PDF Notes, T '§ Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Le CTU Grammar is the study of structure (use) of a Grammar: language. oO penP Si Seton pyar FL Zo LeWords) swisha, 25s ‘English Language) Ec Dl The Units of English Language A unit is a basic part of a language. It means that a language is a combination of different A Sing (Sentence) Pe soiss are five (5) units, units, Similarly, English language is a combination of differgnt units in English grammar: v 1, Letter 2. Word 3.Phrase 4.Clause 5. S = ¢ LUBE 2S, Ss? 26 tena Fins 20k. Capital Letters: % A,B, C,D.E,F,G,H, 11. K, LM eu R, 8,7, U,V, W, X,Y, Z. ‘Small Letters: eee BT, s, tu, VW, X, ys z eels WA beWZ LL. Dear Students, Do you know? This sentence has complete alphabets of English Language (a to 2): A quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog. ‘A meaningful combination of different letters is called a word. For example: book, school, and pen, etc. WG 2s ‘okob\ kboo'/ ibook WL Fig el Moa eA JE Ie Word) si fo4 ML f. ef (meaningfuls"t “6x3 22 (Words) y7 FEb FL Leb gby vies book'so-v SAE The group of words which gives some sense but not the complete sense is called Phrase. Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources.PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com =Preposition #/¢ Phraseerl/Phrasee Mpa" iy he Mintpx” 2ot L01 fPerntat Examples: In the east. In a corner. On the river. etc. He wants to study further. CAP UTRSETNS A croup of words containing a subject and predicate is called Clause. po Sic tnl™ Predicate Subject ¢-< rh’ Clausex 2 68 e752 ke ~62./Phrase 2 SClause > .3Ux agi 1. Ahmad is writing, eietinte Achaia She recites. et tints Bui 2 Ufone 2. She recit Cetetnte An ed four Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Sentence Structure AHMAD) LIKES - — BOOKS. Subject Verb Object infe Pe tLose 1. Assertive / Declarative Sentences: — + 2. Interrogative Sentences <3 Jie 3. Imperative Sentences — 7 Figs) 4, Exclamatory Sentences 7, ow 5. OptativeSentences — Adc’ es 1. Assertive / Declarative Sentences: A Wisa sentence that makes a statement or simply declares or denies something, te betnn VAP Las term An, For example: 1. Ali is my best friend. Oe, not written an essay. etc. 2. Interrogative Sentences: It is a sentence in which a que Fp ed. It ends with a question mark (2), For example: 1, What are yorqome? 2. Is he at home? weir gti dr Aue Wh? dene rbferAy 3. Imperative Sentences: — 3 Fist we It is a sentence that expresses a request, a command, a probibition, an order or an advice. For example: I. Open the door. 2. Say your prayers regulary. 3. Do not speak aloud. Ete. etl Fr fVl a PLSE hata Petbbfte ar? 4, Exclamatory Sentences: — 3.41 It is a sentence that shows strong and sudden feeling, emotion or excitement. For example: 1, Hurrah ! I have passed the exam, 2. What a nice day ! crate Litabiby Wed Oat titer Ana rt 5. Optative Sentences: —Adbr4.20 It is a sentence that expresses a prayer or a wish. For example: 1. May you live long ! 2. Would that I have succeeded ! Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Per LEASK PEE SS BA WREST IL THALES Isa Ler Lnb Metcetra ws etc.” gE SOLUS PLEA Sorrel Ke nidetc,” SMART (Li wae PARTS OF SPEECH ((wLIz !) arin MY GRAMMAR STORY My name is Danyal. I live in 332 G.B. My brother’s name in government sthool. I go to school happily. I like to stu: ish Grammar, It is my favourite subject. I study grammar books to improve my Englis 1ar is the study of correct use of a Janguagé: Yt means that how to use and arrange the wordsr a language. English is not our native langufage. We learn it step by step. My teacher says, “If you take interest in something, you will learn it”. Do you agree with it? I take interes ae English Grammar. Last year, I was worried y father is a teacher. I study because I could not arrange the words in sent ‘Operly, [studied and learnt parts of speech. Now, Thave learnt a lot about grammar. I can Intences now. First, I learnt the basic structure of a ‘a helping verb then we make a sentence as: Subject + of verb is very important in English Language. 