Electric Fiela ana Potential (Coulomb’s Law ) Force acting between two charged particle 199 1 92 2 -Fmey 2 Newton| | F = (9-0 x 10°) Newton Coloumb’s law in vector from :- Force on charge B Ajet 4, because of charge atA = Fea +42 > => 1 4:92 (f2-1,) > Fea = Tne TP WF Electric Field due to a Point Charge 1 a E= at Newton/coulomb ce 7 E 4m& pr ‘ Electric field at a point on the axis of a uniformly charged ring E=—\— ae teenleoor’ Direction will be 4n€9 (a? +x? 8 Hl from OtoP if P is situated very far from thecenterofring,then x >>a = 4 ” 47€o x2 ( Electrical Potential ) Potential at point due to point charge 1 because of negative V= 4 Volt charge — 7 Electric potential at a point because of System of Charge if a point is ata distance of "1 »72 »73 -T4 from the charges + ,—- %,— 93,+ 94 then( Electrical Potential ) Potential at point due to point charge because of negative 1 4 voit charge — q V=- r 4 MEQ V= q 'r cS ale ° Electric potential at a point because of System of Charge if a point is ata distance of 1 » 72 »73 -T from the charges + MN» Gas7 93+ %% then V=Vi+V,+V3+V4 “|B we _ B +% 4ne | Tp, rs "4 Ax AV/Ax is Potential Gradiant intensity of Electric v, Bey, field between the |E =9—1——~ Vvolt/meter plates d If electric potential of a particale is defined by some function V (x,y,z) then -dV _ age . ax" Ey Derivative keeping y,z constant -OV _ wae . — =-E Derivative keeping x,z constant oy y OV _ E Derivative keepi sT =E ping x,y constant Q N(Electric Potential Energy) Electric Potential Energy of two charge system = st ® joule “H “te cng 00 4ney or e—— fr ——_—_ +} ce Electric Potential Energy for more than two charge system h3 i) ifthree charge+q,, — G2 5 +g is situated at edge of triangle (Fig) A B +q, ha -q, then ye— [sea — sas es | 4n&9 "2 T93 "3 Work done in changing configuration of charge slowly (AKE = 0) Wext = Ufinat - initial We = Uj- Ur Work done in moving charge (AKE=0) Wext = B[Vénat- Vinita | We = 4(Vi-Vr) ve wi (Electric Dipole Moment ) Pp E [p=@x2l=2ql -q +79 1+-—— 2] ——+1 J Direction of p is opposite of E between the charges Torque acting ona Dipole in Uniform Electric Field t=FxAC =qEx(2lsin§ t= pE sin @ Newton-meter > —> T= pxeE qE=FWork done in rotating a Dipole placed in Uniform Electric Field If a Dipole is rotated from initial a = 0, to final angle a = 02 then work done would be :- |W = pE [cos 6; — cos 891 Potential energy of a dipole placed in Electric fieldatanangle @ Ug =- pEcos@ =-p.E Electric Field at point on the axis — of Dipole (end on position) poeta =, -q +q Eo pe 13 o———_-9- > E= SP Newton/coulomb BO A 4 me 73 —— r —— Potential at point on the axisef Dipole at distance r. i 2 Volt 4me r? Electric Field at point lies on perpendicular bisector of dipole (Broad side positon) 1 = Newon/coulorl 4m& 73 Potential at point lies on perpendicular bisector of dipole V=Y4+ = K— -K eS J+? J24P =0 At general point r making angle e . 1 -,1_ © Bazerd 4n& ¥3 3cos?