Chapter 1 Formative Practice 1.1 4. Growth of a baby, the occurrence of day and night 2. (a) observation, experiments (0) biology Biology- Botanist, Chemistry- Pharmacist, Physics- Astronaut Formative Practice 1.2 1. @) (b) (co) (d) 2. (a) (i) Poisonous / toxic (ii) Irvitant (ii) Flammable (iv) Explosive (v) Corrosive (b) Mercury and chlorine 3. Inform his teacher. If possible, turn off the electrical supply. With the teacher's help, use a suitable fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. If he is not sure, he should leave the laboratory immediately. Activity 1.5, 4. (a) Metre (©) Kilogram (©) Kelvin Formative Practice 1.3 4. Length - metre, m; Mass ~ kilogram, kg: Time — second, s; Temperature — kelvin, K; Electric current — ampere, A 2. (a) 130m (0) 24kg (b) 0.018kg = (e) 6mA (©) 4000000 ym Activity 1.8 1. Micrometre screw gauge 2. Electronic balance Formative Practice 1.4 1. (a) 6.28 mm (b) 4.56 mm 2. 240m? 3. Value shows the mass of Chong Activity 1.9 The length measured by a ruler is more precise compared to the length measured by a pencil Activity 1.10 4. Density increases when the mass increases. 2. Cork — Wood — Iron -+ Copper 3, The operational definition of density is referring to the condition shown by objects which float or sink in water. Formative Practice 1.5, 1. A=2gom®, B=2gom, C=2gom" 2. Liquid R, the most dense liquid will sink to the bottom Formative Practice 1.6 1. Inference is the reason or cause for the observation of a phenomenon. 2, Manipulated variable = surface area of the container Constant variable = the initial volume of water in the container, surrounding temperature and period of the experimentResponding variable = The quantity of water after 30 minutes Formative Practice 1.7 4. Be honest and precise in recording and approving data and have a positive attitude 2. Be responsible towards health, safety and the environment ‘Summative Practice 1 4. Corrosive material 2 V+R+P+T+Q>WsUS 3. O.1kg 4. (a) Lever balance (b) Vernier calipers 5. (i) Alcohol is easily flammable. (ii). Using the water bath method to heat alcohol (ii) Use eye protection when mixing or heating alcohol (iv) Do not point the test tube towards ‘yourself or others. (v) Do not taste or smell the alcohol. (vi) Keep away flammable alcohol from any fire source. 6. 34 squares x 1 om? = 34 cm? ‘Area of both wings = 34 cm? 7. Increasing the surface area, increases the rate of evaporation. 8. Micrometer screw gauge, Q because Qcan obtain the reading closest to the actual reading, 9. (i) Inform the teacher (li) If Aisyah’s body is exposed to any chemical substance, it has to be rinsed or washed using a lot of water. (ii) fan explosive substance produces a small fire, use a suitable fire extinguisher to extinguish the fire. If she is not sure, she should leave the laboratory immediately. (iv) Give Aisyah emergency treatment / first aid or ask her teacher to bring her to the hospital Qe 10. The clothes hung outside dry faster than the clothes hung inside the house. Next Challenge 11. Hypothesis ~ If plants are watered every day, the plants can grow healthier. (i) List down the manipulated variable (quantity of water), constant variable (sunlight and carbon dioxide) and responding variable (plant's height) (li). Put the plants outside to get the same amount of sunlight and carbon dioxide, (ii) Collect the data on plant's height and number of days itis watered. (iv) Draw graph on the height of plant — number of days (v) Make conclusion based on plotted graph and prove that the hypothesis is correct. 12. Using density principle to arrange the drink with different layers of liquids that have different densities, Chapter 2 Formative Practice 2.1 1. (2) platelets, blood circulatory (b) Lungs, kidneys and skin 2. Palisade cell - Absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis Epidermis cell - Reduces water loss Root hair cell - Absorbs water from soil Guard cell - Controls the opening and closing of stoma 3. Cell wall Formative Practice 2.2 1. Photosynthesis. To produce glucose and oxygen. 2. glucose, cell respiration ‘Summative Practice 2 1. P= cytoplasm, Q= nucleus, R= mitochondria 2. Kidney, lung10. (a) ovum (0) nerve cell Plant cells have cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole and fixed shape. Skin is an organ because it is composed of a combination of epithelium tissue, connective tissue, blood tissue and nerve tissue. These tissues work together to perform specific functions. Humans cannot perform certain functions if they lose one of the organs. For example, kidney failure would cause failure in the excretory process. Without the exeretory process, blood will be poisonous and it wll damage other organs. This could lead to fatality if the poison cannot be eliminated through a dialysis machine. Blood circulatory system. This system functions to transport oxygen to cells and carbon dioxide from cells to lungs. This system also functions to transport nutrients, hormones