MouD A/BEN PART 2 ANALYSIS,-DESIGN AND DETAILING @F CONCRETE BRIDGESSECTION A GENERAL SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE (SLS) A design should be such that the structure will not suffer local damage which would shorten its intended life or incur excessive maintenance costs. The following aspects shall be checked under sis. |. Cracking Equations and recommendations contained in the current BS5400: Part 4'as. amended by the current relevant Departmental Standards shall be used to assess the design crack width of reinforced concrete. The=design crack width shall not exceed that specified in the same B.S. under the appropriate environment. To dssess the cracking'stress in reiniforced concrete, load combination 1 only should be considered, ivhere type HB loading is to be taken into account; only 25 units should be considered. Prestressed'concrete is classified into.3 categories, namely Class 1, Class 2 and Class 3. Allowable crackings/tensile stresses for the various classes of prestressed concrete ‘are as follows:- Class 1: No tensile stress is permitted, exeept at transfer where | Nisq.mm is allowed if due solely to prestress. dead load and temporary erection load. Class 2: The following tensile stresses are permitted but no visible cracks are allowed. FAIZULAZHAR MADZLAN pretensioned member: Graduate Engneer Hp-012.9650865 : : E snitfazlazharce@yahoo.com O43 Vf, at transfer and 0.45Vfyy at service = post-tensioned member: 0.36VEy at transfer and 0.36Vfjy at service WALClass 3: Cracking is permined in accordance with the current B.S. 5400: Part 4. as amended by the current relevant Departmental Standards. “1.2 Stress Limitations 26 Z eat Compressive stresses in concrete and stresses in steel should be calculited by linear elastic analysis in any of the following applications:~ (2) forall prestressed concrete construction. ()’ forall composite concrete construction. e a (©) where the effects of differential settlement, temperature difference, and creep and shrinkage-of concrete are not considered at ULS, (The usual design Practice in this Gffice is to consider the said effects at ULS). (8) Under global and local direct and bending effécts where thiése’dre considered separately at the ULS. For reinforced concrete ‘where the compressive stiess distribution is triangular or near triangular, the stress limitation shall be 0.50*fay and where the compressive stress distribution is uniform or near uniform, th€ tress limitation shall be 0.38*fe! For prestressed concrete’ where: the compressive stress distribution is triangular or near triangular, the stress limitation, shall be 0.40*fax/ and where the compressive stress distribution is uniform or near uniform, the stress limitation shall be 0.30*f., For steel reinforcement) under compression or tension, the SLS stress-limitation shall be 0.75e6,1 In prestressed concrete, ithe crackirig'stress limitationshould be checked for Glass | » member under load combination 1, and Class 2 member wider-load combinations 2 tt 5¥ For Class’ member, if type HB locdinig is to be considered, only 25 units-should be taken. For Class 2 member under other load combinatio‘s, fullHB,loading/shall be considered, Mn seca,COMBINED-GLOBAL AND LOCAL EFFECTS If separate analyses are used to determine global and local effects due to applied ~~ loadings, the effects acting on the element from global a combined as appropriate, - . ind: local-analyses-should be In the analysis of local effects, influence charts such as “Influence Surfaces of Elastic Plates” by Adolf Pucher should be used. - For slabs stipported by widely spaced beams, the effect fromm miove than one HB wheel loads should be considered. For sagging moment, the.effect from more'than one HB» axles may also need to be considered. n UD secafg: 4 = SECTION B DESIGN PARAMETERS .. ‘Bie~--GOEFFICIENT OF SHRINKAGE OF CONCRETE In the absence of more accurate data, the cgefficient of shrinkage of conerete may be taken as:- ; (a) Reinforced concrete 150 E-6 (b) ;- Pre-tensioned.member, transfer at ree es between 3 days and 5 days after concreting 300 E-6 ()..” Post-tensioned member, transfer a ie : between 7 days and 14 days after concreting 200 E-6 ~-COEFFICIENT OFCREEPORGONGRETE’ © 0 > es The following coefficient to be adopted as appropriate: “@) ““Pretensioned'member: > “48E-6 x 40/f, perN/sq.tnm > ~ but min, 48E-6 per Nisqmm. (b) * Post-tensioned member: 36E-6 x 40/fi per N’sq.mm" but min. 36E-6 per N’sq.mm. Where the maximum stress anywhere inthe section at transfer exceeds (1/3)*fiy, the Coefficient should be increased linearly fom the above value when maximum stress at transfer is (1/3)*fy to 1.25 times the value when maximum stress at transfer is (Rye Et If the method given in Appendix C of the current BS 5400: Part 4 is adopted to assess the effects of shrinkage and creep. the following cssumptions may be made:- Relative humidity of air =,80% Pretensioned beams fully prestressed at 3 days Post-tensioned beams fully prestressed at 28 days Concrete hardens at average temperature of 300C Pretensioned beams launched two months after casting Post-tensioned beams launched diree months after casting. ©Manial\2-see-bLong term creep and shrinkage effects on precast beams only, need not be considered because it has been established that the difference between this assessment and the total effects on precast and composite sections assessed separately is not-significant, BS CONGRETEGRADES-AND-COVERTOMEERDINFORGEMENT - The following aré prefeited Concrete Grades and cover to steel reinforcement. Structural Member Concrete Grade "Min. Cover to all Reinforcement (mm) Precast, prestressed 45/20 or 50/20 30 Inisituy; prestressed *. 40/20 or 45/20: Rare ce) : Ye. Insitu, concrete infills between precast beams - 30/20 — 30 Insitu top slab on precast - 30/20 - 730 beams Insitu RC voided deck “3020 " * 4d'for exteridrsurfaces 30 for interior surfaces RC. column ) ; RC. wingwall & headwall ) 30/20 40 RC. abotivent & retaining wall) - Ma RC, pile cap, spread ) 30740 or 50 + footing... eee yer aoragke For concrete in marine environment, higher grade'concrete or greater concrete cover is ). required. ene Bq” STEEL STRESS Characteristio'stiength of high: yield steelsand mild steel to-be taken as 440:Nisq.mnt and 250 N/sq:mm. respectively. B PRESTRESSING 2) All prestressing strands shall be made from seven cold-drawn wires, Each strand shall consist of six wires spun helically in one laye: around a straight core wire, All sirands should comply with one of the following’ SMmanwaN2-see-b)) BS 5896 seven-wire. class 2 (low) relaxation super. strand having a nominal cross sectional area of 1 (00 sq.mm and @ minimum breaking strength of 186 kN ii) ASTM A416 for low relaxati sectional area of 98.71 s 183.7kN, ‘ion, Grade 270 steel with a nominal cross q.mm anda minimum breaking strength of b) Value of K, being the constam depending on the type of duct, or sheath employed, the nature of its inside surface, the methoid-of forming ii and the degree of vibration employed in placing the concrete, to