skin can
be obtained reliably [20].
4. System illustration
This portion shows the operation of all elements of the service
user control system as a whole. Key system that connects input
4
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and output devices to the device is the Raspberry Pi. The ECG sen-
sor is specifically used to test the single heart controller for calcu-
lating a patient’s Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal by placing the
electrodes on the right arm, left arm and right leg of the patient
[21].
The GPS receiver module receives GPS satellite information sig-
nal and measures satellite distance. It is done by measuring the
time taken to bring the signal from the satellite to the sensor.
The pulse sensor is used for calculating an individual’s pulse. The
Thermocouple Sensor for calculating the patient body temperature.
All of this data is collected by the Arduino Uno which is then
sent towards Raspberry Pi. The pi then transmits the received
Arduino Uno information to any required website from which
the patients, family members, and the doctors can monitor the
patient.
The continuously monitored patient data is processed in an IoT
cloud and the Raspberry Pi database. The heart rate is less than
60 bpm or higher than 100 bpm. The temperature of the body is
less than 36 °C or 38 °C, a note from SMS is sent an individual
who may be a nurse, a physician or a relative. In the case of an
emergency, the patient will also have a chance to hit the push
switch when you feel uneasy and, the device sends an SMS
warning.
5. Conclusion and future work
Based on the research of various technologies and current usage
of home care devices, the article suggests a new solution to use the
wearables of a smart health monitoring system for the elderly. This
system primarily measures the temperature, heartbeat, heart
rhythm, and electrical activity signals using Arduino and Raspberry
pi. The main focus is to collect the data accurately and to be able to
forward it to health care providers. We also demonstrated how to
P. Bora, P. Kanakaraja, B. Chiranjeevi et al.
use the live location (GPS) of the patient in case of any emergency.
The collected data can be useful for future decision making for the
patients.
6. Feature scope
As future work, we are planning to make this system flexible
enough to include more than just three parameters mentioned,
according to the patient’s wellness. And also to include a web-
based camera for highly serious patients and also to implement
their own websites.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Pronami Bora: Project Administration, Writing-original draft.
P. Kanakaraja: Project Administration, Writing-original draft. B.
Chiranjeevi: Project Administration, Writing-original draft. M.
Jyothi Sri Sai: Project Administration, Writing-original draft. A.
Jeswanth: Project Administration, Writing-original draft.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
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health status monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT), Wirel. Pers.
Commun. (2020) 1–28.