ESIGN A RF RECEIVER SYSTEM FOR THE GIVEN SPECIFICATIONS AND ANALYZE THE PARAMETERS AT EACH SUB SYSTEM USING RF BUDGET ANALYSIS TOOL Aim: To study the following characteristics of path loss 1. Distance Vs Received power 2. Distance Vs Path loss 3. Range Estimation Software required: MATLAB Theory: ‘An important parameter that indicates the nature of the propagation environment is the path loss exponent 7. Considering the Friis equation for free-space propagation of an EM wave from eI 2 B= PSEA) where P, and P.=Received and transmitted power, respectively; G, and Gi jain of receiver and transmitter antenna, respectively; 7-System loss (attenuation) such as insertion loss, and matching loss; and transmitter antenna; lf, where f=865 MHz; and 2=The path loss exponent. With 75.616, we can clearly see how much ofa harsh environment the campus is for LoRa Signals. This is mainly because of heavy scattering of signals due to trees and very litle reflections. Path loss is intimately related to the environment where the transmitter and receiver are located. Path loss models are developed using a combination of numerical methods and empirical approximations of measured data collected in channel sounding experiments. In general, propagation path loss increases with frequency as well as distance, R= Where P; is the average propagation path loss, dis the distance between the transmitter and receiver, isthe path loss exponent which varies between 2 for free space to 6 for obstructedin building propagation, and 4 is the free space wavelength defined as the ratio of the Speed of Hight in meters per second to the cartier frequency in Hz 2.9979.10"_moters / second j, We ‘The log-normal path-toss move! may be considered as a generalization of the fee-space Friis ‘equation . where the power i allowed to decrease ata rate of (1/d)" (where d denotes distance ‘oF range), and where a random variable is added in order to account for shadowing (large scale fading) effects, ‘The log-normal model basically states that the received power is not uniform when measured at different locations white maintaining the same distance separation between the transmitter and receiver, Range Estimation: is easy to come up with an equation to estimate the range associated with two wireless nodes. In below Figure if node A is a transmitter and node B is a receiver and the following values are known: jane aU AV eee Node A fede ant) (receives) If Node A transmit power (including the antenna gain, if any) = Ps(dBm) Node B receiver sensiti Path-loss exponent = 7 Fade margin = F(4B) ‘Signal frequency = (MHz) ‘Then the estimated range (R, in meters) can be calculated from the following equation: )PATH LOSS EXPERIMENT: CASEI: Distance Vs Received power: gf-input("enter the value of gt in db") gr=input("enter the value of gr in dl Iinput("enter the value ofl in db); ‘fEinput("enter the value of fin GHz"); Tinput("enter the value ofr"); input("enter the value of”); jpt=input(“enter the value of pt in db"); for {{)=inputC “enter the value of d(i)")s pr(i)=ptt et ar*(((3*10°8)(4*pit)°2)*(1/ali))*n end plot(d,pr) Run the program: enterthe value ofgtin db3 enterthe value of grin db3 centerthe valueoflin db 0.5 enterthe valueoffinGHz9 center the value of 5.616 enter the value ofn 6 enterthe value ofptin db 14 center the value of d(i) 7 enter the value of d(i) 6 enter the value of d(i) 7 center the value of d(i) 8 enter the value of d(i) 9 enter the value of d() 10 center the value of d() 11 > Plot:£-4488*10."6; becif, pl=10*log10((16*(pi.42)*m)/(b"2))s plot(d.pl) xlabel("Distance") ylabel("Pathloss") Plot:EXP 12; DEMONSTRATE THY GENEMATION OF RADIATION PATTERN FOR AN LINAROMICMAN SENSED PUASED ARMAY ANTENNA BY VARYING PHASE SHINE OF THE AMHAY KLE MENTS, EK 14: STUDY THE, CHAMACTEMISIICS OF A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE IN 40NG MODE BY GYNEMATING THE LAYOUT AND EVALUATE THE FIELD COMPONENTS SUROUGH EM ANMANSS,EXP 14; ANALYSIS OF CO PLANAR WAVEGUIDE TRANSMISSION LINE IN X BAND APPLICATION USING RF TOOLBOX Aim: To analyze a coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission line for X- band