be taken as 33 E-4, ©) CeeficientoP frictions, to be taken as:- + 0:55 for steel moving on concrete Fate 0.30'for steel moving on steel 0.25 for steel moving on lead, “The corrugated cohesions used in-post-tensioning-are‘usually made of steel, d) In assessing’ prestressing losses, drawin for ‘Wedge type anchor may be taken as 10mm in the absence of more accurate value, In calculating percentage loss Gue to draw-in reverse friction in the cable duct should be considered ie, the "oss at mid span would be less than that at jacking end.. .SECTIONC ANALYSIS “ci. GENERAL, The bridgé-designer must havea very clear-concept of how a bridge behaves under load, and how a load applied at one point is distributed and ultimately transmitted to the'grouiid, Without a'cléar undérsiandidg 6f the ovérall behaviour of a biidge, it's design. A design based on poor structural concept could be both uneconomical and ~ unsafe. ~ E ce : N “C2. SUPPORT CONDITIONS In modelling a structure, particular attention should be paid to the support conditions, ... otherwise strange and incomprehensible results would appear in the computer printout, (2) Rubber bearings have ow rotational stiffness compiared to the bridge deck, itis transversely unless the actual stiffness has been properly evaluated. This is also generally true for mechanical bearings of pot type or spherical type._ b) "Vertical stiffness of bearings has profound influence on the moment distribution of a continuous bridge deck. The designer should have some idea of the approximate size arid: type’ of bearing réquifed and select an appropriate stiffness before executing any detailed analysis of the bridge deck. Likewise, where tall and slender piers ‘are employed, the vertical stiffness of the pier should also be taken into account. (Frranual-sect-c wes + «futile to hastily exécute @ seties of computer runs to attémpt to- optimise the bridge ” Following are sorié exariigles of Cortéct input of support’¢onditions:- “"” era in order to “input the rotational: stiffness as~zero both longitudinally and -¢) - Where uplift under live load is likely-to occur, and if there is no special Provision for resisting the uplif, the vertical stiffness of the uplifted bearing should be input as zero for the particular loading case that produces uplif. ~-Where ‘the bridge deck is made continuous over a pier and a pair efbearinus installed close to each other over ‘the Pi ier (e.g. in the case of precast Prestressed beams with continuous deck slab), then when full live load is apolied on one spanit is tkelythat uplift Will develop i the bearing supporting, “"" ° -"* the adjacent span. In such an event, zero vertical stiffness ‘should also be input for this particular loading case, C3. OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER PRINTOUT —*-- For first time users of any computer program, itis important that for the first run - &xecuted, printout of results. of analysis should cover the whole structure analysed. An ‘overview of the results as a whole should be made to check’ that variation of moment, shear and deflection, et across the width and length of the whole structure is as expected. A thorough review ‘of input data or section properties and loading position Should be made if any irregularity or unexpected result is observed. Guidance from * tkperienced users should'be’soiight, as thé Fogtain’ mantial tisually does not’spell Gut” ” A . = allthe pitfals a ‘Afr the first run is satisfactorily complete, selective printing of results may then be adopted for subsequent nuns to save printing time and also reduce storage problem. It is worth noting that deflection of mid span and rotation at supports will be required for camber calculation and bearing design at a later stage Therefore, these results should be printed in the selected printing of resultsF ocd. «= GRILLAGE ANALYSIS AAs load applied on an elerient is first distributed to the nodal poists before analysis is carried out, itis advisable to provide\finer grillage mesh over the support region’and / ppammameceeatnit nto placeithe liveloadvat such a-pesition that no part of it will be istibuted go the tode ’ order to determine maxiniur’ shear force’ in the elements en the elements directly’or thésupport, geetbosuppare f+ DECK MODELS: In modelling the bridge decks for computer analysis, ealeultion of sectional properties ~- and stiffnesses should generally follow. the methods described sin..the following publications: = ') |, Retommendations‘on the use of Grillage Analysis ‘for’ slab and Pseado-slab bridge decks. Rivest, C & CA/CIRIA * ii) Bridge Deck Behaviour ~E.6. Hambly; Chapman and Hall x= - iii) Concrete Bridge Design to BS5400 “L.A. Clark, Constfuction Press S Cs. LONGITUDINAL LOAD.AND SKIDDING FORCE The effect of eccentricity of longitudinal load with reference to the centre line of the bridge should be duly considered in the design of bearings and structure works Provision should be made for skidding force to be resisted by a pier When the force acts directly over it, and not by the ‘adjacent piers. Bearings over a pier should be designed to resist 100% of the skidding force, this is. particularly important for fixed Bearings “Amanuan2-sect-c 1 ‘ teach. ca. C81 CARRIAGEWAY The carriageway width is gerieralif ite width between Taised kerbs. In the absence of ae taised kerbs, it is the. width. between safety TEACeSless the amount of ‘set-back Tequired-for these fences, being not less. than 0.6m or mi jore than 1.0m from the traffic face of each fence. : In the case where the bridge parapet face is approximately in line with the edge of the taised Kerbsythe width of the cariageway-shall be taken as the with bétweed the raised kerbs less, the amount of set back. Ifthe width of set-back is not specified, a sistance of 0.6m shall be taken. We APPLICATION OF LIVE LoaD Determination of Maximum Sagging Moment in a Span span for sagging motnent in a simple span or in any intermedince Span of.2 continuous structure, Jt should be placed at 0.