and to fight diseases, When the cow eats grass, chemical energy stored in the form of starch inside the grass through the photosynthesis process will be used as energy supply. Carbon dioxide gas produced during cell respiration of the cow will be reused by the grass during photosynthesis to produce starch. The cow's faeces will be the fertliser for the grass. When the cow eats grass, the energy will be returned to the cow. This organism has both animal and plant cell's characteristics. Just like a plant cell, this organism contains chlorophyil to carry out photosynthesis. And just like an animal cell, this organism has flagellum or tail to move. @. Qis a muscle cell that can contract, and expand (b) red blood cell Next Challenge ‘11. Keetha is right. This is because there are Unicellular and multicellular organisms, around us. Unicellular organisms are organisms that consist of one cell while ‘multicellular organisms are organisms that consist of more than one cell Examples of unicellular organisms are ‘Amoeba and yeast while examples of multicellular organisms are Hydra and human. Although unicellular organisms consist of only one cell, the organisms, can undergo all living processes like {growth and reproduction. Chapter 3 Formative Practice 3.1 4. Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment in an organism. 2. Temperature regulation and water regulation ‘Summative Practice 3 4. Through transpiration that helps plants to absorb and transport water and minerals from the soil to all parts of the plants to replace water loss to the surroundings from the leaves. Water lost to the surroundings through evaporation is able to help the plant coo! itself down during hot weather. 2. Blood vessels constrict to reduce heat released to surroundings. Hair stands erect to trap heat from being lost to the surroundings. Less sweating to reduce heat loss through evaporation. Skeletal muscles contract and relax actively causing our body to shiver and increase the body temperature. At the same time, certain hormones are secreted to increase the body's metabolism 3. Blood vessels dilate to enable more blood to flow near the surface of the skin to release more heat to the surroundings.4. Enables enzymes to function optimally at 37°C to regulate all chemical reactions in living cells. Our body will lose water when are sweat. Therefore, we need to drink water to replace the water lost through evaporation during sweating, After doing an active exercise, our body temperature will increase. Blood vessels dilate to enable more blood flow to the skin to release heat. Thus, we blush. On the other hand, our body temperature decreases when we feel cold. Blood vessels constrict to enable more blood flow away from the skin to reduce heat loss. Thus, our face will become pale. (a) Quantity of sweat increases. This happens to prevent blood temperature from rising. Sweat secreted by sweat glands can absorb heat and it is released to the surroundings when the sweat evaporates. This evaporation causes the body temperature to decrease and return to normal range. (b) Quantity of urine decreases. This happens because more water is being absorbed into the blood to balance water loss during sweating, The brain will stimulate the secretion of a hormone so that the kidney will reduce urine production (c) When the body temperature increases, the quantity of sweat also increases to reduce body temperature through evaporation while the quantity of urine decreases due to sweating. Thus, the quantity of urine produced by the kidneys becomes less and more ‘concentrated, 8. (a) Quantity of food and drinks is the constant variable that has to be the same forall three days. Qs 9. 10. (b) Day two. Quantity of urine is the least on day two. When doing vigorous activities, the body temperature will increase and water from the body is lost in the form of sweat. The brain will stimulate the secretion of a hormone so that the kidneys will produce less urine. The air between each layer of clothes traps more heat. Problem Statement: Does stoma regulate water content in plants? Hypothesis: Plants regulate water content through the stoma ‘Aim: To investigate the function of stoma in regulating water content in plants Variables: Constant: Types of plants Manipulated: Plant with the leaves coated with vaseline and plant with leaves not coated with vaseline. Responding: Leaves wilted or not Apparatus and materials: Two plants in different pots and vaseline Procedure: 41. Take two plants from two different pots (from the same type). Label the plants as A and B. 2, Rub the leaves of plant A with vaseline. ° with ‘Without vaseline vaseline AB 3. Leave both plants under the sunlight for two days. 4. Record the observation after two days. Data tabulation: lant Wilted or notNext Challenge: a swelling. Then, it develops and 41. The statement is true. As an excretory breaks off as a new individual organ, skin excretes sweat. Meanwhile, (6) Spore