1 ‘books are always a good source of leaning, Fe Fi tune teers tn PILL LG PA. er? 7 bionic bet Ate lt Een SEL cae ye Suigshe-Untte S332t-< A ant wigs ts etigite Sat SI, on Loi Le tse LU Pen wip unteg Betta gt Lue ev het ted Ait Erie ye coe Wretien to isz ASHP HeoP GoaleP Seite ih CE AOR erst Soa ct PO Fait tunad wundn ag (go, like, £ ¢43/%Danyal, Daud, book, school, ete’ Wwe Lps4Susb4 (happily, favourite, ete.d Lor Mee Seve s9 A, my, we, ctede ine bb predsstudy) wNriLewter® dba srtext tlOu/sih(s, was, shall, ete SP WesiieyPDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Digby beter dap iby He Be bbe et RIFUP Pgh SION ea rae Fig fitinn dig bse pt Bie Sst hea cent OFS IMs pty bil th Sen # Ube BoP ot UE eg Been 88 Ls Fi Le ein Lae vt = Gay Classes of Words .Parts of Speech S?usLbe te Sw Lod nlite Fe Les fein Jem age Ldn infor te A nlewoneLiatiw tle Ap Se ev {Parts of Specch)-ve Daud Is Always engaged in his good work, v Vv Vv v Vv v Vv Noun Verb (Helping) Adverb Verb (Main) Preposition Pronoun Adjective Noun aL eeishagt, ei Pugh Sires Rd Lp te Specchywerewduhe [Ory alssien Classes of “iy, 22i(Parts of Specch) we izirigie tL t(Parts ne miLed Ie aeIe ep eonOretye sh Lehi Sc beSotamsd tu Lita tod Srcteldf Words "bite PE ST oes tp Biar Sead (Parts of Speech) 2h: Anaming word ‘Used in place of a noun Adjective Explains a noun or pronoun Verb Shows action or state Explains a verb Parts of Speech Preposition Shows direction or position Conjunetion A joining word Interjection Expresses sudden feelings Every word of the English language is one part of speech or the other. The detail of abov mentioned parts of speech is given as under: Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com ee Noun - (*) Noun is a word used to name a person, a place, a thing or an idea. ie gelNoum rr J 1. Mr. Jinnah was a great leader. 2. Always speak the truth. 3. Children eat bread. bats 6S inpeK SLL, 3 Nouns 281 children .» bread. truth leader Mr. Jinnahytes ue.» - eYNoun) it 2 (1). Alivas absent because he was ill (2). Xo are a teacher. (3). Fam a student. (4). Is that your house? ele ESAligNounsithe LAS v rf SNouns Tatyour LOuWDAZ v st A personal pronoun is used for the name of a person or it indioga person. For example: I, we, he, she, they, you, etc. oe reel Ath Peic£ asteg, <22£Personal PronounfiL ve nS SL Pe (i) The person speaking (First Person Sis xe) snd Se4 — C1, We) (ii) The person spoken to (Second Person S's pss) Cyfereu? — (You) (iii) The person spoken of (Third Person it was) 2 yfei tert (He, She, It, They) Cases of Personal Pronouns: vSi_*¢' ‘). Nominative / Subjective Case 2/06 ii). Possessive Case =vg=4/éu1 iii), Objective Case byePDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess www. notespk.com Seen Tama student, (U-Subject Pronoun) This is my class This class is mine. He gave a book to me. (me=Object Pronoun) (Possessive Pronouns) For the Teacher. UL ners ue Pos essive Adjectives +/+ my, our, his, her, their Leo Active LIL IS CAP Siting tree LM, the pip Shin £Personal Pronouns Se CEs Direct and nae Narain 23! Passive Voice (Nominative) Subjective Case Subject Pronouns 7 | Singular Got) Plural (¢) Singular Plural a Singular Objective Case (Object Pronou roe my, mines our, ours Lis Your, Yours «Tih? him i her ites Plural Gi), Relative Pronoun (Jrv 2) A pronoun used to denote a relationship is called relat Examples: 1. This is the boy who met me yesterday. 