@ +1 and & = tan’ (1228) Ep = 1 Pcose P 4me° 2(Gauss’s Theorem) (Solid Angle) AA w = —— Steradian 2 r dA cos @ dw = ——— r2 Electric flux through total area GE = J, EedA —E Example $e = EA (Gauss’s Theorem ) “The flux @ g of the net electric field through a closed surface area A equals to the net charge enclosed by the surface divided by €9 " _ 1 _ q . > > q Electric Flux PE -«(2}- Eo 3 [Bed A=— if aclosed surface area A contains charges @1, 92, — 93, %4>--*+ Total (net) Electric Flux $¢ = 7 eo 80 * £0 = 0Electric Field due to a uniformly charged Spherical Shell Surfacecharge _ _ = density ~ 4R? Gaussian Surface q Charged i ‘zy When (r > R) spherical 4neQ r Shell E=a/é When r =e E=0 When (r < |B) Graph of Electric field vs distance + for Spherical Shell 1 sq V= — 4&7 When (7 > R) 1 q = — Wh r 4nm& r When (r > R) 1 @ E= . wan Wh = nto R? en F=R E=——40| when @<)R) 4m& R® - Putting q= ; mR p, K= 4 (5) Ex} When (r > R) Eur When (r< R)Electric Field & Electric Potential formula for Solid metallic sphere is same as give above for spherical shell * Since charge reside on surface of mettallic sphere ExT 28) js neg r 7 E=0 (r< R) ‘ + 1 + = = (¢>R) Solid metallic * ++ +9 4 m& r sphere _ 1 Q (r < R) Charge at surface 47& ~ Electric Field due to a Linear Charge ‘i ak Distribution __ «| . 62g _| MOA—E Linear Charge Density 4 coulomb/meter \ as | ' 4 or = E(2 arl) ' + 4 5 i [t (pPaeé From GaussLaw op = — Al ' + 1 aa £0 ' * 1 Gaussian ! + | Surface bet bes EQzarl)= = ul 0 PE =2 EA From Gauss Law oA = 5, io )=— £0 So Electric field Intensity near Sheet(Electric Field Intensity just outside a charged Conductor) Sheet 2 Sheet 1 Because of Sheet 1 Ey +O+ Because of Sheet2 Eo ctfeo ++ +H =, +8eP rE +9+ 2 +i+t+ +P + ——_———eses—“‘(‘ira wh COCF (Relation between Intensity of Electric Field and Potential due to two parallel and opposite charged non-conductor sheets) 1, Electric Field between the plates A B E= & Newton/Coulomb i: £0 2, Electric Field Outside the plates oo Ele é E = E, = Eo =0 E, a 1 3. Potential difference between the plates d E=V/d AND EK=oley . Vigo . va od d 0 £0Capacitor Capacitance of aConductor C= q/V Unit of Capacitance is ‘coulomb/volt’ or ‘Farad’ (Capacity of an Isolated Spherical Conductor) cud =——3 ~ V (q/4 2&9 KR) . C= 4 neg KR (Potential — of a charged Conductor) =< a 1 oy? E : > Joule Volume Ke 0A Capacitance of a Parallel plate Capacitor Co = Capacitance of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor depends on:- 1. Area of plates ‘A’ CaA 2. Distance between the plates ‘d’ Ce 1/d 3. Medium between the plates Cak £9A When medium isair K=1, Cy = OFCapacity of Parallel Plate Capacitor Partially filled with Dielectric Substance £0A c= t la-o+ 3] Special Conditions :- 1. If Capacitor is completely filled with dielectric, or ( t=) . EgA* Ke then Capacitance C =-—=}<0 SS | Farad d ad>d)+— [aso 2. If Capacitor is containing air only, or ( t = 0) : é then Capacitance C= zh we = en Farad (d-0)+ Z| a K 3. If metal plate of thickness ‘is placed between plates (x = ~) F EoA £9A then Capacitance @ = ———*" __ = 0 pag (@—t)+ Y @-# eo 4. if Ki, Ko, Kg, ....,Kpy 4 +90? Dielectrics is placed between f. ; plates whose thickness are i, 3 ty te tg, es ty * neene : then :- e =o Eg =q,/ AE, C= E9A ha ts tn A— (ty + tot tg t.... Ht.) to ttt ng f (ty + to + bg t) K,* Ky K,* +f]Magnitude of induced chargeon ‘4 Dielectric :- cee i 1 1 o=0 |1— K P, Bo? - or Whe - (Electrostatic stress) m4 4 WHIT 9 (Capacitance of Spherical Capacitor) ab b= 5) _ ab if K=1 Co = 4 neo (5% 5) C=4neok|Capacitor connected in Series. q Yy=-, Vo = 4 jy=% +q Lt rif Cc Cy Cs ce i _ 1 + ne +o fr Vet Ve CG, Cs >, =C,V qo = CoV 93 = CgV C=C, +C,+Cy(Charging of a Capacitor *hrough Resistance) a = EC Maximum Charge CR is the time constant of circuit g@= 4 ‘ae etCR) ~— Charging current of circuit dq _ ( co ettiCR dt \CR Discharging of capacitor using Resistor ‘= i= . X -tiCR iy [izine*) = Gp 9 |acmr Pp 1. 