formation is a process of as a protective organ, skin protects the producing spores in the sporangium, heart, kidneys and other organs inside Aer the sporangium splits, the tiny the body. As a temperature regulating and light spores get scattered by organ, the skin has hairs, blood vessels the wind. When they land in a moist and sweat glands that are involved in place, they grow into new plants, temperature regulation. (4) Vegetative reproduction is a method 42. Problem statement: Does urine of producing new plants from a production increase when we drink more vegetative part of a plant except the water? flower. Hypothesis: Urine production is higher (e) Regeneration occurs from the abilty when we drink more water compared to ofthe fragments of some organisms when we drink less water to grow and develop into completely ‘Aim: To investigate the production of new individuals urine when we drink more water and less water. Formative Practice 4.1 Variables: te ‘Sexual ‘Asexual Constant: surrounding temperature, Reproduction | Reproduction student + Involves * Does not involve Manipulated: Different quantity of water reproductive | reproductive inaday cells calls Responding: Quantity of urine produced Osos ~ Occurs in simple Materials and apparatus: Water, humans, organisms measuring cylinder animals (high | (Amoeba, Procedure: level) and iParemeckin, 4. Give a student diferent quantities of flowering plants | Hydra) and water in a day. plants (onion, 2. Collect and record the quantity of ginger, potato) urine produced ialvesiwe | volres'one Data tabulation: parents iaient Quantity of | Quantity of ee Cari (ates 2. (a) Onion; bulb (b) Yam; stem E00) (©) Ginger; stem = (2) Lallang; stem 3500 (€) Potato; stem (f) Bryophyllum; teat Chapter 4 3. Reproduction is important to ensure the Actiny 44 survival of species 4. (a) Binary fission is the division of one parent cell to two daughter cells. (b) Budding is a process of bud formation on the body of an organism. The bud starts off as Activity 4.4 2. No. Normally, a girl starts experiencing ‘menstruation around 10 to 12 years old.Advise the teenager to take care of his/ her personal hygiene and diet by practising a balanced diet and drinking enough water. Formative Practice 4.2 1. zh To produce offsprings. Function of urethra: to discharge sperms (and urine) from the body Penis: Transfers sperms into the vagina during copulation Scrotum: Holds and protects the testes Function of Fallopian tube: The place where fertilisation between a sperm and an ovum occurs Function of vagina: Receives sperms and itis the birth channel through which a baby is born Function of uterus: Place where the embryo develops and grows The early stage in which the reproductive system becomes mature and produces reproductive cells. Body odour happens due to hormonal changes during puberty No, because she cannot produce ovum. Formative Practice 4.3 tin (i) Menstruation phase (Day 1 - 5) ‘The uterine lining breaks down as menstruation begins and is. discharged together with blood, Unfertiised ovum and mucus. (ii) Repair phase (Day 6 - 11) Uterine lining starts to rebuild and thicken. Blood vessels in uterine lining are formed and ready to receive the implantation of fertilised ‘ovum, (li) Fertile phase (Day 12-17) ‘An ovum is released from the ovary on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle (ovulation). The uterine lining ‘continues to thicken. Fertilisation is likely to occur if sperms are present. Qs (iv) Premenstrual phase (Day 18 - 28) The uterine lining continues to thicken and becomes richly supplied with blood vessels. Implantation of an embryo is ready if fertilisation occurs. The menstrual cycle will repeat if fertilisation does not occur. 2. Awoman begins to get menstruation between 10-12 years old, for 5-17 days. 3. Ovulation is the process of a matured ovum being released from the ovary and it occurs in the ovary. 4, False. Menstruating women can do their dally activities as usual. Formative Practice 4.4 1. No 2. After fertilisation, zygote divides itself into a ball of cells called embryo. The embryo that is implanted on the uterine lining continues to develop into a foetus and eventually becomes a baby. 3. Zygote - Embryo + Foetus -+ Baby 4, Function of amnion: A sac-like membrane which contains fluid Function of placenta: Place where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide, supply of nutrients and removal of waste materials through the mother's blood and the foetus occur. Function of umbilical cord: Tube which connects the foetus to the placenta Formative Practice 4.5 4. Apregnant woman needs more nutrients because the baby inside her uterus needs nutrients to grow healthily. 2. Baby absorbs calcium from the mother for the growth of its own teeth and bones. 3. (a) Breast milk has complete nutrients for the development of the baby compared to formula milk. (b) Breast milk is easier to digest compared to formula milk.