3. This is the essay that was awarded the first prize. Thave found my watch which was lost yesterday. (iii), Indefinite Pronoun (§£<*) Explore NOTI IF 5s SAG TAP TH Moe FTHOULE LS Sef LL rely Pa lh Sas their Ko) them Sui digtPersonal Pronouns e pronoun, It may also be used to join two sentences. Ste Pronouns J that (£2).wholoA whose whom? whieh 2) 2. Isaw the boy who won the race. 4, The boy who lost his book is worried. 5. urcesPDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Indefinit pronoun is used to denote unspecified persons or things. adr fine ot LSS ere EL 2 Pronoun, Examples: someone, anyone, none, all, many, every, ete. Ss 1, Everyone likes him. 2. All were present there. The pronouns which is used when the subject and the object of the sentence are the same is called reflexive pronoun. Ue Let ai bine Lab SLT Ans AS Po 2Pronouniy Examples: myself, yourself, himself, herself, ete. inthe party. 2. She herself cleans her room. 1. He enjoyed himsel Pronouns Objective Possessive Reflexive Pronow ei Pronoun | _Pronaun x i My Myseli ve We Our Oursel a wig of You Your wie e He Him Hintself Gpsigi She Her oe Herself (ensivi in It sel Fn They ne Themselves (@utLyel This, that, these, thse, ete, sever £2 Atay seeiePronounty) Exapmles: These are my books. ‘This book is mine. Is ha Sir house? & -.g2£Interrogative PronounsPronounL ed Jerid LE pew Examples: who, whom, what, when, why, where, ete. 1, What are you doing? 2. Who is there? 3. Where are you going? edn Be HSE siete t Lol tthe tab LO Pronouns none, neither, each, etc. fi 1. Every student wants to study. 2. None of the boys was absent. 3. Each of the girls was present. 4 Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com AA Kinds pBiSole ew pre nh nS UP bie LWIA PSG» SPRONOUNS x? EXERCISE NO. 02 Tick (¥) the correct opi 1. You are a doctor. The underlined word is: (@) Noun (b). Verb (©) Adverb (@) Pronoun 2. Igo to school daily. The underlined word is a/an: Reflexive Indefinite Personal Relative © Pronoun © Pronoun © Pronoun Pronoun 3. The moment which is lost is lost forever. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Indefinite Pronoun (b) Reflexive Pronoun (6) Possessive Pronoun (@)_ Relative Pronoun 4. Hees the boy who stole my pen. Here ‘who? is a pronoun, (a) Personal (b). Possessive © Reflexiv (@_ Relative 5. A relative pronoun is a word that works as: (a) Conjunetion (b) Anticle © Adiget (@) Past paniciple 6. Sheis the gir whom met in Lahore. The underlined word ale (a) Relative Pronoun b)_ Pronoun (6) _Interrogative Pronoun ( finite Pronoun 7. Som'are born great. The underlined word is a/an: (@)° Possessive Pronoun (b) Mndefinite Pronoun Ste) Reflexive Pronoun (@_ Personal Pronoun 8. You will hurt yourself. The underlined wort yan: (a) Personal Pronoun (b) Possessive Pronoun (©) Reflexive Pronoun (d)__ Indefinite Pronoun 9 This is my book. The underlined vy Van: (a) Possessive Pronoun (b) Reflexive Pronoun (©) Indefinite Pronoun yY (d)_ Personal Pronoun It is a word used to explain or add to the meaning of a noun or pronoun. OIE he F nf oboe Ae tl Adjective Spo Ssyef itn t0" £PronounyNouns ze ue ae tnd 2. I gave him two pencils. 