Exp. 33. Wavelength of different spectral lines by (a) Normal incidence Method (b) Minimum deviation Method Object (fo determine the wave length of different spectra tines with a plane transmission gratirig (a) by normal incidence method and (b) by minimum deviation method ‘Apparatus Spectrometer, diffraction grating of known grating element, a source giving line spectrum, e.g, Neon lamp and a reading, lens An arrangement which produces the same effect as a large number of parallel slits of the same width and separated by equal opaque spaces is called a diffractionThe transmission grating is made by * nt getty) with a diamond point at equal dist ruling. lines (of + di 5 (of the order of 16 eet aeedlintite qual distances « order of 10,000 t The grating w laboratory are usually replies mage Pane Bass iy replice ass plate a gratings made fr om the anginal grating, The ruled lines scatter ve the spaces inbetween the lines see ligh (g) Normal incidence method: aus Let the figure 33.1 re 1 represent N sim ceparated by opaque space ‘d’. Let a pe parallel slits each normally on the slits. wavefront of wi According to Huyger’s theor 0 tc ‘ory, each poi ach sli all possible directi point in each slit sends : inal ible directions. Let us find the resultant of ae = oes a 1 (fig, 33.1) lets diffracted at an angie 33 tar and behave as opaque port ue portion of width ‘e& and avelength ‘7. be incident Fig. 33.1 replaced by central m each slit can be Ry [= A (sin a/c f constant amplitude ression by an amount dnc nary disturbances issuing fro 7 he ances CyDy, CD21 CnDn each 1 faving, phase increasing in arithmetic prob 8 =2O 5 he fd) sind =2B (suppose) ty ue resultant OPy of these waves can be found by the vector diagram of pi lar polygon (fig. 33.2) whose sides OP}, OP2 are OF equal lengths (= Ro), the inations between the successive ones being 5 if C is the centre of polygon OP, = 2.0C sin (5/2) = Ro [: ZOCP, =51 ()The total resultant R 1s, therefore The resultant intensity J is propor _ (sing F (sin a )| sng The first factor of eqn. (2) gi intensity distribution due to diffraction at the individual slit, while the second one g s the interference pattern between N diffracted waves from N slits. We ‘ Principal maxima occurs when the interference term becomes maixmum e, if sin B = 0 or B= + nn (3) where n= 0,1, 2, 3, | nh. (4) or (e+ d) sin 6 The same condition holds for the reinforcement of the vibrations from C; and C, etc. Thus, in the direction 6, a bright image of the slit is obtained. There are several maxima called principal maxima satisfying If (¢ + d) and n are constants, sin @ and Fig. 332 therefore @ varies directly as ?.. If the incident light emits several fixed wa’ after diffraction, the maxima of different wavelengths are seen in differen’ and thus the incident light is split up into its spectrum If 6 =0, all the rays are in the same phase of vibration so that the central has the same colour as the source. In other directions satisfying eqn. (1), Re spectra of first order (for n = +1), second order (for n = =2) etc. on eith the central maximum of falling intensities If N be the total number of lines per inch on the grating, then ao (+d = Thus, the expression (4) can be written as 54 sin® @Q 258 sine N Minima occurs when sin NB = 0 (but sin B # 0)ugh aa a NB = + om . where has any integral value but not 0, N, 2N, N WN, Nj WN o. otherwise it will where to Principal maxima given by (3) Hence for Principal maxima, Nie + d) sin ® = 0, Na, 2NA nN, sghich may also be obtained by multiplyin y yy multiplying both sides of (4) by N] and for mnt wey) sin © = Ay Dro ~ Why (N + WN ~ ve Te QN + Uh .ufiN = 1)A, (nN + 1h a Let the perpendicular Cis be drasen on Cy Dy As Ne + d) sin 6 = C pathiffrence between the extreme rays ihe first minimum on either side maximum of any order will be produced in a direction such that the path diff faith respect f0 that maximum) increases or decreases by }. : : ‘As there are (N - 1) minima between two principal maxima, there (x 2) seandary axinat whose intensities are very Tes compared to the maxima. The plot of (sin NB/sin B)? modified by the single slit diffraction curv has been shown on the screen in fig. 33.1 Procedure (i) Before the actual measurement of the angle of diffraction, the adjustments of the spectrometer and the eye-piece 7° made as described in procedure (i) of the Expt. No. 25. (ii) Now