(©) Breast milk gives a stronger immunity compared to formula milk (8) Breast milk does not contain chemical substances compared to formula milk. Formative Practice 4.6 4. Factors of male sterility: () Low quality of sperm (ii) Low sperm count (ii) Testes cannot produce sperm (iv) Impotent Factors of female sterility (i) Ovaries cannot produce ovum (ii) Blockage in the Fallopian tubes (il) Abnormal uterus (iv) Tumour in the uterus 2. (a) Hormone injection and surgery (b) Treatment using IVF method 3. (a) Vasectomy: sperm ducts are cut and the two ends are then tied to prevent the sperms from being transported to the urethra. (b) Ligation: both Fallopian tubes are cut and the two ends are then tied to prevent the ovum from meeting the sperms. 4, Test tube baby is a baby that is formed using the IVF method. The sperm and ovum are fertilised in a glass dish. Then, the fertilised embryo is put inside the uterus to develop. 5. Frequent health screening can detect the early symptoms of chronic diseases and reduce the risk of health problems which require high-cost treatments 6. Abortion should not be the method to prevent birth because each living being has the right to live even in the womb. Formative Practice 4.7 4. Attracts insects for pollination. 2. Sepal: usually green in colour and protects flower during the bud stage Petal: usually colourful to attract insects and animals, 3. Those papaya trees only have male flowers. These flowers cannot be fertilised, thus there will be no papaya fruits, 4, (a) Funation of stigma: receives pollen grains (male gametes) (b) Function of style: connects stigma to ovary (©) Function of anther: produces male gametes. 5. Wind Insects + Lightpollen | + Sticky pollen grains grains + White and dull_[+ Bright coloured + Number of + Number of pollen grains is | pollen grains is high low ‘Summative Practice 4 4. (a) Amniotic fuid (b) Acts as a cushion to absorb concussion and prevents the foetus from injuries (0) Placenta. The foetus obtains food and oxygen from the placenta through the umbilical cord, (d) When the foetus is completely formed, its body will rotate until the head is engaged to the cervix. The cervix expands to enable the baby's head to go through the vagina. The uterine muscle wall contracts strongly, bursts the amnion and amniotic fluid is released. Strong contractions of the uterus will push the baby out 2. (a) (i) Day 1-5 (ii) Day 14 (b) Yes, because the fertile phase is on day 12 to day 16. 3. (a) Contraceptive pills Contraceptive pills prevent ovulation. Implant Implant secretes hormone andprevents the ovary from producing ovum, ‘Condom ‘Condom is worn over the penis before copulation to prevent the sperms from reaching the vagina during ejaculation, Intrauterine Contraceptive Device (uc) contraceptive device is put inside the uterus to prevent implantation. (b) Suggested Answer: Agree. Selling condoms openly will encourage out of wedlock sexual relationship. The condoms should be sold under regulation and should not be displayed at open shelves or at counters. Age restriction for individuals to buy condom has to be fixed to those who have reached 20 years old and for married couples only. 4. (a) “The percentage of abnormal sperms 35: 30: 25: 20) 15: 10. 5 0 ET Dose of nicotine (b) Age and species of the rat (©) The percentage of abnormal sperm production is highest in the group of rats with the highest dose of nicotine. (d) As control (e) Effects of nicotine to the baby: + Nicotine will enter the foetus’ blood and cause disruption in the foetus growth. Qe + Baby is born with low mass and is smaller compared to other bat Best solution for a mother who is addicted to nicotine: + Make non-smoking friends and keep away from smokers. + Get support from friends or family members to quit smoking. + Drink more water and juice. (Any other answers are accepted) 5. (a) (i) Pistil (i) Stamen (b) (The petals are large, have attractive colours and smell nice. (i) When an insect lands on a flower to suck nectar, the pollen grains will stick to its furry feet and body. The pollen grains are then transferred to the stigma of the same flower or different flower for pollination Next Challenge 6. False. Men can also experience sterility such as the inability ofthe testis to produce sperms or produces low quality sperms. Besides that, ifthe man has health problems such as diabetes, it can cause the couple to be unable to bear an offspring. (a) Probably both of them are sterile or one of them is sterile (b) + undergo hormone treatment tohelp the husband or wife to produce healthy gametes *+ undergo surgery to solve the blockage of Fallopian tube on sperm duet problems. + use in vitro fertilisation (IVF) which takes out the ovum from the ovary tobe fertilised in a glass dish and the embryo formed is then put inside the uterus; the couple has a higher chance of pregnancy.Activity 5.1 ‘A.4. Living things: Bean sprouts. Non-tiving things: Soil and water 2. Soil, water and bean sprouts are matter because they have mass and occupy space. 