4, [do not like that family. +S 801g 7538 9W1E good, lazy, two, that tei Fue.»PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com The Comparison of Adjective (onlcie) Positive Degree Comparative Degree Superlative Degree He.js'a rich man. Heis her than Alki. He is the richest man in the family. cli de deh WES Hare MiB See © eg Usi ick -esiedn ei dabei gens one -erh elses brits BL Lesa Aloe Thedte Superlative Degree 129 Kinds of Ajectives Important Kinds of Adjectives are given as under: x 1. Adjective of Quality ~> The adjecti¢es which show the kind, quality or condjtio foun or pronoun are called “Adjegtves of Quality”. For example «A fat man, A big house, A Loyal citizen, An intelli mt boy, ete 2. Adjective of Quantity: Adjectives of quality show how much a ay want. For example: Some food, Much work, The whdfeyiitk, A little water, etc. 3. Adjective of Numbers: ay Adjectives of number show iny persons or things are meant, For example: Five men, many girls, 4 few boys, All the books, ete, 4, Demonstrative Adjective gt Demonstrative adjectives show which person or thing is aint For example: This 5. Interrogative Adjectives Interrogative adjectives are used to ask questions. For example: hair, That boy, These children, Those plants, Such flowers, ete. Whose book is this? Which way will you go? Wha is this boy? 6. Possessive Adjectives: Pessessive adjectives are used to show the possession of a thing or a person. For example His book, My brother, Our friend, Her dress, Its colour, Their feelings, ete Adjective Phrase: An adjective phrase is a group of words that does the work of an adjective. For example: 1 like to see a smiling face. (Adjective) Exploi TI “ee PDIPDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com 2. Like to see a face with a smile on it. (Adjective Phrase) Adjective Claus An Adjective Clause is a group of words which has a subject and predicate of its own. It is used as an adjective to qualify/explain Noun or Pronoun or it denotes relation to a Noun or Pronoun. (1) This is the boy who stole my pen. (2) The man yesterday, (4) The student whose books are lying has gone. m I do not know came here ee:s The Article The adjective ‘a’ or ‘an’ and ‘the’ are called articles. If we consider the definition of adjective, we shall beiter understand why “The Article” is placed under the main heading of “Adjective”. As an adjective explains or defines a noun or pronoun, the articles (a, an, she) also define a noun or pronoun, That is why the articles are being dicussed under the h “The Adjective”. tNoun gates SLs mlbigd L(Adjectivedex, Pwo The’ ‘an’ ats Fi = ran “ “Sie Sigh nJe1#-£ Pronoun Wlndefinite Article: patie wh glnA Lipitor Sntfees , Side tel/Indefinite Articlesan’'a’ ‘an FLT fF vowel sounddc s/c tel (sound)sT Jo xuid ey spellings’L st 74 ewan” Poi) Singular fy Sta sZ62-LNounseis- Indefinite Article fie Jera’s ele! This is atable, 2. She is eating am apple. 3. A cat eats meat. Peete lee4 , SucetelDefinite ArticleThe” ‘The book, he wants, is not available in the market Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, 2. The moon shines in the sky. Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com ‘The rose is a sweet flower. ists d EAdjective « be LE Wt Fi pene gd ae OU The dete WL leg The Holy Quran, The East, The West, The Ravi, The Moonsoon, The Dawn, The cow, The best, The Arabian Sea, The Himalyas etc. Bay The dete Wt AAs toned etd at Fhe Aslam(3—"~—D, Phe Lahore, Fhe Sunday(o), Fhe March(—2'), Fhe Urdules), Fhe Gold( git 22), Phe anger JE“ fost__L) Phe cholera ($2lete. EXERCISE NO. 03 in the blan! % 10. 