2. Current density i = N Oo Electric Current And Circuit = no. of electron e,m = chargeand per unit volume mass of electron = Cross sectional area 1/R = conductance = Length of conductor to = Relaxation time = Electric field strength R = Resistance = Potential difference P = resistivity = Conductivity Va = drift speed q dq Current i= tae or a i= sida also j =nevg .. i= neAvg . Ohm's law V=Rxi or J=oE . Resistance of a conductor A <— [—>,~ L R= p— p A . Relation between Pando, o= x . ne2t, . For a Metallic conductor o= 2m . effect of temperature on resistivity and resistance Py = Pr, [1+ @(T-Tp)] @ = Coefficient of resistivity Rr = Ry, [1 + (T-To)]8. Combination of Resistance (i) Series R=R,+R2+R3+Rq, V=V,+V2+V3 and i will be same in each resistor. V=same, i= Tit Tot, t ee (iii) current in resistors joined In parallel I ry 1 —— — or Ia > (a) hv, 7 Ir (b) Ih = —# and rte. Ir, 27 rytKz Combination of cells (8)(a) ifn cells whosé internal resistance is ris connected in series with emf E and external resistance R. then equivalent current is :- nE . , ne i-— ifar<< K isa universal constant = 9-6485 x 10°C kg” OS ee eee Relation between Electromotive-Force and Terminal -otential Difference of a Cell) its root 4 4 Ee Whenbatteryisgivingcurrent | 5 | ‘ | then P.D. across terminal :- |( Heating Effect of Current ) (i) work done W=V.q Heat dissipated in conducting V4 wire W = Vit =? Rt= Route (ii) heat generated H= ¥ here J = 4.2 joule/ calorie i?Rt Vit (iii) Electric Power Ww ea 7 watt = P= Vi= V7/REPR | watt FARADAY’S LAWS OR,ELECTROLYSIS (a) First Law :- The amount of substance deposited (or dissolved) on an electrode is proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte mx@Q or me«it or m= Zit (b) Second Law :- The amounts of different substances deposited on electrodes by the passing same quantity of electricity through different electrolytes are proportional to their equivalent weights me«E or m« EQ (using first law) 1 | m, _-£) or m= 7 EQ also m, Er Kis a universal constant = 9°6485 x 10'C kg”(Relation between Electromotive Force and Terminal] Potential Difference of a Cell) When battery is giving current then P.D. across terminal :- if current is supplied from some other source to cell for charging: (Kirchhoff Laws) First law (junction or current law) "in any circuit at any junction” zi=0 i, +is - CQyinti. 40 or ty +is = ig $ig +14 Second Law (loop law) "in a closed path of any hr electrical circuit” > {R= E in loop(1) i, R, —igRp =E,-E, * in loop(2) igRg +(y +ig)Rg = Ey ty +i) Rs(Wheatstone’s Bridge) in balance bridge ratio of resistance in adjacent arm are equal to theratio of other two arm resistance so potential difference between B and D will be zeroAMMETER Ammeter is a device to measure electric current In ammeter a resistor (Shunt) having a_ small resistance is connected in parallel with the coil Ammeter setup Gano r i,Ro= tgt =(io—i,)r (From kirchoff loop law) Ror Req (ammeter) = Ry+r deflection « current in oil or deflection « i, | =$ deflection i, VOLTMETER voltmeter is a device to measure a potential difference. In voltmeter, a resistor having a high resistance R is conneeted in series with the coil Ro resistance of coil High resistance Voltmeter Setup Ve - Va=V potential difference applied Vv Ro+R R €q (Voltmeter) = R ot R current in the coil io = deflection is proportional to the current ig and hence to V