NATIONAL SECURITY VERSUS HUMAN SECURITY

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NATIONAL SECURITY VERSUS HUMAN SECURITY
Introduction
The two phrases pertain to various "security" notions. Human security has a very different focus
than national security, built on a realist heritage wherein governments and the forces are the
primary and most influential players and the subject of (in)security.
The idea is somewhat contentious, but in essence, it says that security should be person-centred
and have many different "dimensions" The variety of players also expanded because states are
just one of many potential actors.
Therefore, the ideas are inherently irreconcilable from a pure standpoint. However, many
academics understand the security of the government and its institutions is crucial to that of a
person.
National Security
In a broad sense, national security refers to the components required to guarantee the country's
survival and growth, as Mohammed Imran Ashiq emphasized. Concerning refugees, too many
individuals mix up national security and country defence. National security is a far more
extensive concept than national defence. The defence against threats to a nation's governmental,
martial, economic, cyber, health, and environment are components of national security. A nation's
ability to defend itself is kept strong by preventing anything that might do so. An excellent
illustration is that China produced practically all of our pork. If we were to engage in a conflict,
they could instantly kill all the pigs, which would significantly impact our food supply. The
government is solely responsible to protect us from other hostile governments. It is our social
contract with the government our US Constitution.

Government is the sole authorized agent of force in America. Citizens are not empowered to
force other citizens to do anything.

Citizens are expected to respect other citizen's rights. If a citizen injures another there are laws to
punish the aggressor and perhaps make the aggressor pay some restitution for the crime.

That being said government cannot prevent crimes. Each citizen is expected to defend himself
including the use of firearms.

Human Security
Concerns about human security are raised by shielding people and expanding their essential
freedom. It also takes a stance on national and global security and prioritizes people and their
intricate social and economic interactions(Lazaridis, G. 2016). The concept of human security
spans several dimensions. To maintain and expand human security, the government plays a
crucial role. Of course, this applies to everyone because it is not just a matter of the state. There
are primarily two dangers to human security today: -
• Traditional Threat
It refers to the threat posed by a conventional strike with one country on another. Such
attacks endanger human security, but thanks to advances in knowledge, this threat has
less impact.
 • Nontraditional Threat
This hazard is becoming a more significant issue or problem for current civilization and the
planet. This menace not only jeopardizes human security aims but also jeopardizes our
current planet.
These threats are mainly two types: -
• Various Pandemic
Past pandemics have negatively affected human security, including SARS, AIDS,
Spanish Flu, cholera, and the new coronavirus. Currently, the whole world is
facing a nontraditional threat which is COVID-19.
• TERRORISM
It is a significant threat to human security. Various terrorist agencies are rapidly
harming human security.
However, several national and international agencies play critical roles in combating these
dangers. Human security is vital for the survival of an ideal system and world; it is also essential
for this planet's survival for various reasons.
National security and Human Security concerning Refugee Crisis
States, resident populations, and relief organizations are all concerned with refugee protection, in
addition to everyone concerned with general security. They may, however, see these issues quite
differently. To account for such differences, classic conceptions of security that focus only on a
state's territorial found a direct association with the general topic of human security. Many
United Nations members have embraced this new way of thinking, and nations like the USA and
Japan have integrated it into their foreign policy efforts.
One of the perspectives related to this issue is the living human security perspective. This
perspective highlights the interconnectedness of security challenges in refugee circumstances. It
acknowledges that lengthy national defence relies entirely on the protection afforded to non-state
players. Additionally, this perspective acknowledges that refugee protection may be challenging
to achieve in the presence of political instability within a given territory.
In the new human security paradigm, a broader range of threats prevalent in society today has
become a point of focus. Such threats include physical assault linked to a broader range of
security challenges for persons and communities (McFeeters, L., 2018). Indeed, adequate
protection has developed in tandem with perceptions of many facets of human protection. For
example, protecting each illegal migrant's dignity and bodily integrity is now security.
Because individuals in states are of many races, faiths, and economic classes, social protection
(internal security) comes first before state security. This is because human security is directly tied
to the security of the people living in the state. Because riots, disasters, and terrorist attacks may
all devastate a state and sow division among its citizens, and because some states lack border
guards and are split by high walls, state security can quickly become jeopardized from both the
outside and the inside. As a result, a state that is internally cohesive and offers human security
can focus mostly on state security.