¢ times the span length from {he end support for sagging moment in the end spans ofa continuous structure, 1. should be loaded on the full span being considered. KEL should HA UDL should be loaded on the ll span being considered. KEL should b positioned at the mi If HB loading is to-be considered, the smallest inner axle spacing. i..6m; sHould'be used. When determining.the maximum segging moment in a simply supported span or. in any intermediate spans of a continuous structure, the HB vehicle sliould be Placed in such a way that the mid-span point bisects the distance benween the centre of Sravity (c.g.) of the vehicle and an inner axle. When determining the méximum sagging momert in the end spans of « continuous structure, the vekicle should be placed such that the point at 0.4 times tHe span length from the end Support bisects the ©.g. of the vehicle and an inner axle. Thelettect of two HB axles on short span bridges could be more severe and should also be considered,C82 Determination of Maximum Hogging Moment over a Support HA UDL should be loaded fully on the spans adjacent to the support. KEL should be +> ~oblaced ata position to give the maximum hogging atthe Support..Reference:should be made to the influence line diagram for more accurate Positioning of KEL; Generally, “i Fhould be about 0.4 times the span length away fom the suppor TF the spans adjacent.to the support are of unéqual length, then KEL Should be placed on the longer span, When considering HB loading, the inner axle spacing of the HB vehicle should be chosen in such a way that the ©-8. Of the front and back bogies are approximately 0.4 times the span length away from the support, one on each side of the support. Determination of Maximum Shear at the Section HA UDL should be loaded on one ful: span. KEL should-be loaded over the section being considered. The front axle of the HB vehicle with the shortest configuration Should be positioned over the section being considered if HB loading is to be considered, Transverse Position of HB Vehicle on the Deck ansverse position of HB. vehicle ‘shall be in accordance with’ the recommendations contained in the current BS 5400: Part 2 as implemented by the current Departmental Document. For the purpose of analysis, ifthe vehicle is to be placed off centrelined on a notional lane, the minimum distance between the edge of the notional lane and the centre of the Cutside wheels shall be taketi as 250mm,C8.5 ‘HB on Skew Deck For maximum shear and maximuth su Position€d near to the potuse’comer, Amanual2-secre port reaction on a skew de 40°26 100 a) SM SCE HB should be Csudut cakaily 7°" eeSECTION D ” REINFORCED CONCRETE ~* can be followed by others without the need for constant reference to the designer. Examples of good presentation of calculations are given in "Designed and Detailed” by Higgins and Hollington publish by C © CA and "Model Procedure for the Presentation of Calculations" published by the Concrete Society. Examples of good detailing can be found in publications such as *Standard Reinforced Conerete Details and "Standard Method, of Detailing Reinforced Congrete:. published. by the Concrete Society. D2 BEAMS” D21 Effective Spans The effective length of a cantilever should be taken as its length from one face to the Report plus halt its effective depth except where itis an extension of « continuous beam whéi the length to the centre ofthe support shoul be used Slmanuav2-See-DD2.2 Effesctive Width of Flanged Beams In amailysing structures and section: 'S at ULS, the full width of the flanges may be taken as eSective, Width should be taken as the width ~~" the points of zero moment (or the side of the web. ‘For a continuous f of the effective span D2.3 Slencderness Limits for Beams ) To emsure lateral stability, a peam should be so. Gistamce: between the lateral restraint doce Rot exce whiere be = breadth of the com; Pression face of the beam midway between restraints, effective depth to tension reinforcement, D24 Section Design of Beam Sectional design of beams should be carried out at UES in accordance with the Fscommendations in the current BS5400: Part 4 as amended by the. current "Departmental Standard, ‘The following design parameters shall be used:- Yea for concrete = 150 Yoo for steel = as Maximum concrete strain at failure = 0.0035 Max uniform compressive stress fer a Fectangular stress block = 04 fy.ha sold slats (rect RY Mnoltof trad O95 F eR Or 495 W frm Smear. ; Pony Uren eat TE Wal (0 crlal ate pret Un Horgpk bee , A UL Pedals / voiduk Mee — Ang Wee ealfain fhe Plangers D25 Design for Bending And Shear : Nomut neiifone ob (yew : : With usual notations, the design equations for bending of a solid sleb or rectangular beams, or of @ flanged beam, ribbed slab or voided slab when the neutral axis. lies within the flange, are as follows:- ee 3 FA Mettergder strele doce men. Sees Hythe OFA oak waits compres s ie pees ie dene se ue Mo 0876 Az M = 015i bd Y a i Naa « drarnebristion string, Doubly reinforced ees si M = O.15 fos bd? + 0.72 f, AY, (ed) eh OS re ee dh eh and should iot-be greate;" = fy than 0.95¢, a 2 lined nesfinee snort "Hanged beam Ag = Ban & dation reintumne Als = Anan of compuce My (0.87 §) As d- hy2) b= wlth RY My = 0.4 fa bhe(4 ty) THs A akod! dept to testi i : dls efherton depth fe Ru i shear © *~"" M Aas Dharndoites shocorthy an citing ben Ze ee om : Shear reinforcement should be provided as given by te ee ore Pian Anim tt wufiel = ey Mle Mtv Seen vutnturemant \ Aw = (Out b sy Y(0.87 f,) when: v < &v_ Ex gta Paar fou provid “| An 2 bs (V+0.4-v1(0.87 fa) when V> Eve 2 iprting of Mes alent where ve = 0.27hm* ((100 As\ (Dw 4)" * (f,,)'8 = Tee Toe eee 2 arse and f should not exceed 40] ie relents Oa ee aS . peat Bib £ & 2 (soqiayr or 0.70 whichever is greater, shee pirett'in a Ves wlthwete conenede. i bs ater i nee A hate ba & ory~ AK tan emis ion ALE lompindined centavos, ADK , i rgininack fre battle: done The minimum area of longitudinal tension reinforcement, in addition to that required for bending, should be as given below:- Bia = pau ene) ordnance additivnst lor findtnnt terre Aad Vi(20.87"f) runterunnat: In no case should v exceed 0.75Vfey or 475-Nisq.mm whichever is the lesser. The Spacing of the legs of links, in the direction of the span and at right angles to it, should not exceed 0,75d, -* e ee D2.6 Enhancement of Shear Strength Aa enhancement of shear strength may be allowed for Sections within a distance a, < 24 from the face of a suppor, front edge of a rigid bearing or centeline of a flexible bearing and when more than 70% of the applied shear force is applied within 2d of the support or bearing. = ‘The enhanced shear stress shall be (Eeve) (24)(a v) but should never exceed 0.75 fey or 4-75 Nisq.mm, whichever isthe lesser, . Where this enhancement is used,the main reinforcement at the section considered should continue to the support and be provideed with an anchorage equivalent to 20 tines the bar size. ; f é D2.7 ‘Longitudinal Shear es : ) Longitudinal shear resistance should be checked at ULS at the flange/web interface of a flanged beat, Vy Mau aot Unted re biver oy (omg fudine ree : ok fee fillo ny. ee a bey etry an cores 3. SOLIDSLABAND Bases Kifuls 3 acs ee © vi bs Fonte Ay peepee at 3.1 Design for bending Vim fin et fom idned Maer piney A Caredte bay tru tee ane The critical section in the design of solid slah or an isolated base shall be taken ag the ace of the coluinn or wall, The moment at any vertical section passing completely cross a solid slab or a base should be taken as that due to all external ultimate loads and reactions on one Side of that section, No redistribution of moments should be made, I Smanval/2-See.p)section considered is greater than 1.5 (bea3d), two third of the area should be concentrated on a width of width of the column, Of reinforcement (Dear*3d) centred on the column, where ‘Deot is the 3.2 Design for Flexural Shear Cog idertiming. dmowreigmn) Cour ruitne beans), Mae-critical- section. shallabestaken.as-a-vertical ‘section-exteiiding actoss. the full width, = © Ess diye furor Chevic a) n : i