and KU band applications. Software required: MATLAB Theory: + The CPW technology can be considered as a good altemative to microstrip due to unplanned presence of both signal and ground planes, thus offering high possibility of integrating active components + The Coplanar Waveguide is a planar transmission line. + It is widely used for microwave Integrated Circuit design. * Coplanar Waveguide consists of a conductor strip at the middle and two ground planes are located on either sides of centre conductor. All these lie in the same plane. ma rand © sh Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) + In coplanar waveguide, EM energy is concentrated within the dielectric. * The leakage of the Electromagnetic energy in the air can be controlled by having substrate height (h) twice that of the width (S). + The coplanar waveguide supports quasi TEM mode at low frequencies. + The “Quasi TEM” pattern arises because of the Interface between the dielectric substrate and the surrounding air. * Since some of the Electrical Energy is stored in the Air and some in the dielectric.* The effective dielectric constant for the waves on the Transmi Where between that of air and that of dielectric constant, while it supports TE mode at high frequencies. Important qualities of CPW Dielectric substrate: + The dimensional stability with time. ‘The thermal expansion and conductivity. + The surface finish and flatness The frequency dependence of this dielectric constant which gives rise to “material dispersion” in which the wave velocity is frequency dependent. Characteristic Impedance of a CPW: The characteristic impedance of a coplanar waveguide is not affected by thickness and depends on width(W) and space(S). The lowest characteristic impedance of 20 Ohm can be achieved by maximum strip width(W) and minimum slot space(S). + Ittypically ranges from 200 to 250 Ohm. Advantages of CWG: > Low dispersion. > Simple realisation due to etching on one side, > _ broadband performance, as it does not need via holes for shunt and series elements Demerits of CWG: + Fabrication of coplanar waveguide is costlier. As gold ribbons are needed to suppress higher order modes at every quarter wavelengths. + Relative thick substrates are needed, Parameters required for CPW: + The dimensions of the center strip, the gap, the thickness, and permittivity of the dielectric substrate determine the characteristic impedance, group delay, and noise. Problem! :The epw transmission line has 200 mm slot width, 1600 mm conductor width, 635 mm height, 0.005 loss tangent, and 17 um of thickness. This example uses two different dielectric constants to simulate the pw transmission line. The diele ‘ic constant values are 323 and 9.2,Aim: Caeunel = Hekt epw‘EpsilonR 2.323, ioWidtht 2006. Somer Ps 323, lotWidth,200e e-6, "1 Gight,635e-6,LossTangent’0.005,"Thicknas! 7Te-6); ptiline2 =rfekt.cpw(Epsilonk9, 2,1 Width 20064 Consus oy 1600e-6, Height, 635e-6, Loss Tangent0 008, "Thickness 17-6); ee % x band Frequency range 8 to 12GHIp, 4 freq = 5¢9:10¢6:14e9, %Plot Input Return Loss figure; sp! = analyze(cptxlinel, freq); sp2=analyze(eptxline?, freq); plot(spl,'s11shold on; plot(sp2's11); title(Frequency Vs S-Parameters!; Jegend(EpsilonR 2.323)/Epsilonk 9.2); grid on; Obtain the “Return loss” plots forthe following cases: Casel 8 to 12.5GhZ The dielectric constant values are 2,323 and 9.2. Case2 8 to 12.5GHz The dielectric constant | values are 9 and 11.2. Case3 11.7 to 18GHz The dielectric constant values are 2.323 and 9.2, Case4 11,7 to 18GHz The dielectric constant values are 9 and 11.2, Result: The results for two different dielectric substrates incicates the impedance bandwidth increases with a lower dielectric constant, The measurement results are for a frequency range of 5 GHz to 14GHz, and magnitude Sy1<10dBCase2:Plot group delay: > Group delay variations versus frequency is an essential factor when using phase modulation and high data rates. This impairment causes distortion and degradation in wideband applications. In a cpw transmission line the group delay increases with increase in the frequency for both dielectric substrates. Group delay program: eptxline] =rfekt.cpw(EpsilonR’,2.23,'SlotWidth’,200e-6, Conductor Width’, 1600c-6,Height’,635e-6,'LossTangent',0.005,"Thickness,17¢-6); ceptxline2 =rfekt epw(EpsilonR’,9.2,'SlotWidth!,200e-6, Conductor Width... 