The Islamic University of Gaza

Faculty of Engineering
Dept. of Computer Engineering
Database Lab (ECOM 4113)

Lab 2

SQL
Data Manipulation Language
(DML)

Eng. Ibraheem Lubbad

 SQL stands for Structured Query Language, it’s a standard language for accessing
and manipulating databases.
SQL commands are case insensitive instructions used to communicate with the
database to perform specific tasks, work, functions and queries with data. All SQL
statements start with any of the keywords like SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE,
ALTER, DROP, CREATE, USE, SHOW and all the statements end with a semicolon (;)
SQL commands are grouped into major categories depending on their
functionality:
 Data Manipulation Language (DML) - These SQL commands are used
for storing, retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. These Data
Manipulation Language commands are CALL, DELETE, EXPLAIN,
INSERT, LOCK TABLE, MERGE, SELECT and UPDATE.

 Data Definition Language (DDL) - These SQL commands are used for
creating, modifying, and dropping the structure of database objects.
The commands are ALTER, ANALYZE, AUDIT, COMMENT, CREATE, DROP,
FLASHBACK, GRANT, PURGE, RENAME, REVOKE and TRUNCATE.

 Transaction Control Language (TCL) - These SQL commands are used

for managing changes affecting the data. These commands are
COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.

 Data Control Language (DCL) - These SQL commands are used for
providing security to database objects. These commands are GRANT and
REVOKE.

In our lab we will use university schema (you can open it by click on file)
SELECT Statement:

The SELECT statement retrieves data from a database. The data is returned in a
table-like structure called a result-set. SELECT is the most frequently used action
on a database. To create a simple SQL SELECT Statement, you must specify the
column(s) name and the table name.

The whole query is called SQL SELECT Statement.

Syntax of SQL Select Statement

SELECT * | {[DISTINCT] column_list | expression [alias],...}

FROM table-name
[WHERE condition]
[GROUP BY columns]
[HAVING group-selection-condition]
[ORDER BY column-names || aliases || column-numbers];

-table-name : is the name of the table from which the information is retrieved.
-column_list : includes one or more columns from which data is retrieved.
-The code within the brackets is optional.

 Retrieve data by specific column:

Select Specific Column

SELECT NAME, DEPT_NAME FROM INSTRUCTOR;

 Retrieve data For all column using (*):
Use * To Select All Column

SELECT * FROM INSTRUCTOR;

 Arithmetic Expressions:
Arithmetic operators can perform arithmetical operations on numeric
operands involved. Arithmetic operators are addition (+), subtraction (-),
multiplication (*) and division (/). The + and - operators can also be used in
date arithmetic

SELECT NAME, DEPT_NAME, SALARY, SALARY/100

FROM INSTRUCTOR;
 Null Values:
 A null is value is unknown or does not exist
 It is NOT the same as a zero or a blank space.
 The result of any arithmetic expressions containing a null value is a
Null value.

You cannot use equal operator (=) to compare two null values! Instead, use (IS)
with special keyword null to check if a value is null or not.
Example: Retrieve all student who his grade has not been awarded

SELECT ID, COURSE_ID,GRADE

FROM TAKES
WHERE GRADE IS NULL;

The result of an arithmetic expression (involving, for example +, −, ∗, or /) is null if

any of the input values is null

SELECT NULL*20
FROM DUAL
 A Column Alias:
 Renames a column heading
 Is useful with calculations
 Immediately follows the column name (There can also be the optional AS
keyword between the column name and alias.)
 Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or special characters
or if it is case-sensitive

 A Concatenation Operator
 Links columns or character strings to other columns
 Is represented by two vertical bars (|| )
 Creates a resultant column that is a character expression

SELECT TIME_SLOT_ID ,Start_HR || ':'||Start_Min as STartTime

,ENd_hr || ':' || End_min as EndTime from Time_slot;
 SELECT DISTINCT Statement

 SELECT DISTINCT returns only distinct (different) values.

 SELECT DISTINCT eliminates duplicate records from the results.
 DISTINCT operates on a single column. DISTINCT for multiple columns is not
supported

 SQL WHERE Clause:

 To limit the number of rows use the WHERE clause.

 The WHERE clause filters for rows that meet certain criteria.
 WHERE is followed by a condition that returns either true or false.
 WHERE is used with SELECT, UPDATE, and DELETE.

Example: Find the names of all instructors in the Computer Science department

SELECT NAME
FROM INSTRUCTOR
WHERE DEPT_NAME = 'COMP. SCI.';
Notes:
 When you deal with character strings or date values, you must enclosed
them by single quotation marks ( ‘ ’ )
 Character values are case-sensitive, and date values are format-sensitive.

SQL WHERE LIKE Statement:

 Pattern matching can be performed on strings, use the like statement

 Patterns are case sensitive
 describe patterns by using two special characters

 Percent (%): The % character matches any substring

 Underscore (_ ): The character matches any character.
Example: Find the names of all student whose name starts with ‘S’.