Nes wAtinete ther fray ifaSeR. then no shear reinforcement required, HR concrete CAML 8) \ tae 4 A solid'steb or base less than 200mm thick should not exceed Sve Inasolid slab 9.23 ae or base thicker than 200mm, when v is Seater than &,v., shear reinforcement should ’*” Yon be provided thus: (2 ak . F . eet poetic bu & PY : . : Va, EV 2 Eo then provide Aa > bay 04 Ev MO87Ey) gt Coad She wey, os ‘The minimum. area-vef-Jongitudinal. tension ‘enforcement, in adéition to-that py. 4 required for bending, should be such that uv ; wed wa As 2V/(2*0.8746) - 7 » VS Gitar fore de & ulfbecée londt No enhancement of shear strength of Sections should be- allowed and thesmaximum spacings between links shall be d._. Ain s ana Hecke athanak . lacyitndine( Ele vUinbvemee 233 Design ‘ofPunching Shear [ |:'d) ‘Theicritical'seetiowtoPedleulating ‘Punching shear should be tokenion-aperimetenliSd-, fom:the-boundary ‘oPthesloadedsarea, Reference should be made to Fig. 5 of the Stent BS5400: Part 4 as amended by!the cunent Departmental Standard for + Parameters used in the caleulations and the possible mode of failure. “Manual2-SeeDWhen a group of concentrated loads act ut! sulid slab or a base, checks for punching shear should be made by considering the loads singly or in combination. en t6 the the neuteal axis; meses = - When considering punching shear, the dispersal of wheel loads should be take top.itths surface of the concrete slab only and not down ‘The overall ultimate’shear resistance, V., at any critical-perimeter shall be calculated in accordance with Fig. 5 of BS5400: Part 4, No shear reinforcement is required when the ultimate shear force, V, is less than Vs. V ina solid slab or base less than 200mm thick should not exceed V. ’ Insolid slabs or bases ‘at least 200mm thick, where V lies between Oitbd and Ve the, sea of shear reinforcement required to resist the punching shear should be calculated 2 follo a An > Ode bd087 fy) of A > (V-V(0.87 fy)” whichever is greater, The required shear reinforcement shall be provided such that 1/2 Aw is provided on thé critical perimeter and 1/2 Ay, on a’parallel petimeter at a distance 0.75d inside the critical perimeter. a ; ) The overall ultimate shear resistance should be calculated on perimeters progressively 0.75d out from the critical perimeter and, if the resistance continues to be exceeded, further shear réinforcément should be provided on each perimeter using the above equations, Maximum spacing between links should be 0.75d. D3.4_ Minimum Design Width * 'n solid slabs where locally high moments and Mexural shear are obtained in regions Such as edges of deck or discrete supports, the minimum width of slab to provide resistance to deck moments or flexural shears may be taken as 2d plus the loaded width distributed to the neutral axis of thelsiab where d is the effective depth of the slab. The moment or shear may be averaged over this width, ‘/manual/2-See-DD4. PILE CAP D4.2° Design for Bending Pile cdps may be designed either by (eam) bending theory ot by truss analogy, Where pile caps are designed by ‘hending theory, they Should’ be considered as rigid’ beams. The maximum moments are calculated by considering various sections using the applied axial load in the columns as Support reactions and pile loads obtained from pile group analysis as applied loads, = Where pile caps are designed by truss analogy, reference should be made to C.& CA _ Technical Report on Behaviour and Design of Pile caps with Four Piles, D413 DeighteemCuHLSHeAe 2 Critical section : 20% pile dra For pile’ caps, critical section can’ be anywhere, and should be taken at 20% of pile diameter.within the near ‘face of a row of pile to the column face as illustrated in Fig Di. Critical section 2 Critical section 1 ‘ : Column ie i kk Pilecap : i ese Piles ees tres Yo it Bes gis we a Bod ve Fig. Dl - Critical Sections for flexural shear, UD.7+ wow send andheffectively anchored, ey Alo sheatctermtorstieny is tequired if ukimate shear a Sess thant_Ev., otherwise Provide shear reinforcement stich that Ve Eve! eee Poe ; And ds (vt0.4- boos g, — & : it gg RES og ‘ aes " waned The area Sch in.addition to that required by bending should yf be such that, Generally, the width and that shearreinforcement is not necessary. rb Gailore boriceclebs a eated & hg + ay Waited Reus P44 Design for Punching Shear” i | In checking Punching shear Of corer piles, the critical shear section illustrated in (Ctl) OF BS 5400: Part 4 is the shortést line touching the Somer pile. Thig mode of failure essentially depicts a flexural shear failure, Thus in determining the punching shear capacity V, of the section, enhancement of shear Cpacity may be allowed ‘manual/2.See-D+ This enhancement should be in the form (,¥.)(2d/y) snd applied ovér the portions of the section -where the flexural reinforcement is fully anchored by passing across the head of a pile. a, shall be taken as the distance between the face of the column or wall and the critical section. Any shear reinforcement required shall be provided in the form of 'single-leg pins and placed within the region an-effective depth from the comer pile as shown in Fig. D2._In the case of a narrow pile cap where the regions extendi from the cdrnér pile’s overlap each other. the shear reinforcement may be in the region shown in Fig. D3. : Fig. D3 - Region for punching shear reinforcement around comer piles of a narrow pilecap. Svinanwal/2-See-D ny 9l x tebe a a ear plane + batting < 12 (hort) erin Leg 0, xcept thet whe the ole vs ARCB EK urce'ceorGe-xenrsoneHE! Cif <1) ‘CONSTRUCTION AND COMPLETION OF LIGHT RAIL Ti (ERTS) DS.1 letena FROM BANDAR UTAIRA TO JOHAN SETIA TECHNICAL QUERY Asta assshor iF thereat neg Sag | grarannrwocseria cre Suid osherpyise be consid Sab ee i tvekine, thon Ni geese Ser ARBRE Thatonhare tne aTERA 7 Roby Roawertes TE Aton Scot resttaine Ti? BBs; reo should not received dale ‘ition Subject: Pio Starier Bar Detalls for Pier P30s Ot EXCCEd 30, 0 oat dive Height], (Table 1 lero tha Rbove mar and curers dasign vw x GSO', Kn uish us he es sean estar bars det trust een for he sls ie cap. Carrey, len conte hoe etn ak sd oreperon fo as hacing wos ables ives some common type Jn pier with multi ts Attachec f,cofumns built hte ee; 1 page: a oe Pa a ‘Mudajaya Corporation 8&7 a Tepatuma Toy “a The astra hee yo to confirmed and JONSWMERIat you have ques cGTSALIRSSATRT GTM plo canatr® RP port ie seve refalinmdDecoed tech Hal roving fete girste) hs pir tye theese i choy drains ot Beton pio esting paused Meee Noinovemene See Tore Ral paar, Dow hed, Yes/No [recat ica i lr, Andrew New de Contumation by von to dbck Deck moves relative to Name) a4 _paverseanbase of coluriat: 4 Sieber pn tenet T Coleman exes under [SNe Plasee pore completed TO to Prajeei Geerctery for Megas ‘avement 23 Free elastromeri i bearingeren arose ‘Bearing shears to allow “ms ane Totation but no movement at top of column relative to base 13 Fixed elestromeric No relative movement ! beating of deck, top of pier and base SHmanuat2-Sec-DDS Bearings.on Pier Columns