in order to adjust the plane of the grating normal to the in light and facing the telescope, the collimator and the telescope are a line so that the vdiect image of the slit lumineted by the given source coincides with the intersection of the cre Swires and lies in the centre of the field of the telescope The reading of one ‘of the verniers is noted and leg this reading be @. The grating is mounted with the clamping device provided for the purpose 5° hat its ruled surface lies at the centre Ol | turn table facing the telescope and its plane is perpendicular to the line joining two of the levelling F crews E and F (fig. 25.6) The telescope is rotated through 90° so that the verniet reading becomes (90 + 6) and then “it is clamped. Now the turn table (carrying the grating) is rotated till the reflected image Sf the slit falls centrally on the intersection “Sl the cross-wires (fig. 33.3) For this purpose. it-may-be cessary t0 adjust the screws E ‘and FGo make the plane of the grating vertical) In this position, the plane of the grating is inclined at 45° the incident bear ‘The readings on the verniers 2°° * ted and the turn table is rol@ ted nee 45° in such a direction that the grating. st 0 the incident is normal * fay and faces the microscoPe: The prism ‘able is then 1° ent_—, = —— Sila Grating _ < Source - of Light Telescope. Fig. 33.3 (iii) Next, the rulings of the grating are adjusted parallel to the slit. To ac this, the telescope is turned about the axis of the instrument left or the right until the diffracted image of the first order is clearly v on the cross-wires. If necessary, the third screw D (fig. 25.6) is adjusted make the spectrum sharp and clear. (iv) Measurement of @ for different spectral lines Now all the adjustments of the instrument are complete for starting measurements of the angle of diffraction. The slit is illuminated with the neon teaa 167 vat sing narrow as far as possible and the telescope is rotated to the left of afer manage to bring the red Tine of the first order spectrum on the cross-wire the J) For finer adjustments the help of the tangent screw of the telescope (ig. Me readings of both the verniers are noted. Similarly, the readings of the eect for other spectral lines (Say, yellow and green) are also recorded whe telescope is now turned to the right of the direct image and setting as serore, similar readings are noted for the same spectral lines. The difference in the readings of the same Vernier on the two sides for the same spectral line gives tw the angle of diffraction ie., 20. The wavelength of any spectral line can be calculated by knowing the angle of diffraction @ and the grating element. “The experiment is repeated with the second order of the spectrum and similar observations are recorded. The mean wavelength of each spectral line is calculated wren abservations of the first and second order spectra tions Readings for the determination of the angle of diffraction Least count of the spectrometer = sec. E Spectrum left of ‘Spectrum right of ee | 2 g direct image direct image Ze i 2D 3o zfs) 12 \.[. |[2l2ele.| 2] 2) 522) 2 z s |e|eel|s 3 se| 3 3 S558 a fae) = | . 2 |e 3 & 3 2 ga&| s ls 3 a 3 &3 3 ges r| 3 S3/3|/3e [32] 2/2 Be z| ° S°\/=\2 |2 e\|z|s2\| | g = g & aé } | al vy, \ | Red | We Vy | 1 Yellow | 7 | V2 | v | Green | | V2 | | Rea |“ | | V2 | 11] Yetlow | | V2 Green | ¥2 . V2368 _ Practical Physics Calculations Number of lines on the grating, (N) 254 Grating element (¢+d)= Ist order spectrum 2.54 trot =sin 6 Similar calculations are made for yellow and green lines 2nd order spectrum Similar calculations are done as above. Mean value of A for red line =. AU Mean value of 2 for yellow line =. AU Mean value of 4 for green line =. AU % error Result The wavelength of red line of the spectrum given out by neon lamp (core to significant figures) =. AU, Mean value of 2 for yellow =. AU " Mean value of % for green AU, (b) Minimum deviation method Theory Let a beam of light of wavelength A which is incident making an angle i with the | normal to the plane of the diffraction grating be diffracted through an angle 6 (fig. 33.5), The path-difference between the diffracted rays from consecutive points (i.e, from A and C) of transparent spaces =LC+CM = (e + d) (sin i + sin @) where AC = (e + d) is the grating element Now for the uth order spectrum, the condition is given by. (e+ d) (sin