1600e-6 'Height’,635e-6,LossTangent’,0.005,"Thickness',17e-6);, 9% x band Frequency range 8 to 12GHz freq = 5e9:1006:14e9; Yhere spl will calculate all thea spl = analyze(cptxline],freq); sp2 = analyze(cptxline?,freq); all the values are in cptxlinel and 2 gdi = cptxline1.AnalyzedResult.groupdelay; 2d2 = cptxline2. AnalyzedResult.groupdelay; figure;plot(freq,gd1);hold on; plot(frea.ed2); title(Frequency Vs Group delay’); legend(‘EpsilonR 2.23',EpsilonR 9.2 xlabel( Frequency’) ylabel(Group delay’); grid on; lysed values all the parameters it. must be present Obtain the “Group delay” plots for the following cases: Casel 8 to 12.5GhZ, The dielectric constant values are 2.323 and Case2 8 to 12.5GHz The dielectric constant values are 9 and 11.2. Case3 11.7 to 18GHz The dielectric constant values are 2.323 and 9.2. Case4 11.7 to 18GHz The dielectric constant values are 9 and 11.2. Result: As frequency is raises, Group delay increases, after some threshold ff y decreased, again Group delay increases. ae.Frequency Vs Group delay 13 14 1S 16 Frequency 17 14 18 x10"?~ EXP 15: DESIGN TWO STAGE LOW NOISE AMPLIFIER USING MICROSTRIP TRANSMISSION LINE MATCHING NETWORK ‘Aim: to design two stage low noise amplifier (LNA) for wireless local area network (WLAN) ‘with an input and the output matching network (MNW) to maximize the power delivered through 2 50-ohm load and the system. Software required: MATLAB Theory: Designing an input and output MNW is an important part of the amplifier design. The amplifier in this example has high gain and low noise. To minimize parasitic effect, this example uses the microstrip transmission line MNW with a single stub, When two conductive elements on a PCB are close to each other at different voltage levels, they form an unwanted capacitor. This is nothing but Parasitic effect. Parasitic capacitance is always undesirable. However the density of conductors on PCB ‘s and within component packages makes its presence unavoidable. Parasitic effects leads to cross talk and Noise. At low frequencies, the effects of parasitic capacitances are very normal, However at High frequencies they can be quite significant. Thats why we are using MSTL. Because Micro Strip Lines can be fabricated by Automatic techniques and they provide the uniform signal paths. MATLAB PROGRAM Stagel:Design Input matching network using Microstrip Line(stepl,step2) Stage2:Create and extract amplifier object(step4,step5,step6) Stage3:Design output matching network using Microstrip line(step7,step8) Stepl0:caseade the circuit elements and plot the Input reflection coefficient and output reflection coefficient(step9,step10,step11,step12) STEPI: ‘TL1 =telineMicrostrip('Width’,3.41730e- 3,'Height’,1.524e- 3, EpsilonR’,3.48,'LossTangent',0.0037,, ‘LineLength’,8.9e- 3,"Thickness,,0.0035e- 3, StubMode' Shunt’, Termination’ Open’);= nport('£551432p.s2p)); 1026:3€9;, casamp = circuit({amp1,clone(amp1)},;amplifiers ); $2 = sparameters(casamp, req); STEP7: TL talineMicrostrip('Width’,3.41730e- 3,Height',1.524e-3, EpsilonR’,3.48, "LossTangent’,0.0037,.. ‘LineLength’,22.47e- 3,"Thickness',0.0035e-3); STEP TL4 tulineMicrostrip( Width’,3.41730e-3, ‘Height’ 1.524e-3, EpsilonR',3.48, ‘LossTangent',0.0037,... 'LineLength',5.66e- 3,'Thickness,0.0035e- 3,'StubMode’ Shunt, Termination’ Op en’); c= circuit([TL1, TL2,clone(amp1),clone(ampl),TL3, TL4]); figure STEP9: $3 = sparameters(c,freq); rfplot(S2,1,1) hold on: rfplot(S3,1,1) Tegend(|S11) of Two-Stage LNA Without MNW',[S11| of Two-Stage LNA with MNW)); title(Input Reflection Coefficients of Two-Stage LNA’); grid on; figure rfplot(S2,2,2) hold con;rfplot(S3,2,2) STEP12: Tegend('|S22| of Without MNW’,|S22| of With MNW’); (Output Reflection Coefficients of Two-Stage LNA’);Input Reflection Coefficients of Tw, 4 &| |S11| of Two-Stage LNA Without MNW [S11] of Two-St LNA with MNW 2a Baer 2G 2h, 28 Frequency (GHz)