The reinforcement in the top of columns is to be designed to resist bursting due to the bearing it supports using.the rules for Prestressing end biocks. The desigh should be carried out at ULS. The applied stresses should satisfy the requirements for bearing stresses to BS5400: Part 4. DS55 Minimum Reinforcemént ‘The area of reinforcement required to resist the applied load, calculated in accordance with the current BS5400: Part 4 as amended by the current Departmental Standard Should not be less than 0.15 N/f, where NV is the wimate axial loed. and 1.0% Ae, where Ac is the grosé section of the concrete. : D5.6 siranslatory Stiffness of Deck Supports In a continuous deck supported on elastomeric bearings, there would be an interaction between the deck and all its supports when a horizontal force ig acting upon.the deck. AS a result of this interaction, the horizontal force would be distributed among all Piers in'proportion of their individual stiffnesses. ~ The following aspects should be considered: in assessing the translatory’stiffhess of a support:- ky strennstisiness of elastomeric bearing, ky k, ©) translator stifiness.of columm/abutment stem, ky: k, (c) _. rotational stiffness: of footing/pile group, ky; and attached to, kykoi can be obtained from bearing design or from the equation ple ky safer a) where A = Plan area ofthe bearing oe = shear modulus of the elastomer es 7 Bs {= total thickness of the elastomer eet ~~» Ye “number of bearings on top of the pier under= sane kris the force at the top of the pier to cause a spread footing, it may be taken ag ab’s/(12h°), where a~ plan dimension of footing normalto the bridge >= plan dimension of footing parallel tothe bridge 's™ coefficient of subgrade reaction of soi N= height of column above the footing, mas05.7, Compound Stiffness of a Support System 8 as shown, where subscripts b, p and f denote bearing, pier and footing respectively. The system, is anologous to springs connected if series, tae 3 243 Longitudinal force conpor! eb lows eee i L » My Ok hmanual/2-see-DVay = Wk. + ky) + Ley + ep where kyu + ker = stiffness of bearing omlefiand Tight side ‘of the pier, of the pier system‘k,, LK = kg + ke DS5.8 Expansion Centre Generally, when a deck expands or contrac, it ends Move outside or inside relative to the supports, However, there exists some place along the longitudinal deck’s axis where its initial position does not ¢ +hange due to this expansion or contraction, The Place is refered to as expansion centre, E.C. E.C. of « deck with its spans and the “oresponding pier stiffvesses symmetrical about its centre is situated at the centre of the deck longitudinally and transversely, the support sistems in a continuous bridge (as Setermitied in D5.7 above), the expansion centre. E.C., of the bridge can be determined as follows:- Pier 1 Pier 2 Pier 3 Piers i ds Sere Ot "Fig. DS -A 3span continuous bridge with knows Compound stifiiess of each pier. Tks, ko, Ks and ky are the stiffness of pier system at pier 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively, then ~ K aL 10 ka dy + ks(di+dy) Ka(d+ds + d3) ) 26, + kalditds) + ka(ditds + dy L Be Moen Ble ae yo. ake (ki + ke +s + ky) : 26 evmanual2-Seo-D5.9 “Deck Movement Due to Creep, Shrinkage and Temperature Afterdetermining the E.C., the deck.moyvementsativarious supports can be determined based on the distance of it from the E.C. e.g. Assuming x is the distance of E.C. from Pier 1, eee cis the sum of coefficients of shrinkage, creep and temperature (= ¢, +c, + att) Then deck movement at Pier 1 = 8; = xc Piet2= 8) = (edie ete. therefore force at “Pier 1= ki veh Ds Piet2= 82k +D5.10 Horizontal Force Any horizontal force acting on the deck should be distributed to the substructure in proportion of the ratio of the compound stiffness at the individual support to the total support stiffness. e.g. if H is the horizontal force then force at Pier 1 =k, Hi(kr+katks+ks) Pier2 =o Hi(kitkrtkytha) ete, cvmanual/2-See-D bs |i ( DS.11 Bridge with Two Continugus.Decks ~~ w Consider two multi-span decks, Deck A and Deck’B, sey arated by an expansion joint at Pier E as shown in Fig. D6. z Expansion joint en Decka ‘ foes a ¢ Pier Al Pier A2 = Pier A3 Pier E ” Fig..D6 - Bridge with two continuous decks. To determine the horizontal forces, (arising from deck movement due creep, shrinkage and temperature effects and from secondary yy highway loadings) acting on the Piers, consider the following step by step make-up of the whole system: DS.1LA Consider Deck A without the effects of the bearing, Pier E as shown in Fig. D7. column and foundation at coo Joint ror Hts cal Ged = 0 PierE Kee iA Pier AY Bier AD Pier A3 Fig. D7 - Deck A with zero stiffness at Pier E. cefmanual/2-See-D mD-16The system is anologous to springs connected in parallel. The compound stiffness of the deck A kus tkathar thas ShStkm Aaeae where kat, Kaz, kas are the compound stiffness of Piers Al, A2 and A3 spectively. a ett Ds.11.2 Consider Deck A in case D5.11.1 but with the effect of the LHS bearing on Pier E as shown in Fig. D8. : are pansion joint Deck A yi re 7 a Oke | Pier E Pier Al Pier A2 Pier A3 Fig. D8 - Deck A with only bearing stiffness at Pier E. When the bearing, which has a shear stiftness of (Is). is subjected to 2 force at its lower face, the deck system is anologous to 2 springs connected in series. ‘The stiffness of the whole system is kpaa eS therefore I/kuaa = W(kas) + M(ke le. SHfcey bee Similarly, the stifthess of deck B together with the effect of the RHS bearing at Pier E but ignoring the effect of Pier E is Kees (kegs) = W/(Kup) + 1(Ke)e cemanual/2-See-D uD-17DS.11.3 The effects of Pier E on the Deck A in case DS.11.2 is as follows:- Koos Expansion joint Deck A / oF oo - (ke). = (kp)e (eae! Pier Al ier A2 Pier A3 PierE Fig. D9 - Deck A with combined stiffness of left hand side bearing, column and foundation at Pier E. Tf (kp)e and (kj)e are stiffness of column E and foundation E Tespectively, then atin 9 Bh Mekprde = iUkpde+ WOKE "ten ok PE When the top of Pier E is subject to a horizontal force, the stiffness of the system = Kypaa is given below: Kyuaa (Kpr)e* Koes 3? ger gi um cvimanual/2-See-D UD-AsConsider now the effect of right hand side anologous to springs in series:- Kypsda : Expansion joint Deck A | Deck B | ON] Yee bearing on Pier E, the system is Pier Al Pier A2 Pier A3 Pier E Fig.D10- Deck A with combined stifiness of bearings, column and foundation at Pier E= When a force is applied tothe right hand side bearing, which has a stiftness of Oren the stifiness of the whole system is kepaas where peas) = Mua) + 1 (be 5.12 Expansion Centre To determine the expansion centre E.C. of the nro multi-span decks as shown in ) Fig.D11 the following procedures may be used:- Deck B ie ae 7207 : 2 T7777 Ke 7775 Z ‘a Pier Al PierA2 Pier A} Pier E PierB3 Pier B2 Pier BL i tw Sal ' fle its | = Las {Les ae ———- Fig. D1] - Bridge with avo continuous decks. cxfmanual/2-See-D,1) Restrain top of Pier E from all movement. Treat the decks as two separate system. In each system the