2 1B. 14, ‘Ashfaq Ahmad was a famous writer. The underlined ress % (a) Nout® (b) Pronoun (©) Adjecti (@) Adverb [like,to see a smiling face. The underlined word ig*/at (a)s2 Adverb (b)_ Preposition —_(¢) ve (4) Conjunction jrug addiction is a global issue. The underlined words a/an: (a) Verb (b) Adjective (ec) Noun (Article took her lifeless arm. s (a) Noun (b) Verb DD: Adverb (d) Adjective She isa ‘clever* girl. The underline (a) Noun (b) Articl (©) Adverbs (a) Adjective She is a lazy girl. The underliny is alan: (@) Noun ( ou ive (c) Verb (@) Pronoun My mother becomes ‘get home late. The underlined word is a/anz (a) Noun er (©) Pronoun (a) Adjective She gave me false information. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Noun (b) Adjective (©) Adverb gh (@) Pronoun This is very informative seminar. The unde Noun (b) Pronoun () Adverbs lom’ is a/anz @ Adjective of number (b) Adjective of quality (©) Adjective of quantity (a) None of these She is more beautiful. The underlined word is: (a) Degr (b) Person (©) Number (@) Noun T came earlier. Here “earlier” is an adjective of degree. (a) Positive (6) Comparative (c) Pronoun (4) Superlative He is the richest man in the family. (a) Positive degree of an adjecti (b) Comparative degree of an adjective (©) Superlative degree of an adjective ‘The Arabs possessed a remarkable memory (a) Indefinite article (b) Pronoun We are studying @ a © © No degree of an adjective he underlined word is a/an: Definite article (@) Object English book. Choose the correct article, () an The (4) None of thesePDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Siem Preposition - (7) A preposition is a word placed before a noun or pronoun to show its position, direction or relation to other nouns, pronouns or things. (se rll Preposition nL LL Se te ros Pee Sie PronountNouny 2s 1. They are going to school. 2.1amathome, 3. The book is on the table. Pine Lodadigeel Ag Between ol.» | Upon ga! Under * Ls S| By a Against | Down Before ¢¢ To AST og low af [rem |amed 22 ema Up yt Near 3 ind | Without 24£ | in Since (starting | For (+f) ide 3 Above ysi With 7 poind) < =< % + No Preposition is usedwith the following verbs: Attack (422), resemble(snen#-), mary 45.2), Attack @a, resemble with, marry te, love te, roe hate to, ete lovee 4), hate (ef). 3 ss EXERCISE NO. 04 Tick (7) the correct optio 1. Saqib is leaving on Friday at noon. The underlined word is a / an: (a) Article (b) Preposition (c) ~Gerund (qd) Pronoun 2. Saqib is leaving___Friday at noon, (a) on (b) at (ec) by (@) from 3. The students are sitting under a tree. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Preposition —(b)_ Adverb (©) Adjective (@ Noun 4. He is ashamed of his behaviour. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Noun (b) Adverb (©) Preposition (d) Adjective 5. He has been playing football a long time. (a) for (b) from (©) since (a) by 6. He began knocking the door violently. Choose the correct preposition. (a) at ® on (©) into (@) about Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com 7. Get up at 80 clock. Here ‘at’ isa 7 (@)__ Number (b) Digit (©) Preposition (4) Time 8. At this point in time, Allah raised a Rasool. (a) Interjection " (b)_ Adverb (©) Preposition (4) Pronoun 9, He will appear before the judge. The underlined word is a/an: (@) Noun (b) Article (© Pronoun (@ _Preposition 10. The dog sat beside his master. The underlined word is a/an: (@)" Noun (b) Pronoun (©) Preposition (a) Article 11, «He is sitting beside me. (@) Article (b) Preposition () Verb (Noun 12, The dog sat master. (a) beside (b) along (©) across (@)_ over 13. heard a noise coming from behind the room. The underlined word is: (@) Noun (b) Pronoun (©) Adjective (d)_ reposition 14. Why do you not go along with your brother? (@) Article (b) Preposition (c)Adverb @ Adjective 15, He left for Okara instead of Lahore. (a) Conjunction (b)—Interjection () Article (@) Compound preposition Verb ) o A verb is award that says or tells something about the {fa person or a thing. It expresses an nteyge. A sentence can not be formed without action.or state. This is the most importand part of a set a verb, Lidihernd ii, 20, eat, drink, study, play, read, recite, cor ‘it, write, run, sleep, laugh, gUteSouz vig ; walk, begin, ete. Examples: 1. He runs fast. % tes nicely. 