3. Book pencil, car, computer and glass (Any other answers are accepted) B 4. Yes, the balloon expands because air occupies space. 2. The wooden rod becomes imbalanced because air escaped from the balloon that was pricked with a pin and caused the balloon to become lighter. This proves that air has mass. 3. Cellophane tape is stuck on the balloon to prevent the balloon from bursting when it is pricked with a pin. This is to ensure fair comparison between the ‘mass of both balloons. Formative Practice 5.4 4. Matter: Book, pencil, pen, glass and beaker (Any other answers are accepted). 2. Has mass and occupies space 3. Yes, because all living things have mass and occupy space. 4. Air occupies space Experiment 5.1 4. The rate of diffusion is faster in liquids than in solids. Activity 5.6 ‘1. The temperature of water is constant because the heat is used to overcome the force of attraction between the water particles. 2. Temperature 100: Time B (I) 4. No (Wt. No (lly! No Formative Practice 5.2 1. (a) (i) Bubble: Gas (ii). Water: Liquid (ii) Water weed: Solid (iv) Aquarium: Solid (v) Fish: Solid (b) Solid: book, glass, cloth Liquid: oil, petrol, milk Gas: air, carbon dioxide and oxygen 5. Physical Chemical (Any answers are accepted). Properties Properties (©) + Depend on the |+ Depend on the Siatect ‘Arrangement| Movement type of material | reaction that = itis made of ecole per THs! Solid |Closeand | Vibrate and substances packed rotate at its position Activity 5.4 Liquid [Close but | Move freely, 4. The colour intensity of copper(I!) not in orderly | glide and collide sulphate decreases as the number of manner with each other water molecules increases. Gas |Farapart | Move randomly, 2. Matter consists of small and discrete fromeach | freely and particles. other collide with each other very fast Activity 5.5 4. Watch, table, fan, bow! and ladle (any other answers are accepted). 2. Food smell spreads through diffusion of the smell particles into the air particles,3. Particles in matter always move and collide with one another. 4. Temperature does not change because heat is used to overcome the force of attraction between the particles and thus, no change in temperature. 5. Airloses heat faster than water. Thus, air on the water surface and water on the surface will release heat. This will cause the water on the surface to freeze faster and act as a heat insulator. The frozen surface of water will prevent the water at the bottom from losing heat. Thus, not all the water in the lake or river will freeze. ‘Summative Practice 5 4. (a) Coffee: liquid ‘Stones: solid Air in the balloon: gas (b) Coffee and stones (©) The particles in the stones only vibrate and rotate at its position while air particles move randomly and collide with one another with high kinetic energy. 2. (a) P: Only rotates and vibrates in its position because the empty space between the marbles are very small @ Moves, slides and collides with one another as it has more ‘empty spaces compared to P. R: Moves randomly, collides with ‘one another at a high speed as there is a lot of empty space between the marbles. (b) (i) Gasis compressed at a very high pressure. Its volume becomes smaller and the arrangement of particles becomes closer, thus, the state of matter changes from gas to liquid. (ii) When the pressure inside the barrel is reduced when Qe gas exits the barrel, the volume becomes higher and the arrangement of particles becomes far apart from one another. Thus, the state of matter changes back from liquid to gas. . (a) () Gas (ii) Solid (ii) Liquid (b) The liquid soap will change into gas. The strong wind from the blowing will produce pressure and cause the liquid particles to move far apart from each other. Finally, the liquid soap will change to gas. |. (a) The air particles are compressed closer to each other. (b) Tan's action is correct as it can cause the tyre to expand during hot weather and explode. (©) The air inside the tyre contracts when itis cold because heat is released and this will cause the particles of the gas to move closer to cone another and flatten the tyre. Next Challenge 5. Salt and tea leaves should be put into water. Salt will dissolve in water, while the tea leaves will float on the water surface. To separate salt and tea leaves, fier the mixture, The tea leaves will be left on the filter paper and can be left to dry. Salt water as the filtrate can be, evaporated to obtain salt crystals. (a) (i) Pour the seawater into the container. (ii) Put the glass at the centre of the container. (ii) Close the container with the plastic wrap. (iv) Put the stone at the centre of the plastic wrap. (v) Leave the container under the sun,(vi) After an hour, small and clear droplets will be produced on the plastic wrap and drop into the glass. Plastic wrap Glass Seawater (b) Taste the liquid formed. If itis tasteless, the liquid is pure and drinkable. Chapter 6 Experiment 6.2, 4. The surface of copper rod is shiny while the surface of carbon rod is not shiny. 