Benjamin Franklin is credited with saying, "Those who would give up necessary Liberty, to buy
a little bit Of security, deserves neither Liberty nor Safety." Today, this abuse of authority is
clear. President Trump was relentlessly attacked with unfounded allegations of Russian
connection by Hillary Clinton, his political enemy.

On the other hand, Joe Biden clearly was taking kickbacks from his involvement in the
Ukrainian deal demanding quid pro quos.The Democratic Party had a superior influence on the
FBI and FISA courts egregiously violated Mr. Trump’s rights and immunized Mr. Biden.Those
laws and institutions made to keep us secure denied a lawfully elected President free exercise in
his term as president and immunized a criminal President.

The concept of refugee security

This paradigm focuses on threats to the physical safety of refugees. Such threats originate from
various sources, including criminal organizations, terrorist groups, and police personnel,
generally pro militants. In some cases,local populations can develop animosity with the refugee
groups in response to competition for resources such as labour and housing. When refugees have
minimal physical and financial possessions and their social and familial institutions have been
damaged or destroyed, they become vulnerable this can trigger conflict as they strive to earn a
living by competing for resources within reach. Physical threats to refugees include theft, abuse,
marital violence, and child molestation. Other inhuman acts of rape and people smuggling can
also interfere with the living standards of affected individuals. Furthermore, migrants may be
easily used for political goals due to their fragility. Armed components in refugee movements or
settlements pose a challenging problem to the humanitarian or civilian nature of asylum, creating
a need for substantial security concerns for refugees, host populations, and relevant parties
interested in protecting human rights.
The vast number of persons involved exacerbates the challenge of recognizing fighters amid a
significant influx. Additionally, militia groups rarely declare themselves and often conceal their
weaponry while blending in with the civilian populace. Armed groups in refugee camps have
now alleged to divert humanitarian supplies away from those in greatest need, either via blatant
theft, volunteer, or involuntary 'taxation.' Both tactics have been linked to increased insurgent
activity and starvation among refugees. Rebels may also use refugee camps for relaxation and
recovery and for the forcible recruitment of young men and children. Many of these challenges
are exacerbated when refugees remain in asylum countries for months or years and do not have
access to education. Armed components increase the possibility of opposing forces engaging in
guerrilla warfare against refugee populations. Armed components may, in some circumstances,
obstruct the implementation of long-term options such as voluntary repatriation and successful
implementation. For example, during the 1999 East Timor war, pro-Indonesian militants utilized
violence and misleading facts about East Timor conditions to discourage refugees from returning
to West Timor.
Security strategies within and across national borders
One of the most overlooked facets lies in the interplay between refugee flows and the internal
security of a given state. Refugee as a human crisis involves both the country of origin and the
recipient country or territory. To resolve the refugee crisis, one should take a narrow approach
focusing on the parties involved. According to Lazaridis (2016), a refugee crisis occurs when
involved parties (the local population and the incoming group of refugees) face conflicts over
areas of residency. These incidences are observed in conflict regions where there is minimal
regulation at all. It may also occur as an outcome of conflict over the limited but available
resources for the group. In areas where the inflow of refugees outweighs the capacity of the
recipient country, political, social and ethnic tensions can be triggered (Howard-Hassmann, R.E.
2012).
In some cases, tensions between refugees and the host country can trigger conflict over
resources, leading to instability. Those cases have been observed in areas occupied by nomadic
pastoralists in the East African regions of Kenya, Ethiopia, and Tanzania. Scholars have
attributed such cases to weaknesses in governance.
Response to the Refugee Crisis
Even though some of the security concerns outlined are long-term, coordination efforts to
address the challenges can help alleviate the overall impact. Awareness and sensitization of
different agencies involved have helped address the causes and potential interventions in
reducing security challenges. One of the interventions has been to acknowledge security as a
shared concern. According to Boulby (2018), this approach entails channelling resources from
different entities to address the concern as a shared responsibility. Shared responsibility entails
coordinating resources and efforts to address common challenges posed by the refugee crisis.
Today, this responsibility has been left as the responsibility of the host country and the sending
country.
Preventive strategies
The issue for the global community and host countries understands how refugee policies and
support might help lessen security threats. Understanding these links has become a critical step
in seeking refugee safety (Kaldor, M. 2007). Separating extremists from the broader refugee
community is usually not as critical as tackling the core reasons for refugee participation in
crime, terrorism, and militaristic or subversive activity. Some think the more significant effort
should be put into maintaining effective camp administration and providing refugees with
general physical safety. This demands a more organized approach to security measures, as well
as plans for a wide range of refugee circumstances that involve essential actors at every step of
the humanitarian endeavour.
• Improving refugee–host relations
Competition for finite resources, whether real or perceived, is destined to create suspicion,
intolerance, and, at times, outright hostility. In this view, adequate refugee protection must
address the connection between refugees and their hosts; ideally, it should incorporate both
populations' needs and rights to the greatest extent feasible. In underdeveloped nations, this
entails reducing gaps in living conditions between refugees and host communities. They should
be allowed access to all the resources that are accessible to other members of society, despite
their ethnic backgrounds. Material help must be linked to coexistence and human rights respect
in communication tactics, while public-information campaigns must educate the local populace
about refugees. Local authorities should be assisted in communicating with refugee
representatives to foster community trust and offer a dispute resolution process in the event of
disagreement (Oels, A., 2012.). The introduction of programs to increase ecological
consciousness in large refugee communities can assist in stimulating the local economy and
reducing the environmental effect of refugees, hence avoiding potential conflicts with local
inhabitants. Programs that gather firewood from sustainably - sourced or purchase it from
construction companies and supply it to the camps may assist in discouraging refugees from
finding it themselves, decreasing problems with the local population.
One of the key trade-offs in information technology is security. As people's awareness of privacy
grows, they have begun to place a high value on information. If I understood what you meant by
"modern state," the direction of new technologies is toward big data, cloud computing, artificial
intelligence, and machine learning. The leaders in technology are attempting to increase user
numbers by offering internet access for free in underdeveloped nations. Data security thus
becomes a crucial factor in this equation. On the internet, individuals, businesses, and
governments exchange private data as well as all personally identifying information.The names
and passcodes serve as a container for the users' identities. Therefore, safeguarding them entails
safeguarding human lives. Because some people's photos, secrets, and videos are posted online,
we have heard about tragic incidents like suicide. These days, big data and the new technologies
mentioned are interwoven with security.