effect of the stiffness of Pier E is ignored but the stifihess of the appropriate bearing on E is to be considered. This case is similar to D5.11.2. For each system, determine its expansion centre i.e, eae © (kai Lai kai : 4 xe= (kei Lay Eka 3) Determine two shear forces induced in the various piers, The force in Pier Aj is given by Fait ¢(La- xa) kay Fai= ¢(La-xp) koi where ¢ = Creep, shrinkage & temperature coefficient =Cehet at ‘ 4) Determine the force at the bearing over Pier E Fur= ¢(La- xa) (kde Le ce For = ¢ (La- xe) (Ke) x where (ky). and (Ke), are stifthess of LHS and RHS bearing on Pier E. ) US 5) Calculate the nett restraining force (Fy. - Fy). This force must be released by applying an equal and opposite force to the whole system at Piet E. xi Expansion center. El. 28°, a Exp PS 3 pe Fete (se)y fie )R He) Z- FEIT ke 77777 Po aaad PierAl PierA2 PierA3 PierE Pier B3. Pier B2 Pier BL Fig. D12 - Expansion cente of two multi-span decks, cslmanual2-Sec-D —__E_zE_E_ z= zz6) The correcting force (Feu - Fea) is distributed among piet E and the two decks in the ratio of their relative stiffness. The corrective force transmitted to Deck A through bearing by is given by fax (Fou~ Fon) keen! (keen + keaa + (Kpr)e) — V/ 7) The corrective force fus on Deck A is distributed to the other piers supporting Deck A in the ratio of their relative stiffhess. e.g. the corrective force in Pier Alis: far = faa Kai / (kar + kaa t kas) ‘ 8) The final force H, induced in any pier is then obtained by superimposing the Corrective force fj onto the restrained force F,, thus for pier Al, Har= Fate far) 9) The expansion centre for each deck can now be obtained by considerin: deflection of end pier in Pier Al and Pier B1. Thus: 3g the xa? = Har/ (ka) 8° = Hai/(¢ kai) DS.13 Example W777 Pier Al Pier A? Pier E i ism! 20m 28m | ee eee 20mConsider a bridge with 2 multi-span decks, Deck A and Deck B as shown in Fig. D.13. Let k denotes stiffness of the element, subscripts b, p and f denote bearing, pier and footing respectively. L and R being left and right hand side , of Pier E. “4 : Pier Ref. Al Boe B2 {Bt kyikNimmi_| 20 15 25 20 bss i Wl ktm [60 | 80 Restrained | Restrained | 70 65 i KeNimm) | 35 40 Restrained | Restrained | 45 ee a Compound wad stiffness Ref eh [ee | k= v ) case DS.7 250 250 116 uy (Nim) Lim) 0 1F 3B 3 20 0 i § KL 0 1s [se 1200 2 0 v He TVERS RL Jum = (ha La) Eke, by = OF IGF STS) 1105 9.64250) = 1200-232 ~ oy@setie-i3.0 / 4 =28.8m i 4 1 ‘ AEs faces [asea [asad ee ' 4a [a= =)¢m) ae 14 13> 1 ie Fm c(hes Fas i Fas Fa: = 4 ) oe 107 140 216 46 = See eS eoe Nee Fu-Faa “76 Kia = Kart kar~ Kas Ref, Case DS.1 1.1 = 10.5 9.6 + 25.0 = 45.1 Kyfnm. 5 Vikas = Ky Wee = LAS +125 Kegs = 16.0 KN mm. Ref. Case D3.7 3 3ALL similarly, kas = 49-7KN mm. and Kray = 16.6 KN mm. Distribute (Fou - Fer) among Pier E and the two decks. therefore, force transmitted to deck A = faa vf ; = (Fay ~ Fea) (oes) /(Semect ban * (pe) duh t 0. eee w = -76x 16. Oi(16.0F16.6-437.5) = “TKN Fh Ay Similarly, force transmitted to deck B= fs / 5 = -76 x 16.6!(16+16.6+37.5) = -18KN i 5 BML Force transmittéd to pier and foundation E = 76-17-1854 = ~ Distribute faa and fag to the respective piers: ‘5 ce fax kar [Gar the) f 7 x 10.5-(10.5 + 9.6) = 9S Similarly. far = “SEN for = -10KN for = - SEN “Therefore, the resultant forces H, the top of each pier can be obtained by vector sum of Fy and ee x . + smanual’2-See-D2 Summary of forces Ha == 116KN Ho =-41kN He 9 =-41 kN Hei = 36kN He: = 162KN ems oe -* D5.14 Horizontal Force e.g. Tractive force at Bearings To find the forces, arising from secondary highway live loads such as tractive force. transmitted to piers under Deck A and Deck B, the following procedures may be used:- Deck A Deck B Ke Kor 7. 7 PierAl PierA2 PierA3 PierE Pier B3._ Pier B2 Pier BY Fig. D14 - A horizontal force acting on a multi-span bridge. celmanual/2-See-D1) Replace Deck B and the effects from Pier E with an equivalent pier of stiffness pega a8 shown in Fig. D.15 below:- Deck A Equivalent stiffness for Pier E and Deck B) PierAl Pier A2 Pier A3 Fig, DIS - Deck A with equivalent suppor stiffness. where lKpeas = Ukgues + Le) ~ Ref. Case DS.11.4 * Nees = Oe # (inden = Ref Case DS.11.3 (ki)us_is given in D5.1 2) Distribute F to piers under Deck A in ratio of their shear stiffness e.g. fo pier A2 is given by Fa = F+ka/(Kar + Kart Kas + kepbas) Deck B RI. ——. F, di (ide (Equivalent stiffness for Pier E and Deck B) Ta. La - a PierB3 Pier B2 Pier BI Fig. D16 - Force acting on Deck B and equivalent Piet E. evmanual/2-See-Dtherefore keppas = 17.1 KN/mm, Replace equivalent pier with stiffness = 17.1 kNimm. Step 2 - Distribute F to s Al, A2 and the equivalent pier Far = F kai /(Kar+ kas + Keptas) © 450 x 10.5/(10.5 + 9,6 + 17.1) = 127 KN. Similarly, = Faa= 116 KN. Step 3 - Force at the equivalent pier Fo Fy = 450-127-116 =207 kN, Step 4~- Consider Deck B with Fo actiig. Distribute F, among pier E and all other piers under Deck B. Therefore force acting on Deck B* Fap=Fykyes /Kyyes = 207 x 16.6/54.1 = 64 KN. ‘Therefore Fai = Fas kai/ (kai + kez) = 64 x 13.1/(13.1 + 11.6) =34 kN Similarly Fp: = 30 KN.. Force on Pier E = 207 - 64 = 143 KN. Summary of Forces Applied tractive force = 450 KN Fa = 127KN Fa = 6KN Fr = 143 kN Fe: = 30KN Fer = 34KkN 450 KNSECTION E “GENERAL Genesally:flenuraladesign:should be carfied out at SLS and check for UI ULS: Sheer desigmstiouldibe'carsied out at ULS. ’ CABLE ARRANGEMENT In deciding the position of cables at the end block for a post tensioned bearmpreference should be made to the relevant prestressing catelogue on the minimim spacing between cables‘anchorages and the mininmam concrete cover to the cable/anchorage. More'than the minimum spacings and cover should be provided wherever possible. At mid span, the clear distance between ducts or between ducts and other tendons should be greater than the greatest of the following:- i) hy ii) an internal diame! f the duct in vertical or horizontal direction. iii) Sufficient space for insertion of an internal vibrator. Care should be taken in deciding the position of the lowest cable as due allowance has to be given to minimum concrete cover. diameter of steel bars and working to.erance. Where nwo or more rows of ducts are used the horizontal gaps between them should be vertically in line wherever possible. for ease of construction. PRESTRESS LOSSES DUE TO ANCHOR DRAW-IN For wedge type anchor (both VSL & PSC adopt this type of anchor), an allowance of lOmm should be made for draw-in loss for 12.7mm strands, unless there is proven record of a lesser amount of draw-in: For short span beams. the loss due to a 10mm draw-in is substantial and the effect will extend to beyond the mid-span of the beam. Even with temporary overstressing to 80% of UTS, the tensicn at mid-span may be lower than 70% assumed in design after lock-off. For the same reason it may not be worthwhile to introduce 2-stage stressing for short span beamsEd, USE OF PRECAST BEAMS loverted T-beams, box beams or other precast beams (to be placed side by side to form the