2. Copper wire can be bent without breaking. 3. Iron piece is malleable. 4, Iron rod and carbon rod can conduct electricity 5. Iron rod can conduct heat 6. Tin powder has a higher melting point. Formative Practice 6.1 4. Proton, electron and neutron 2. The number of electrons in an atom is equal to the number of protons. Thus, an atom is neutral. 3. An element is made of only one type of atom while a compound consists of two or more elements that are combined chemically. 4. Anatom is the smallest particle of an element while a molecule is a combination of two or more atoms. 5. Elements are arranged according to their proton number. - Metal Non-metal Magnesium Carbon Aluminium Todine Copper Chlorine Gold Neon Tron ‘Argon Mercury - 7. Look at the physical properties of element X (appearance, ductility, malleabilty, electrical and heat conductivity and also melting point of the element) Activity 6.4 4. Sand — solid, water — liquid 2. Yes 3. Residue — sand, ftrate - water Activity 6.5 1. 78°C 2. To prevent the solution in the flask from jumping. Activity 6.6 1. Iron powder 2. Metal Activity 6.7 1. Silt 2. Yes Activity 6.8 4. Oil because oil is less dense than water 2 Yes Formative Practice 6.2 4. Amixture is a substance that consists of two or more elements or compounds combined physically.a ‘Separation Type of mixture eevee Paper clips and glass fragments Liat Water and heer Distillation Three types of water soluble Chromatography ink. Soil and water Using magnet Oil and water ‘Sedimentation Coffee powder Fhvstedon and water 3. No, because filtration can only be used to separate solids from liquids, Activity 6.11 1. Black 2. Iron + sulphur — iron sulphide 3. Iron sulphide 4, No Formative Practice 6.3 4. Acompound is a substance consisting of two or more elements combined chemically, 2. Sugar, salt, water, marble, building blocks. 3. Through electrolysis 4 Mixture | Characteristics | Compound No Formation of | Yes new substance No. Chemical bond _| Yes No heat [Heat changes | Yes changes __| during formation Physical | Separation ‘Chemical method _| method method ‘Same Properties Different compared to its original properties. Qe ‘Summative Practice 6 1. (a) (a),(b), (€), (f), (9), (F), (rm), (n), () (b) (c), (i), @), (0) (c) (a), (kK), 2. (a) P:metal R: non-metal (b) Physical propertios a 2g Appearance [Shiny [Dull Duetility Ductile [Brite Malleabilty Malleable [Not malleable Electrical Can [Cannot conduct conductivity [conduct [electricity electricity Heat conductivity [Can [Cannot conduct conduct |heat heat Melting point [High [Low (©) Iron oxidises or reacts with oxygen to form a layer of iron oxide on the surface of the iron (d) Graphite is suitable to make pencil lead because graphite is black, soft and easy to shape. 3. (a) Filtration (b) Step 3 4. (a) A: Iron filings B: Sawdust C: Sand D: Salt (b) Bis less dense than C. B is less dense than water. Itfloats on the surface of water and can be separated easily. (©) Yes (d) Kumutha can use the distillation method. This method involves boiling of salt and water. Water vapour formed condenses and forms a liquid. The liquid formed is collected in a beaker and salt crystals will be left in the flask.Next Challenge 5. No. It will cause the filter paper to tear when it is wet. 6. Filtration method. First, dissolve the salt and sand mixture in water. Then, filter the solution using a fiter paper. Insoluble sand will be left on the filter paper while the dissolved salt will go through the filter paper. Lastly, let the salt solution evaporate to produce salt crystals. Chapter 7 Activity 7.1 4. The flame is extinguished because all of the oxygen inside the jar has been used. 2. The water level increased because the water replaced the oxygen used for combustion. 3. 20% Formative Practice 7.4 4. Nitrogen 78%, oxygen 21%, carbon dioxide 0.03%, inert gases and others 0.97% 2. Glowing wooden splinter test for oxygen and lime water test for carbon dioxide. 3. Carbon dioxide is used by plants for photosynthesis. Greenhouse effect and global warming 5. (a) Reforestation (b) Avoid using excessive pesticides (©) Reduce the use of air-conditioners > Activity 7.3 ‘A 1. Fuel: wood and candle Non-fuel: glass rod and stone 2. Wood and candle are fuel while glass rod and stone are non-fuel B 1. Candle Y because the candle obtains ‘more oxygen compared to Candle X. 2. Oxygen Oxygen is needed for combustion © 1. Match P does not ignite due to lack of heat and match Q ignites because it has heat 2. Heat is needed for combustion. Formative Practice 7.2 1. i 3. Combustion is the reaction when a substance is heated with oxygen and releases heat and light energy. ‘The presence of oxygen, heat and fuel Fire blanket is a special blanket made of fire-resistant substances. This blanket covers the fire and prevents oxygen from seeping below the blanket which will eventually extinguish the fire. (a) Always be aware of electrical appliances used. (b) Keep matches and lighters in a safe place. (©) Keep flammable substances away from fire. (4) Do not throw cigarette butts when they are still burning, (e) Do not plug in too many appliances toa single electrical source. (f)_ Install fire alarm at home. Potassium and sodium metals are flammable when exposed to air Formative Practice 7.3 1. 