DISEASE

PREVENTION
AND CONTROL
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
 Disease
A disease is any condition in which the normal structure or functions of the
body are damaged or impaired.

Physical injuries or disabilities are not classified as disease, but there can be
several causes for disease, including infection by a pathogen, genetics,
noninfectious environmental causes, or inappropriate immune responses.

The periods of disease include the incubation period, the prodromal period, the
period of illness, the period of decline, and the period of convalescence. These
periods are marked by changes in the number of infectious agents and the
severity of signs and symptoms.
Infection – invasion and growth of a harmful microorganism within the body.
STAGES OF INFECTION
INCUBATION STAGE- organisms growing and multiplying.

PRODROMAL STAGE- person is most infectious, vague and

nonspecific signs of disease.

FULL STAGE OF ILLNESS- presence of specific signs and

symptoms of disease.

CONVALESCENT PERIOD- recovery from the infection.

 MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY
Morbidity is the state of being unhealthy for a particular disease or situation,
whereas mortality is the number of deaths that occur in a population. Morbidity
refers to disease states, while mortality refers to death. The leading causes of
death are diseases of the heart, diseases of the vascular system, pneumonias,
malignant neoplasms/cancers, all forms of tuberculosis, accidents, COPD and
allied conditions, diabetes mellitus, nephritis/nephritic syndrome and other
diseases of respiratory system. While in morbidity are TB Respiratory, Acute
Watery Diarrhea and others. The severity of the sick person’s illness depends on
the extent of the infection, the pathogenicity of the microorganism and
susceptibility of the host.
 What is a Communicable Disease?
A communicable disease is one that is spread from one person to
another through a variety of ways that include: contact with blood
and bodily fluids; breathing in an airborne virus; or by being bitten
by an insects. Reporting of cases of communicable disease is
important in the planning and evaluation of disease prevention
and control programs, in the assurance of appropriate medical
therapy, and in the detection of common-source outbreaks. How
these diseases spread depends on the specific disease or
infectious agent.
Some ways in which communicable diseases spread are by:
1. Physical contact with an infected person, such as through touch
(staphylococcus), sexual intercourse (gonorrhea, HIV), fecal/oral
transmission (hepatitis A), or droplets (influenza, TB)

2. Contact with a contaminated surface or object (Norwalk virus),

food (salmonella, E. coli), blood (HIV, hepatitis B), or water
(cholera);

3. Bites from insects or animals capable of transmitting the disease

(mosquito: malaria and yellow fever; flea: plague); and

4. Travel through the air, such as tuberculosis or measles.

 How can we prevent Communicable Diseases?
1. Proper handwashing, especially before and after handling
food and using the toilet, helps keep germs at bay. Other
important ways to slow or stop disease transmission are
by ensuring the food we eat and water we drink is safe,
avoiding people who are sick and practicing safe sex.

2. Prevention is better than cure. As you go along, you will

notice that the diseases you are experiencing can be
prevented if you only know how to control them.