outline of review paper on the synthesis, properties and application of fullerene

I. Introduction

 Brief history of fullerene discovery

 Overview of the importance of fullerene research

II. Synthesis of Fullerene

 Various methods of synthesizing fullerene

 Purification and characterization of fullerene

III. Properties of Fullerene

 Physical properties
 Chemical properties
 Electronic properties

IV. Applications of Fullerene

 Biomedical applications
 Photovoltaic applications
 Catalytic applications
 Electronic applications

V. Toxicology of Fullerene

 In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies

 Ecotoxicology of fullerene
VI. Future directions and challenges

 Potential future applications of fullerene

 Challenges and limitations of fullerene research

VII. Conclusion

 Summary of the key points

 Future outlook of fullerene research

outline of review paper on the synthesis, properties and application of fullerene nanocomposite
I. Introduction

 Brief overview of nanocomposites and their significance

 Importance of fullerene nanocomposites in various fields

II. Synthesis of Fullerene Nanocomposites

 Methods of synthesizing fullerene nanocomposites

 Surface functionalization of fullerene nanoparticles
 Characterization techniques for fullerene nanocomposites

III. Properties of Fullerene Nanocomposites

 Mechanical properties
 Thermal properties
 Electrical properties
 Optical properties
IV. Applications of Fullerene Nanocomposites

 Biomedical applications
 Environmental applications
 Energy applications
 Industrial applications

V. Toxicology of Fullerene Nanocomposites

 In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies

 Ecotoxicology of fullerene nanocomposites

VI. Future Directions and Challenges

 Potential future applications of fullerene nanocomposites

 Challenges and limitations of fullerene nanocomposite research

VII. Conclusion

 Summary of the key points

 Future outlook of fullerene nanocomposite research

outline of review paper on the synthesis, properties and applications of fullerene polymer nanocomposite
I. Introduction

 Overview of polymer nanocomposites and their significance

 Importance of fullerene polymer nanocomposites in various fields
II. Synthesis of Fullerene Polymer Nanocomposites

 Methods of synthesizing fullerene polymer nanocomposites

 Surface functionalization of fullerene nanoparticles
 Characterization techniques for fullerene polymer nanocomposites

III. Properties of Fullerene Polymer Nanocomposites

 Mechanical properties
 Thermal properties
 Electrical properties
 Optical properties

IV. Applications of Fullerene Polymer Nanocomposites

 Biomedical applications
 Environmental applications
 Energy applications
 Industrial applications

V. Toxicology of Fullerene Polymer Nanocomposites

 In vitro and in vivo toxicity studies

 Ecotoxicology of fullerene polymer nanocomposites

VI. Future Directions and Challenges

 Potential future applications of fullerene polymer nanocomposites

 Challenges and limitations of fullerene polymer nanocomposite research

VII. Conclusion
  Summary of the key points
 Future outlook of fullerene polymer nanocomposite research

Scopus:Fullerene Polymer Nanocomposie 28/03/2023 Total: 385

Fullerene: Total 52,246 

Since the discovery of fullerene in 1985, there have been over 50 000 publications on fullerenes. The outstanding properties of fullerenes
have gained the attention of researchers to understand their behavior and applications in diverse areas. Potential applications in a wide
range of fields, including electronics, medicine, energy, and environmental remediation. Fullerene nanocomposites, which consist of
fullerenes and other materials such as polymers, metals, and ceramics, have also emerged as promising materials with multifunctional
properties.

This review paper concentrates on multifunctional applications of fullerenes and fullerene nanocomposites. The discussed applications of
fullerenes include biomedical, solar cells, sensors, catalysis, and energy storage. Also, the structure, mechanical and electrical properties,
synthesis and functionalization fullerene were discussed. One of the most researched areas is the applications of fullerene in nanomedicine/
biomedial field. Fullerenes have a large surface area and can readily bind to drugs, making them useful for targeted drug delivery. Moreover,
fullerenes have been shown to have antioxidant, anti-viral activity, and anti-inflammatory properties, which make them attractive for use in
therapeutics. Another interesting application of fullerenes is in the field of solar cells technology. Fullerenes have excellent electron transport
properties, making them ideal materials for use as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices. Fullerene-based solar cells have achieved
high power conversion efficiencies, and ongoing research is focused on improving their performance further.