• Empowerment as an intervention
Empowered people can pursue and protect their respective rights. People's ability to behave
independently is vital to human security. It improves the reliability of information and enables
people to realize their full potential as persons and s actually or reintegration into peaceful and
functional communities. Refugees' engagement in the structural design and operation of a
settlement is thus as meaningful as their participation in the processes controlling help and
protection. This is true for the smallest number of human institutions, the nuclear family, a
critical security and stability mechanism in a refugee camp. Parental responsibility improves
children's and adolescents' safety and discipline.
Furthermore, it improves the security of women and children against sexual assault and prohibits
young recruitment for military goals. In this context, training and education programs give
prospects for the future and aid in preventing juvenile recruitment by armed and rebellious
elements. Secondary and primary education, vocational training, and income-generating
programs assist refugees in becoming economically self-sufficient and restoring their self-esteem
in long-term refugee settings. Such activities are often seen as having a good influence on
security in the near term.

Conclusion
Today, security has several interconnected dimensions. Expanded ideas of human security
acknowledge the relevance of non-state actors and reframe a variety of actions as security-
relevant. Understanding these characteristics is critical to resolving the security problems
associated with refugee aid. However, it risks seeing refugee issues solely through the prism of
security. It is also crucial to realize that the many aspects of protection cannot always be
combined into a single response. Almost all refugee-security measures emphasize the host state's
commitment to safeguarding refugees within its boundaries. While security packages might help
mitigate some dangers, they frequently risk attempting to do too much at once. They cannot, in
the end, address the issues of refugee camp militarization or cross-border warfare. These are
difficulties that cannot be remedied only via humanitarian action but rather through political
involvement. A good example is that the young population in africa is its own greatest threat ,by
2024 population between the ages of 14–35 will beover 700m to 900 million .How do you build
infrastracure jobs and ensure food security To support that amount of people is its own ticking
time bomb thats gonna put pressure on thir respective governments they might just be immense
competition.

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