bridge deck) should be avoided for bridges on sharp horizontal or vertical curves, as there are numerous problems both in design and construction. If these types, -of prssast,beams have to be used on curved bridges. then one way to ease detailing, and construction is to incorporate insitu capping beams of varying width over the piers. Precast beams of constant length can then be used to fill in the gap between insitu capping beams. E5. END DIAPHRAGM OF PRESTRESSED I-BEAM DECK The end diaphragms in an I-beam and slab deck should be east down to the top of boom flange of the I-beams so that jacksan be placed bélow the diaphragm to raise the deck during bearing replacement. The diaphragm should thus be designed to resist the reaction from the maintenance jacks. In the case of a fixed diaphragm. in addition to reaction from maintenance jacks. it should also be designed to withstand any horizontal forces transmitted to it by the dowel bars. E6. SEATING ARRANGEMENT * Inverted T-beams are generally installed with the seating parallel to the cross fall and ; longitudinal gradient of the deck. Where the beams are installed to a steep cross fall the component of dead load parallel to the plane of the seating could be duly considered. The same arrangement may only be applied to I-beam for small cross falls or longitudinal gradients. For large cross falls or longitudinal. gradient. the normal practice is to Keep the bearings horizontal and the beam seating suitably : Shaped so that the beam can rest on the bearing without excessive rotation of the bearing,all «In calculating camber of prestressed beams, DETAILING FOR CAMBER AND CROSSFALL {In the case of I-beams installed with the webs in the vertical plane. local thickening of the slab, over the top flange of the beam should be provided to form the required cross fall. In addition. in the case of multi-span bridges, particularly those employing long and-slerder I-beams where-camber due to Prestressing is pronounced, if 1s “aisu necessary to provide extra thickening over the suppor region to smoothen the longitudinal road profile without resorting to the use of ex. surfacing material. essively thick layer of effects due to prestressing after all losses; ‘weight of beam, insitu top slab, diaphragms (for I-beams), insitu concrete infill (for M and inverted T beams) should be considered in accordance with the construction stages using the appropriate E values of concrete as recommended below:- Effects due to Recommended E of Precast Beam Prestress in beam long tem Self wt of precast beam long term Diaphragms or insitu infill long term : Insitu top slab short term, The following equations, with usual notations. may be used to determine the camber at mid span of beams. ') Upward deflection due to prestress in straight prestressing tendons A = Pel"/SEI, ii) Upward deflection due to prestress in tendons with parabolic profile & = 5 Ple)I CASEI, ) + Pres)I/(SEI,) Where ¢ = eccentricity of tendons at mids an from the neutral axis of precast Lsection, ¢2= eccentricity of anchorages at end blocks from the neutral aixs of precast I-section. The second term is additive to the first when the c.g. of anchorages is higher than the n.a. of the I-section, otherwise, it is taken as negative= } iii) Downward deflection due to w, uniformly distributed imposed load per unit length suetras selfweight:insitu infil ancinsitutep slab, 4 AHudiimdine ud Ao = -Swi/384El, ix) Downward deflection due to one mid span diaphragm of load F N alt FE/asEl, : stuedieeetas pit lank ¥) Downward deflection due to a set of 2 No. quanter-span diaphragm each having a load-F 4 4A =-1LFP/S84El, ES. LONGITUDINAL SHEAR Longitudinal shear resistance shall be checked at ULS at thé beam and slab junction. pe The longitudinal shear force per unit length, q, shall be calculated using the equation as follow: q= V(Ay) ‘Ie where V= Vertical shear at ULS at the section where q is being assessed. (Ay) = first moment of area of the section of concrete above the plane under consideration about the neutral axis of the composite beam. I.= Second moment of area of the composite beam at the section under consideration. DUeatOWaHee must: be- Eien to:different grades of concrete where appropriate. Minimum area of fully anchored reinforcement crossing the precast beam and insitu slab interface shall be 015° of the contact area. The maximum spacing shall be four times the minimum thickness of the insitu slab or 600mm whichever is the greater* “consi [NgiTU POST-TENSIONED CONCRETE CONSTRUCTION ‘ded or cellular deck construction is not recommended for insity post-tensioned voi ger time taken for an 30m, because of the complexity and lo empt should not be made to provide the cross seétional depth. as this spans less thi truction, With this type of construction. at the required cross fall across the deck by varying “method complicates analysis and detailing. .n..— N pual\2-See-£4 il Fl. Fi2 FL3 Fld (CAmanuati7.s SECTION F MISCELLANEOUS DETSILING OF VOIDED DECK : Design for Torsion In a voided deck analysed by Genesys Grillage program, torsional moment per grillage member will be calculated for every member. In normal cases, the variation of torsion across the deck is rather uniform. Hence, maximum torsional moment per unit width of the deck can be determined and this value may be used for the design for torsion of the deck, The required longitudinal reinforcement should be evenly distributed inside the perimeter of torsional links. = Void Former For curved bridges, it is preferable to adopt rectangular void formers as it is difficult to construct circular void formers which is curved in plan unless the void former is made of polysyrene. Detailing of Reinforcement Reinforcement should be provided in two layers both in the top and bottom flange. longitudinally and transversely. For maximum efficiency. it is better to provide ininimum reinforcement for the inner layer and distribute the balance along the outer layer, de gt eee as Design of Abutment Whenever high abutment walls are adopted. it is necessary to issticheck the-stabilitys of the approach embankment as the abutntentpiles are only designed (o resisteearthopressuce from the soilsretained behind the abutmentawalk and TOL tooresist ‘i deep seated slip circle failure.ed ed s) eF-— An abutmentheadwalhshould be designed to sesist: O60 weptet dae OOM aideralt 4) afgree-of 225.08, arising from iraction or braking of HB; over-diSm-wige and to acts at the top of the wall. ie cca ou art Sally : i Live load:surcharge of 20 kN.sq.mm. jiiy = At rest soil-pressure.behind.the.wall. ‘An cbutmentstem should be designed as a cantilever wall. Among other forces to be considered in the design of abutment stem, appropriate value of HA or HIB tractive force, acting atthe top of the headwall or at bearing level, whichever gives the worse effect, should also be considered. Where transitioneslab is used, the length of the slab and the height of the.abutment weal? should be so proportioned that live load surcharge will have no effect on the " Soutment