3. They have been playing for an hour. The Use of Forms of Vgeb £E Third Form of Verb Present Perfect Tense Thave recited the Holy Quran. Past Perfect Tense Thad recited the Holy Quran Future Perfect Tense I shall have recited the Holy Quran. Passive Voice of Each Tense Sn ni SUE A eLPassive Voice Second Form of Verb (V") -¢- dud teiAes Loe Pree Only in Past Indifinite Tense I recited the Holy Quran Late an apple First Form of Verb V', Present Indifinite Tense recite the Holy Quran. | He recites Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Future Indifinite Tense I shall recite the Holy Quran. Afier, to and let Ihave to go. / Let him go. After, will, shall, may, might, can, could, I shall go, He will go, He may come, He would, siSuld might come, You can go, You could go. You should go. He would do it Imperative Sentences (23 S>) Open the door. Go out. Come in First Form of Verb + ing. (V'ting) -¢ dnd bree This Form of Verb is Used in Continuous of Each Tense ( Active and Passive Voice) Present Continuous Tense Tam reciting the Holy Quran Present Perfect Continuous Tense Thave been reciting the Holy Quran, Past Continuous Tense [was reciting the Holy Quran, Past Perfect Continuous Tense Thad been zecjaip&yhe Holy Quran. Future Continsfous Tense Isha iB the Holy Quran. Future Perfect Continuous Tense sil een reciting the Holy Quran, cs EXERCISE NO. 05 Tick (¥) the correct option. AY 1. The boy laughs loudly? férlined word is afan: (a) Intransitive verb Regular verb. (c) Transitive verb (d)__ Irregular verb 2. We are studying English. ok @) an b) a © test (a) None of these 3. [do not want that burnt toast, The underlined word is: (a) Past participle (b) Present participle ()SSGerund. (@) None of these 4. The injured player was not playing, The underlined word is a/an: (a) Present participle (b) Past participle (c)_ Gerund (@) Infinitive 5. Painting is good fun. The underlined word is: (a) Infinitive (b) Present participle (ec) Gerund (d) Past participle 6. He is fond of cooking. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Present participle (b) Past participle (©) Infinitive (@) Gerund 7. Wewatched him go. The underlined word is a/anz (a) Past participle (6) Gerund © Pa (@) InfinitivePDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Adve PH An adverb explains or adds something to the meaning of a verb, adjective or another adverb. é ~etHadverbe/ situ Ladverbestadjective, verb nity Examples: slowly, very, fast, bravely, etc. vo: 1 she was walkfog slowly 2. He runs fast. 3. He is very happy. (happy is adjective hwo) WA @ Adverbs of manner: MNS NAIL P aSeos For example: lowly. Army fights bravely¢(Example words: quickly, bravely, slowly, loudly, beautifully, ete.) Gi) Adveibs of place: Adyetbs of place: * <0 For example: Where are you going? I came here yesterday. I shall go there. (Example words: here, there, where, etc.) MS Gi) Adverbs of time: he was walki OP aS Adverb For example: When (cis going now. It is raining today. (Example words: Se eA al SFL UWP af Mdverd yesterday, today, krid ning, evening, last year, never, later, all day, for a while, etc.) (iv) Adverbs of frequenc’ gt 4 veri biaeroS Adverb eondne ye For example: He always speaks the truth. ymetimes, he comes here, She never tells a lie. ete, () Adverbs of number: PN erbieh i Leb Sn? af Adverb For example: The teacher asked the question twice. He failed once sadu the examination, (Example words: always, seldom(if ), thrice, again, secondly, etc.) (vi) Adverbs of Degree: wel ESAS aie phe LIL Verbl (6 Se tig PuWAdverb For example: [am quite happy. Daud has almost finished his work. Tam too busy to go with you. Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com (Example words: so, enough, little, too, much, very, almost, just, ete.) (vii) Adverbs of Reason: eK od Verblt Letitia PuiAdverb He was ill therefore he could not attend the class. é eee UL" For example: (Example words: hence, so, thus, therefore, consequently, etc.) Adverb Phrast When a word qualifies an adjective, verb or another adverb, it is called adverb. When this job is done by a group of words without having its subject and predicate, it is called an Adverb Phrase. 1 Alli writes beautifully, (Adverb) Ali writes im a beat manner. (Adverb Phrase) 2. Abdul Rehman walked slowly. (Adverb) Abdul Rehman walked with slow speed. (Adverb Phrase) rb Clause x An Advyetb Clause is a group of words which does the of an adverb. It usually begins with a subordinating conjunction such as, after, becauses iere, while, unless, as, when, since, if, though; Wherever, ete. For example’ x (1) ¢° You may say whatever you like (2) ~ Ahmad will pass if he works hard. ‘Time Degree Frequency Early Aboge loudly completel Always Today carefully Nearly Often Now Ha well Too sometimes yesterday There quickly al Seldom before everywhere slow! er Never EXERCISE NO. 06 1. Alirran quickly. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Verb (b) Adverb (©) Noun (@) Adjective 2. Drug addiction is a very serious threat. (a) Adverb (b) Noun (©) Adjective (@) Pronoun 3. She spoke loudly. The underlined word is: (a) Adverb (b) Noun (©) Adjective (@) Pronoun 4, Tame earlier. The underlined word is a/anz (a) Verb (b) Noun (©) Adverb (@) Adjective 5. She was singing beautifully at a concert. The underlined word is a/an: Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resources,PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Adverb of Adverb of Adverb of Adverb of © tanner ©) place © dime © degree 6. She was singing beautifully. The underlined word is adverb of: (a) Place (b) Degree (©)_Manner (@)_Time Conjunction - (G7) A conjunction is a word which is used to join together words or sentences. Baile pansies and, but, so, therefore ete. ic l/Conjunctione 32%! 1, Two and two make four. 2. Day and night. 3. He is poor but honest. 4, He was ill so could not come 1. Co-ordinating Conjunction These conjunctions are used to join words, phrases or sentences of equal rank. For example: s o 2. Sub-ordinating Conjunction Y - These J*) A transit a es line iy wae ject. e.g. (i) Daud ts the pt wet Aah Pn Joh 72 Verbs Transitive Verb (ii. Intransitive Verb (21?) An intransitive verb is a verb that is not followed by an object; as: Examples: (i) The boy plays. (ii) The baby laughs. (iii) There is nothing, Explore NOTESPK.COM for free PDF study resourcesPDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Cree le7eVerbelntransitive Verb Ly 7 ne Sibitedt ioe ern t Ural te Ply cu -£2.Wintransitive Verb Prd ie Ue Peer 2.___ Auxiliary or Helping Verb (Post au) ‘The-Verb which helps us in understanding the main verb (principal verb) is called an auxiliary or helping verb. This verb is used with the principal verb, e.g. eeRe2-LPrincipal Verb? zc th Pune P snuiin tole tain; em tB (PLP kin P () Bilal ig reeiting the Holy Quran, <2) 420 Sob ii) 1 written a book.