2 ‘Smoke and dust. (a) Organise awareness campaign on air pollution. (b) Encourage the habit of recycling among citizens, (©) Listen to talks on the danger of air pollution (accept any suitable answers) (a) Humans can stay healthy. (b) Reduce the cost of repairing damaged buildings caused by acid rain (©) Earth's climate will be better. Rubbish can cause the increase of microorganisms in the ai. () Carbon dioxide — greenhouse effect, (ii) Nitrogen dioxide — acid rain (ii) Chloroftuorocarbons — thinning of the ozone layer (av oy© @)v (e) ‘Summative Practice 7 4. (a) P: Nitrogen @: Oxygen R: Inert gases S: Carbon dioxide (b) (i) Needed to produce nitric acid and ammonia (ii) Helps in animal and plant growth (©) The temperature increases as gas S traps heat. (@) (i) Aircomponents can be separated physically. (ii) Each gas still shows its original properties when separated. 2. (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Argon: (©) Atmosphere (d) Oxygen 3. (a) Green piants are the only living things that can absorb and reduce carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis. When a lot of trees are cut down, carbon dioxide which is released through respiration, combustion and decomposition will increase the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. (b) Fossil fuel burning! burning of forests (©) Greenhouse effect and global warming 4. (a) Combustion is the reaction where a substance reacts with oxygen chemically and produces heat and light energy. (b) Heat, oxygen and fuel. (©) (i) Ensure electrical wirings are according to the right specifications. (li) Use dry powder fire extinguisher Qs (2) (i Install smoke detectors and fire alarm at home (ii) Do not plug in too many appliances on a single electrical source (ii) Always be aware of the electrical appliances used . (a) Haze (b) Causes breathing difficulties and cough (©) The visibility distance is limited! shorter. . (a) This is caused by natural processes such as the decay of organisms like dead bats in the cave and the respiration of bats or other animals inside the cave. This process reduces the level of oxygen in the cave. (b) The flame of the torch will extinguish when the oxygen level is too low. Thus, the use of the torch can warn Us not to continue the exploration when we reach the area with low oxygen level. (©) No, because we do not know the exact amount of oxygen in the cave. In addition, the torch will increase the level of carbon dioxide in the cave, (d) Use an oxygen sensor to know the exact level of oxygen and take precautions. Next Challenge 7. (a) The villagers are concerned about their health. The quarry project can cause air pollution. (b) Job opportunities (©) Yes, the project can cause health problems to the villagers. . Green plants need light energy for photosynthesis. If light intensity is low, the rate of photosynthesis will also decrease. Thus, the plants need to compete for sunlight. Plants that do notget enough sunlight, will eventually die. The farmers should replace sunlight with light energy from lamps with suitable light intensity. Chapter 8 Activity 8.1 4. Real image 2. The image in Figure 8.1 is a real image while the image in Figure 8.2 is a virtual image. Activity 8.2 4. Plane mirror: Image size is the same as the object size Concave mirror: Image size is bigger than the object size Convex mirror: Image size is smaller than the object size 2. Distance of image formed in the plane mirror is equal to the distance of object from the plane mirror. Formative Practice 8.1 4. Convex mirror, the man looks slim 2. To reflect light so that the image can be formed in the eyes. 3. To make the small space look spacious and comfortable. The mirrors are used as security measures too as a person could see all around him, Formative Practice 8.2 4. aftemoon, above 2; Experiment 8.1 ‘Angle of incidence, i, is equal to angle of reflection, r Formative Practice 8.3 4. According to the law of reflection, angle of incidence, i, is equal to angle of reflection, r Normal line Reflected Incident ray ray Plane miror 2. Upright, same size with the object, virtual, same, (also laterally inverted) Experiment 8.2 4. Angle of incidence, i(°) Angle of refraction, r(°) 2. The bigger the angle of incidence, /, the bigger the angle of refraction, r Formative Practice 8.4 4. When light rays from the bottom of the ‘swimming poo! leave the water, they are refracted. This makes the image of the bottom of the swimming pool to look shallower compared to its real depth. 