SYMBOLISM

 Symbol
Is anything that hints at something else, usually something abstract, such as an idea or belief. A literary symbol is
an object, a person, a situation or an action that has a literal meaning in a story but suggests or represents other
meanings.

TYPES
1) General
-Is a universal in its meaning. Even if the symbol were removed from a work of literature, it would still suggest a
larger meaning.

2) Specific
-Is not a universal in its meaning. It acquires a specific meaning based on how it relates to the content of a novel,
poem, etc.
-The symbol’s significance exists only within the context created by the author.

Symbolism
-Is a language a writer use to communicate messages visually, even when their work isn’t illustrated.
-is the use of words or image to symbolize specific concepts, people, objects, or events.

You can recognize symbolism when an image in a piece of texts seems to indicate something other than its
literal meaning.

THEME
-Is a message that the writer is trying to tell the readers.

How can we use the elements of the different genres in developing or making a theme?
-When writing or making a story, the authors use their imagination.
-They use these situations as the basis in creating something.

COMMONLY USED THEMES IN WRITING

1. Love 5. Survival
2. Death 6. Power and corruption
3. Good Vs. Evil 7. War
4. Courage and Heroism
 BIOGRAPHY
-Is a story of person’s life written by another person.
“Bios” – life
“Graphia” – writing

Writing a Biography
1) Have a great title
- Remember that the title must reflect the character of your subject as well as your thesis
statement.
- Make it enticing that will keep the reader’s interest
2) Important information
- Before starting to write, ensure you have gathered enough information about your subject.
Data gathering method:

 Interviews (structured & unstructured interview)

 Focus groups
 Observation
 Collection of documented materials (letters, diaries, photographs, and videos)
 Collection of narrative

3) Strong introduction
- Be certain that you create an attention -grabbing introduction.
4) Appropriate Language
- When writing a bio, the language must be in third (3rd) person for the writing
to sound objective.
5) Have a great writing style
 FOUR (4) WAYS OF WRITING A BIOGRAPHY
1. Chronologically or in Liner Manner
2. Thematically or By Aspect of life
3. Selectively or focusing on one interest
4. Hierarchically or order by importance

TRAVELOUGE
-Is a written or spoken account of a person’s experiences during a journey.
-include descriptions of places visited people encountered and events that occurred during trip
-may also have photographs or other illustrations to add visual context to the account.

ELEMENTS OF TRAVELOUGE

1. Narrative tone
-a travelogue should be written in a narrative style, as if you are telling a story of your journey.
2. Interesting Details
-provide interesting details about the places you invited and the people you met.
3. Descriptive Language
-use vivid, descripted language to make the reader feel as if they there with you
4. Engaging photos
-include engaging photos to help illustrate your story and give readers a sense of the place you
visited.
5. Personal Reflections
-Share your personal reflections on the places you visited and the people you met.
6. Historical facts
- include historical facts, such as the age of a building or the significance of a monument, to provide
context.

TYPES OF TRAVELOUGE

1. Adventure
-typically focuses on people who are doing physical activities such as hiking, climbing, language, and
food
2. Culture
 -focuses on the culture of a place. It often includes stories about the local customs, language, and
food
3. Nature
-these are about the natural environment and the plants and animals that live in it
4. Culinary
-focuses on the delicious cuisine you encounter along the way.
5. Luxury
- focuses on the luxurious side of travel. They often showcase high-end hotels, restaurants, and other
luxury experiences
6. History
- Captures the history and heritage of the places you visited.

AUTOBIOGRAPHY
-a story of person’s life written by that person

“Autos” – self
“Bios” – life
“Graphe” – writing

-The life of the writer from birth to present

WHY DO PEOPLE WRITE THEIR STORIES FOR OTHERS TO KNOW?

1. To write one’s autobiography is to publicly share one’s life
2. Some write autobiography to right public perception about them.

NEWS ARTICLE
-explains a real event; it presents a lot of information but does not use a lot of words.

ELEMENTS OF NEWS ARTICLE

a. Headline
b. Byline
c. Lead statement
d. Body
i. facts
ii. quotations

Headline
-The “title of the story” which should grab the reader’s attention and sum up the main idea of the
story.

Byline
-A line below the headline that gives the author’s name and the date the article was published.

Lead statement
-It is the introductory sentence at the beginning of a news article that summarizes the key details of
the story. It answers the questions of:
WHO, WHAT, WHEN, WHERE, WHY & WHO

Body
-Everything that comes after your lede is the body of the news article. It should include a more detailed
description of what happened, how people reacted, and why the event is significant