i+ sin ®) = mA (3) 8 nh i+ or, 2(e+4) sin cos or, 2(e +d) sin >169 vot 140 mh sin = Ae+d)cos! mh sin =—— a i 2e+d) cos | , D = Angle of deviation = 1 + 0 where i+8 . i+6 . he value of sin J~ is minimum when cos—5~ is maximum ie, when |= 4 If Dy is the angle of minimum deviation of the diffracted beam sriginal path, then Dy, = i + @ = 2i (since i = @ at minimum deviation). When the grating is used in the minimum deviation position, the eqn. (3) gives 2x2.54 n sin or me gosh where N is the total number of lines per inch on the grating. Procedure (i) The adjustments of the spectrometer and the eye-piece are carried out and the grating is levelled as in Expt. No. 25. (i) The turn table is rotated (carrying the grating) in a direction such that the spectrum of the first order moves towards the direct image of the slit, The telescope is moved to follow the spectrum of the slit in the field of view. A stage is reached when the spectrum becomes stationary for 2 moment and then reverses the direction of motion though the turn table is rotated in the same direction. The turn table and the telescope are clamped in the minimum deviation position. Since ® is different for different spectral lines, the grating is to be set in the minimum deviation position separately for different lines of the spectrum. The slit is made narrow and the telescope is adjusted (with the tangent screw) so that on rotating the turn table the chosen spectral line (say, red) just com: coincidence with the vertical cross-wire. The grating is now set accurately in the minimum deviation position. The readings of both the verniers are noted for this position of the telescope. Similar readings are taken tor other spectral lines (iit) For the same spectral lines of the same order of the spectrum, the corresponding readings of the verniers are recorded on the other side of the direct image after adjusting the grating in the minimum deviation position, The difference in the readings of the same vernier for the two Positions (one left and another right of the direct image) gives twice the angle of minimum deviation. The mean value of D,, is calculated: tren = eo 254 metre 170 Practical Physicg (iv) The experiment is repeated also for the second order. The mean wavelen, tt is calculated by taking, the average of those obtained from observations t the first and second order spectra. Observations Readings for the determination of Dyy Least count of the spectrometer = ... sec Spectrum left of Spectrum right of TS é a direct image direct image ge z =z = op oo =g.la Rl zg |, eae ee els e] = /8/4,/2/ 8 | ge| 2] 8 | s88i ec) BT) eG lecrey een | 25 | oe | eel eles | Sg) lees |e 3 2] gs] < 3 Pielealebl sic ERE| 3 5 z s| 2 = se 3 z ges! s z/ 6 glee ie pot of S a) 5 s aé | Ys Red v2 vy 1] Yell | fellow | Y G een | 1 V; Red Vo Vy | IL | Yellow Va v1 en Green |! Calculations Number of lines on the grating (N) = ... per inch 2.54 Grating element (¢+4)=—— Ist order spectrum 5 2%25: Ired = s 4 gin Dm Similar calculations are made for yellow and green lines.wm" ze gpectrunt ve cateations are done as above 3 a value of A tor red fine AU fear value of 2 for yellow line AU ean valtee of 2 for green’ line AU wavelength of red line of the spectrum (correct to significant figures) giver ton lamp = = AU "yellow" AU green "7" AU. superiority of minimum deviation method over normal incidence method «) bis easier to adjust the grating in the position of minimum deviation thar in the case of normal incidence. (a) (e +d) (sin O + sin i) = mA or cos 8 80 + cos 1 51 = 0 =~ cos i sec 8. 5i For normal incidence, i=0 and cos i= 1 80 = - sec 0 Bi. The grating cannot be set exactly with its surface normal to the incident beam and as such, an error &i in i will cause a large error in the measurement of the angle of diffraction (~ sec @ > 1). But a little departure of the grating from the minimum deviation position does not very much affect the measured angle of minimum deviation The spectrum obtained in the position of minimum deviation is most ( ') Same as in Expt. No. 25 ti ) The grating should be so set that its ruled surface faces the telescope tii) The qe Tuled portion of the grating should not be touched by hand, The ee ting should always be handled by the edges only me normal incidence method, the grating, should be so adjusted that its surface is exactly normal to the incident lyght ooo00 (ey a