wall, In addition, the transition slab seating at the abutment wall may be detailed in such 2 way that the transition slab is able to resist any horizontal forces arising from shrinkage, creep and temperature and horizontal live loads. The length of the wansition-slab should be long-enough to develop the frietional-foree to resistthe, described horizontal-forces. In such an abutment, it may be considered having 2n infinite stiffness and the stiffness of the whole abutment system to resist translatot forces may be taken as the stiffness of bearings only (for free abutment) or as infinity (for a fixed abutment). ‘Abutment wing wall should be designed to resist, among other forces, collision load acting on parapet: F3. BRIDGE PARAPET Where steel RLS. is used to form the parapet, the parapet post should be designed co vield first before failure of the holding down bolts. Expansion joint should be provided over each pie position and also at mid-span for longer spon bridges. Cewmanuat\2-See-F WeaIn the case of concrete parapet, it should be cast after the bridge deck concrete has hardened, and should not be considered as a structural component of the bridge deck in resisting live load. Joints should be provid i 10m to 15m. over every pier and at intervals of DESIGN AND DETAILING OF BEARINGS Rubber bearings (plain or laminated) should normally be adopted, unless deck movement or design load is outside the normal range of standard bearings produced by bearing manufacturer. The cost of a mechanical bearing could be as much as 10 times higher than an equivalent rubber bearing. Dowel bars for fixed bearings should be designed to resist shear as well as bending, aes for eee S the latter is often found to be critical. Where guided sliding- mechanical bearings are specified, it is preferable to install one guided bearing per pier, as the inherant lateral tolerance will result in one bearing taking almost all the lateral force even though more than one guided bearings are installed. When speci ‘ing the amount of movement to be accommodated by fee or sliding bearings, it is important to specify the estimated movement in each direction. If for example a total movement of 80mm is specified, the supplier may supply a bearing that can accommodate + 50mm movement which will not be adequate if the movement is predominantly in one direction. EXPANSION JOINTS ‘The combined effect of shrinkage, creep and temperature usually results in net contraction rather than expansion. To enable a smaller expansion joint to be used, it is recommended that the joint be instilled with precompression, so that practically: the full capacity of the joint can be made use Of. Precompression has also the added advantage of eliminating forces transmined through the joint arising from the deck moving away from the abutment headwvall. Movement of the joint due to deflection of deep beams under load should be considered.F6. F6.1 F6.2 F7, Camanuane.: CURTAILMENT AND LAP LENGTHS 'n order to simplify calculations and at the same time maintaining ‘Sonservative approach, the following rules may be followed:- Curtailment of Reinforcement i) When a bar is being either stopped off or curtailed in the tension zone, it should continue beyond the point at which it is no longer tequired by either 40 diameter or the effective depth of she member, whichev is greater. 5) When a bar is being stopped off in the compression zone, it should extend cither 12 dia, or the effective depth of the member beyond the point at which it is no longer required, whichever is the greater. Lap Lengths }) The length of lap should be at least 40 di tension reinforcement, ii) The lap length should be not less than 30 dia. in compression reinforcement, {€ different bar sizes are lapped. the lap length should be based on the smaller on size. SHRINKAGE AND TEMPERATURE-REINFORCEMENT To prevent execessive cracking due to shrinkage and thermal movement, ‘einforcement as determined using the following equations, whichever is greater, Should be provided in the direction of any restraint to such movementi) Mininim area of reinforcement to control crack spacing. jiy___ Minimum area of reinforcement to control erack width ” oS (Egy + Ein 0.5 Eun (2 w fo) area of reinforcement in a given direction on both face of the"séetion ‘This reinforcement should be distributed evenly around the perimeter ofthe section, ; where Ay = ‘Az = , Gross sectional area of concrete. In sections thicker than 500mm, Ac is that area of concrete which lies within 250mm of the surface characteristic tensile strength,of reinforcement (N sq.mm fa? = tensile strength of immature concrete, taken as 0.12( fu, = characteristic eube strength of concrete (Nisq.mm) fe = average bond strength benween the reinforcement and thy immature concrete (N/sq.mm) (see below). @ = nominal bar diameter (mm) x = permissible crack width appropriate for the environmental conditions, given in the current BS54100: Part 4. less the crack wicth resulting from flexure, Ems Shrinkage strain and taken as the free shrinkage strain modified by the effect of creep. Ey may be taken as 0.5 Eu Uleimate tensile strain eapacity of concrete which may be taken #5 200 microstrain. Em = thermal strain as given by Ey = 0.5 0 (Ty + Ty) where 2x10 per deg C for i © = coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete, = nurinall weight concrete Cusmanual\2-See-F nswee geese we on nee TE. Conditions. For section up 10 500mm thi ick, appropriate value in the following table may be used For section thicker than $00mm, the Values in the table shall be increased by loec, ‘+dong term fall in temperature from ambient te the seasonal minimum, ee Ta may be assumed to be zero, Cement Content Steel Formwork 18mm Plywood Formwork (kg/m?) 1 Deg. c Dec. C. 300 18 28 350 33 400 43ee REFERENCES 9. 10. ehmanuat ref Deparment of Transport, Devartmental Standard BD 37/88. Loads for Hichwav Bridges, August’1989, British Standards Institution, Steel, Concrete and Composite Bridges BS 5400: Pant 4 Code of Practice for Design of Concrete Bridges, 1990. Roads Branch of Public Works Department, JKR Svecification for Bridee Live Loads 1988. British Standards Institution, The Structural Use of Concrete BS 81 \: Part 1 Code of Practice for Design and Construction 1985, Church, J.G, and Clark L.A., Combination of Highway Loads and Temperature Difference Loading on Bridges. The ‘Sfuctural Engineer, Vol. 62A No. 6, June 1984. Department of the Environment, Technical Memorand ridges) No. BES. femorandum on the Desi of Hichwav Bridge Parapeis. 16 November Pucher, Adolf, Influence Surfaces of Elastic Plates. Springer - Verlag, Wien, New York, 1964. Division of Highways - Bridge Department. The Department of Public Works, Bridge Planning and Design Manual Zederbaum, J, The Frame Action of a Bridge Deck Supported on Elastic Bearings, Civil Engineering and Public Works Review, January 1966, Apelt, J.T. and Isaacs L.T., Bridge Piers - Hvdrodynamic Force Coefficients. Proc. Am. Soc. Civ. Engineers, J. of Hydraulics Divison, January 1968.CSTE Se? A o