Example: Find the names of all student whose name with second and third
character “an”
Comparison operators:
Operator Operator Description
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
BETWEEN ... AND... Between two values (inclusive)
IN(set) Match any of a list of values
ANY(set) Compare to any value in a set
ALL(set) Compare to all values in a set
[NOT] LIKE Match a character pattern
IS[NOT] NULL Is a null value

Rules of Precedence:
Operator Priority
Parentheses () 1
Arithmetic operators /,* 2
+,- 3
Concatenation operator || 4
Comparison conditions <,> ,>=, <=,<> 5
IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN 6
[NOT] BETWEEN 7
Not equal to 8
NOT logical condition 9
AND logical condition 10
OR logical condition 11

Note: <> all is identical to not in, whereas = all is not the same as in
Example: find the names of instructors with salary amounts between $90,000 and
$100,000.

SELECT NAME
FROM INSTRUCTOR
WHERE SALARY BETWEEN 90000 AND 100000;

Instead of:

SELECT NAME
FROM INSTRUCTOR
WHERE SALARY <= 100000 AND SALARY >= 90000;

Example: Find all the names of instructors whose names are neither “Mozart” nor
“Einstein”.

SELECT DISTINCT NAME

FROM INSTRUCTOR
WHERE NAME NOT IN ('MOZART', 'EINSTEIN');
 Sort:
You can sort rows retrieved by a query using the optional [ORDER BY clause].
Example: retrieving all departments’ records sorted by budget.

SELECT DEPT_NAME,BUILDING,BUDGET
FROM DEPARTMENT
ORDER BY BUDGET ;

By default, “ORDER BY” Clause sorts the retrieved rows in ascending order. To
reverse the ordering, use “DESC” keyword after column-name.

SELECT DEPT_NAME,BUILDING,BUDGET
FROM DEPARTMENT
ORDER BY BUDGET DESC;
You can also sort rows according to expression result; in this case, you have to use
an alias instead of column name also, sort rows according to more than one
column.
Example: Find all instructor sorted by their monthly salary.

SELECT NAME , DEPT_NAME ,SALARY/12 MONTHLY

FROM INSTRUCTOR
ORDER BY MONTHLY

Example: Find all student sorted by their department name , if there

are two student have the same department name , then sort them by
total credit in ascending order, then by their “student name” alias.
Sorting According to More Than One Column

SELECT NAME "STUDNET NAME ”,DEPT_NAME,TOT_CRED

FROM STUDENT
ORDER BY DEPT_NAME, TOT_CRED DESC, "STUDNET NAME" ;
Note: in “ORDER BY” clause, you can type (column | alias) numeric position
instead of name.
For example in the previous query, department name column comes first in the
query, so its number is 1. Total credit comes second, so its number is 2. Finally,
“student name” alias comes third, so its number is 3. Therefore, the
previous query can be wrote in another way:

SELECT NAME "STUDNET NAME" ,DEPT_NAME,TOT_CRED

FROM STUDENT
ORDER BY 2,3 DESC, 1 ;
INSERT Statement:
INSERT statement is used to add new rows into a table in the database.
Syntax of SQL INSERT Statement

INSERT INTO Table-Name (column_list)

VALUES (values-list);

Example SQL INSERT Statement

INSERT INTO CLASSROOM (BUILDING, ROOM_NUMBER, CAPACITY)

VALUES ('AL QUDS’, 218, 25)

You can also insert new rows without specifying column names, by typing:
“INSERT INTO” table-name VALUES (value-list)”. In this case, you MUST order
values in the same order of its corresponding columns.

Example SQL INSERT Statement

INSERT INTO CLASSROOM VALUES ('AL QUDS’, 218, 25)

Q) Create a section of ‘Database lab CS-348’ course in fall 2016, with sec id of 1
and class room al Quds 218.

INSERT INTO SECTION

VALUES ('CS-348', 1, 'FALL', 2016, 'AL QUDS', '218', 'A');
  Use select with insert statement
Q) Enroll every student in ’ Database CS-347’ course taken in 2009, in the above
section.

INSERT INTO TAKES (ID, COURSE_ID,SEC_ID,SEMESTER,YEAR)

SELECT ID, 'CS-348','1', 'FALL',2016
Constant columns
FROM TAKES Insert constant value
WHERE COURSE_ID='CS-347';

DELETE Statement
DELETE statement is used to delete rows from a table according to a specified
condition.
Syntax of SQL DELETE Statement

DELETE FROM table-name

WHERE condition;

Example:
Using DELETE Statement

DELETE FROM CLASSROOM

WHERE BUILDING = 'AL QUDS'

Note: It also can be used to delete all rows from a table by not specifying any
conditions. If you want to empty a table, you just have to issue this command:
“DELETE FROM table-name”. You should be aware when using this form.
Q) Delete enrollments in the above section where the student’s name is contain
“han” substring

DELETE FROM TAKES WHERE (ID ,COURSE_ID) IN (

SELECT ID,'CS-348'
FROM STUDENT Constant columns
WHERE NAME LIKE '%HAN%'); Insert constant value
UPDATE Statement
UPDATE statement is used to modify existing rows values in a table.
Syntax of SQL UPDATE Statement

UPDATE TABLE-NAME
SET COLUMN_NAME_1 = NEW_VALUE1 , COLUMN_NAME_2 = NEW_VALUE2 --
WHERE CONDITION;

Example:

Using UPDATE Statement

UPDATE COURSE
SET CREDITS=3
WHERE COURSE_ID='CS-190'

END