-cJ OULU Helping Verb (HV) Main Verb uttit.» (Helping Verbs) eiisrsiAt To be (is, am, are, was, were, being, been), has, have, had, do, does, did, shall, will, would, can, could, may, might, should, must, ought Weis sai” gL f Do, Does, Did, Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Hi lad, Will, Shall essa -Has been, Have been, Had been, all be, Will have, Shall have i epithe Will have been, Shall have abet ind nei t etPDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www. notespk.com Modal Verbs / Modal Auxiliaries x mundane er Life Le er” zg UbiiuleModal Verbs Mopal BS Modal Verbs combine with other verbs to form compound verbs. Modal Verbs Function can, could, may, might, would to indicate possibility (v1) can, will, could, would to indicate ability (221) must, will, shall to indicate certainly (o@) might, should, ought to indicate probability (Lt) (&) can, could, may to indicate permission (<7!) oy v > Can you swim? ‘32 2 > He might come.-2 should, must, need, ought to to indicate obligatio Be) used to © to indicate a past Srp) Examples: | May ask you a few questions ?°x0®, wee (permission 241) A Mability You should keep your promise.< Sy (moral obligationy4.-55u6) duty or obligations»-423) We ought to help him, ane Oe UF Meu SP0 He must be there.-¥srujs2 2 () Tused to go to scho gt J More Examples: So I can lift this table. uxthvid Tcould lift this table. G0-uiF ut Le Sab est ‘You ought to obey your parents. 2 yeufe; shai T You should be regular in your work. 2; May I come in?%unth Tse You musty study before examination. 2.yt-f.2ie ous” He might be there ruta It may rain today. 4, You should not waste your time... yc /UF Essie” She could not finish her home work..f £:7* él.PDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com Use of Gerunds, Infinitives & Gerunds @. = Gerund (ei yy) A ‘Gerund’ is that form of the verb which ends in-ing, and has the function of a Noun. Ser eho nding VER L/P enGerundy yb i Painting is my hobby. (“Painting” is used as a noun here) ii, like painting. (“Painting” is used as a noun here) Gi). Infinitive (4+) Infinitive verb is a kind of noun, but it also acts as the base of a verb. mete PLS P Se PLSS CIP sae i. I like to study. (to + Verb = Infinitive) ep Sh sw Rliger" ye aiivesr i Let him 20. bol ~~ Gi). _Participle Petey Ss |. Participle articiple’ is a verb form used as an adjective*Orodify nouns and pronouns. ple” b fe d i ify dpi cilia ht LICH Lt Joes S P< Participle) ie (a) Present Participle (of) All present participles end i i. the laughing lady. & t ii, the falling temps ea guint (b) Past Participle (S° . The past participles of aYjregular verbs end in-ed: etled AL Bein Sigh eronRegular Verbs)? i the tired player swine So ing boty ii, the injured animal seus However, irregular verbs have various past participle endings (such as thrown, ridden, built and gone). (gone built ridden thrown See) 32 12 0 GFL wie SUS I fee Tick (¥) the correet opt 1, Ahmad laughs, The underlined word is a/an: (a) Intransitive verb (b) Regular verb (c)_— Transitive verb (d) regular 2. She was saying prayer. The underlined wor None of (a) Past participle (b) Helping Verb (c)_ Gerund @ traePDF Notes, Tests Series, Guess Papers, Books are available at: www.notespk.com 3. This question is easy to answer. The underlined word is a/an: (a) Present participle (b) Past participle (c)_- Gerund (@) Infinitive 4. Painting is good fun. The underlined word is: (a) Infinitive (b) Present participle (ec) Gerund (A) Past participle 5. Lam fond of cooking, The underlined word is a/an: (a), Present participle (6) Past participle (¢)_Infinitive () Geruna Let us know in case of technical or Typing mistake/s or