2. A:Less dense B: More dense C: More dense D: Less dense Formative Practice 8.5 1. Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet 2. Red light is refracted the least because itis the fastest. Meanwhile, violet ight is refracted the most because itis the slowest. ity 8.8 1. Milk powder acts as particles that scatter light to all directions. 2. The beam of light looks bluish white from the sides and reddish yellow on the screen. Blue light scatters more than red light.Formative Practice 8.6 rays are blocked and reflected to all directions by the clouds or particles in the air. 2. more, less Formative Practice 8.7 4. A= Magenta, 8 White "yan, C= Yellow, Next Challenge 1. Scattering of light occurs because light 1. Refraction phenomenon. Khairul needs to aim his spear at a deeper position than the image of the fish he sees. This is because when light rays from the fish leave the water, they are refracted This makes the image formed to appear nearer to the surface of water. 12. Sundial. Formation of shadow. (inst Wood! (a) Fe (b) green Shadows} * ta (©) magent aéiieor 00pm ‘Summative Practice 8 ahem 4:30 p.m, 1, Areal image a can be formed on a a +200 noon screen while virtual image cannot be formed on a screen a B Chapter 9 5, aide! Eoin Pamala 94 , sere ana 4. (a) Magenta, (b) Yellow, (c) Cyan, TOSS eS Ei AOSD HOTEHBSOSP NEHA (owe atmosphere ‘ 2. Dark zone. Here, fish has shimmering 8: Doral Yituelendeamesiza apie bodies or are able to glow in the dark object 6. Concave mirror, functions to see vehicles Formative Practice 9.2 aie back.cioaiy. 4. Igneous rocks are formed when magma ana fromn(Soleano eruglione oods'when Yor 8. Dispersion of light 9. He should choose mirror R. Mirror Ris a convex mirror that can make the viewing 2 area wider. 10. Aperiscope. Miror Miror scones itrises to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are formed from various rock fragmentation processes such as weathering and erosion. Itis then carried by the river to the sea and deposited there. Metamorphic rocks are the rocks formed when pressure and heat acts on igneous and sedimentary rocks. Igneous rocks are formed from cooled magma. Magma has a high temperature and no living things can live in it Therefore, there are no fossils foun: igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks are harder than rocks because they are formed from high pressure and temperature.Formative Practice 9.3 4 1. Exogenic process —a process that occurs on Earth's surface Endogenic process — a process that is. 5. caused from within the Earth. 6 2. Water, wind and waves t 3. Earth's crust is divided into several plates. These plates always move due to collision and divergence that produce various landforms and continental drift. 4, Mantle convection process happens: 8. when the high temperature inside the mantle and Earth's core produce convection flow in the asthenosphere that is able to move Earth's crust. Formative Practice 9.4 4. Landslide, tsunami, earthquake 2. Destruction of properties, loss of life, diseases, famine. 3. Seismograph to detect earthquake, radar 9. to detect tsunami, Formative Practice 9.8 4. 500 million years ago 2. Insects 3. 1000 million years ago Formative Practice 9.6 1. Deforestation can cause lack of oxygen production and carbon dioxide content 40 Mineral composition of original rocks, pressure and temperature, tectonic process and hot chemical fluid. Igneous rocks ‘Sedimentary rock Pesticides sprayed excessively will be absorbed into the soil and pollute underground water. The pesticides will also pollute rivers which are the water source for humans and animals. ‘Mangroves function as a filter of river water before flowing into the sea. If the forest is cut down, river water with mud and fith will pollute the sea, Mangroves are also the buffer zone to prevent high tides and sea water from eroding the beach and destroying properties. Cutting down mangroves will then destroy the habitat and disturb the life cycle of marine life True. Water moves from one place to another according to the water cycle ‘The melting glaciers during summer and rain from the mountain peak will flow through rivers into the sea. Seawater will form water vapour through evaporation and rise to the sky. The water vapour then forms clouds that fall as rain and the process will repeat. Thus, water distribution on Earth is constant. in the air to increase. This will cause Metal od eo srsvoard global warming as carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that can trap the heat Spring from the Sun. Lack of oxygen content will also reduce oxygen for respiration Weight Deforestation can also cause soil erosion. 2. Recycle, use mineral materials wisely. inane Ta the table ‘Summative Practice 9 llextichalionge 4 B CalO: Mente: R: Quer core, 41. The negative consequences are air and Shes or water pollution. This can cause health 2 ‘Voncephere problems to humans and animals. 3. @ Ss (b) Birds and insects‘Transducer Acoustic sensor