In spite of the successful application of fullerene is diverse area, there are still several challenges that need to be addressed before these
materials can be widely used in commercial applications. For example, the synthesis and processing of fullerenes and fullerene nanocomposites
can be challenging, and there is a need for improved methods for large-scale production.
 The outlook of fullerene and its nanocomposites is promising, with ongoing research aimed at expanding their use in a variety of fields.
In area of energy storage, Fullerenes and fullerene nanocomposites have shown promise as catalysts in hydrogen production and fuel
cells. Further research is needed to optimize their performance and reduce costs, but these materials have the potential to play an
important role in renewable energy systems. For Environmental remediation: Fullerenes have been shown to have strong adsorption
properties and can effectively remove pollutants from water and air. Further research is needed to develop cost-effective methods for
large-scale remediation applications. In the biomedical field, Fullerenes and fullerene nanocomposites have shown promise as drug
delivery systems and have potential applications in cancer treatment, gene therapy, and imaging. Continued research is needed to
optimize their biocompatibility and improve their targeted delivery capabilities.

All in all, the multifunctional applications of fullerenes and fullerene nanocomposites are likely to continue expanding in the coming
years. As researchers better understand these materials and develop new synthesis and processing methods, they will become
increasingly attractive for a wide range of industrial and scientific applications.

C24
Source: Callister
Source: Fullerene grafting in polymeric nanocomposite—a promising strategy
Matrix Nanofiller TS (MPa) E(GPa) Kic (MPa m1/2) Gic (J/m2) FS (MPa) Reference
carbon-fiber - 2170 1615
reinforced epoxy
carbon-fiber 1wt % C60/C70: C60 2018 104 0.15 1465 [1]
reinforced epoxy (60%), C70 (25%), and
other higher fullerenes
(15%)
Epoxy 0.05 wt% C60; 109 1.86 [2]
0.05 wt% C60/C70 107 1.78
polyamide 0.06 wt% C60; 71 998
0.05 wt% C60/C70 110 820
Epoxy - 45 1.09 0.74 457.17 [3]
0.5 wt % C60 51 1.27 0.86 539
0.5 wt% oxidized C60 55.54 1.6 1.49 846.41

[4]

As fillers, we used the Ñ60 fullerenes (of purity 99.9%), a mixture of Ñ60/Ñ70 fullerenes (68 wt.% Ñ60 fullerene, 30
wt.% Ñ
70 fullerene, and about 2% higher fullerenes), and fullerene black (10.5% content of fullerenes) manufactured at the
Joint-Stock Company ILIP (Saint-Petersburg), K354 channel black (an average diameter of primary aggregates about 28-35
nm [5]), GMZ MG-1 graphite (of purity 99.9999%, Elektrougli, Federal State Unitary Enterprise “EPRI” of Scientific
Research Institute of Electric Carbonic Products). The fullerene black — the basic raw material for producing fullerenes — is
an ultradisperse carbon, a product of burning graphite electrodes in an arch in the atmosphere of an inert gas, with an average
particle size 0.5-2.0 m. The mixture of Ñ60/Ñ70 fullerenes is an intermediate before the isolation of individual fullerenes
The surface
modification of fullerene with acidic medium (mixture of HNO3 + H2SO4) helps to generate oxygenated functional
groups onto fullerene and make their surface chemically active [19]. It is assumed that oxidized fullerene will
disperse uniformly in viscous resin owing to the attachment of oxygenated functional groups on their surface

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Technol., vol. 69, no. 11–12, pp. 2002–2007, 2009.
[2] V. V Zuev, S. V Kostromin, and A. V Shlykov, “The effect of fullerene fillers on the mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites,”
Mech. Compos. Mater., vol. 46, pp. 147–154, 2010.
[3] S. Das, S. Halder, and N. I. Khan, “Mechanical properties of oxidized fullerene C60/epoxy nanocomposite,” Mater. Today Proc., vol. 18, pp.
655–659, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2019.06.461.
[4] D. Zmarzły, P. Aksamit, and T. Boczar, “Dielectric properties of fullerene-doped hydrocarbons,” 2008 IEEE Int. Conf. Dielectr. Liq., pp. 1–3,
2008.