Pressure groups Questions Latest Pressure groups MCOQ Objective Questions Ee ane ul Raley Reena ts Start Complete Exam Preparation road raed Dea) Pere Piecing pao » D> Download App ‘ Question 1: Which of the following is an example of a Pressure Group? 1. Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 3. Bharatiya Mazdoor'Sangh (BMS) 4 “"" one of the above. 5. None of the above India's Super Teachers for all govt. exams. Under One Roof GeesAnswer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: More than one of the above. f Pressure groups Question 1 Detalled Solution The correct answer is All the above (7, * A pressure group is a group ple who are organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. + Itis called so, as it attempts to bring a change in public policy by exerting pressure on the government. It acts as a licison between the government and its members + The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. + The pressure groups influence the policy-making and policy implementation in the govemment through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and so forth. + Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of All India Foodgrain Dealers Association (FAIFDA) are Pressure Groups in Business Groups. + All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) are Trade Unions. N25 India’s #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Decline resin Download App cy } Por ered Question 2: View this Question Online > Consider the following statements about pressure groups: 1. The term ‘pressure group! originated in India. 2. Trade unions are an example of a pressure group. ‘ 3. They are not involved in political activities like Electioneering, Lobbying and Propagandizing. Which of the following statements given above is/are correct? 1. 1 only Venly 4. 2and 3 only 5. None of the above/More than one of the above. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 8: 2 only Pressure groups Question 2 Detalled Solution The correct answer is 2 only. © Key Points co Pressure Groups ° + A pressure group is a group of people who organise activities for nd defending their common interests. + It is so-called as it attempts to bring a change in p! sting pressure on the government. It acts as a liaison between the goven 's members * The term ‘pressure group’ originated in the U: ent 1 is not correct. + A large number of pressure groups exist i o ihey are not developed to the same extent as in the US or the western countries + Some of the examples of pre roups in India are Business Groups, Agrarian Groups, Professional Associations, ssaciations, Religious Associations, Tribal Organisations, and Trade unions. * The trade unions voice the demands of the industrial workers. They are also known as labour groups. Hence statement 2 is correct. + According to Political theorist Odegard, pressure groups resort to three different techniques in securing their purposes. » They can try to place in public office persons who are favourably disposed towards the interests they seek to promote, This technique may be labelled electioneering. They can try to persuade public officers, whether they are initially favourably disposed toward them or not, to adopt and enforce the policies that they think will prove most beneficial to their interests. This technique may be labelled lobbying. © They can try to influence public opinion and thereby gain an indirect influence over the government since the government in a democracy is substantially affected by public opinion. This technique may be labelled propagandizing. Hence Statement 3 is not correct,eo C India’s #1 Learning Platform OCA LL BS ela Orel ine) (ee Cl es ella) aeons er Download App Question 3: View this Questio line > Which among the following is the special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party? 1. Parties take political stances, while pressure groups do not bother about political issues 2. Pressure groups are confined to a few people, while parties involve lerger number of people Ns groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do, 4. Pressure groups do not seek to mobilise people, while parties do. 5. Not Attempted Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. Pressure groups Question 3 Detalled Solution The correct answer is Option 3. © Key Points+ Pressure Groups: = The term ‘Pressure Group’ originated in the USA. > APressure Group is 4 group of people who are organised activities for promoting and defending their common interest. » Its so-called as it attempts to bring a change in the public policy by exerting pressure on the government. » Itacts es a liaison betwe + Different from Political Parties: » They neither contest electi 1 try to capture political power. Hence Option 3 is correct. They are concerned with specific program's and issues and their activities are confined to. = The protection and promotion of the interests of their members by influencing the government + Methods used by Pressure Groups: The Pressure Groups influence the policy-making and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandizing, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and so forth. ~ However, sometimes they resort to illegitimate and illegal methods like strikes, violent activities and cortuption which damages public interest and administrative integrity. They can try to influence public opinion and thereby gain an indirect influence over the government since the government in a democracy is substantially affected by public opinion, This technique may be labelled 'Propagandizing’ + Pressure groups involve a larger number of people. (Even larger than small Political parties) eg, Agrarian Groups, Business groups government : and its members. a India’s #1 Learning Platform AS ela mere is) (Cle ele) ee raed Download App Question 4: View this Question Online > Which of the following is an example of a Pressure Group? 1. Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of india (ASSOCHAM) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 5 Pibieders azdoor Sangh (BMS) 4. All the above5. Not Attempted Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: All the above Pressure groups Question 4 Detalled Solution The correct answer is All the above. + A pressure group is a group of people whgie organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. + Itis called so, as it attempts to ores ‘a change in public policy by exerting pressure on the government. It acts as Be, between the government and its members, + The pressure groups are @lsO.cailled interest groups or vested groups. + The pressure groups influen¢? the policy-making and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and so forth. + Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of All India Foodgrain Dealers Association (FAIFDA) are Pressure Groups in Business Groups. + All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), Indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) are Trade Unions. ee Pear nr eseici) Start Complete Exam Preparation raid oa mu ka ees pees Bites Download App Question 5: View this Question Online > What is the function of political pressure group in democracy? 1. Government formation 2. Pressurize the government for its own interest3. Pressurizing the government for the sake of people 4. Making midterm elections G \ 5, Not Attempted 6° a jution Below) “* ‘tion 3: Pressurizing the government for the sake of people Pressure groups Question 5 Detailed Solution The correct answer is Pressurizing the government for the sake of people » Important Points + Pressure groupsplay an important role in the current politicalsystem in that it is these organisations that attempt to influence public opinion and shape policy in relation to a particular issue. + A pressure group is an organised group of people who are active in pursuing common interests. + Pressure groups try to bring a change in public policy by exerting pressure on the government. + The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. + They do not have direct political party power. + They are concerned with specific programs and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members by pressuring the government. + The pressure groups influence the policy-making in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, legislations, ate. © Key Points + Business Groups: = FICC! ASSOCHAM etc + Trade Unions: > AITUC INTUC > Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) + Professional Groups: oO » Bar Council of India (BCI) G + Agrarian Groups- All India Kisan Sabha Bharatiya Kisan Union ete oO + Student's Organisations: Akhila Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) Noe > All India Students Federation (AISF) » National Students Union of India (NSUI) + Religious Groups: > Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS) » Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), "im,« Jamaatetsiami, etc. a + Linguistic Groups: » Tamil Sangh = Tribal Groups ~ National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) » Tribal National Volunteers = Tribal League of Assam, etc. + Ideology based Groups: » Narmada Bachao Andolan + Chipko Movement. + Anomic Groups: » Naxalite Groups » United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) Additional Information + Types of Pressure Groups: > Institutional Interest Groups > Associational Interest Group » Non-Associational Interest Groups > Anomic interest Groups To & Ee erase) Start Complete Exam Preparation eR) Bai ve ra lee eee resus & Quizzes Download App Question 6 , View this Question Online Who among the following is associated with "Bachpan Bachao Andolan'? 1. Medha Patkar os xeide Mert 3. Sidhu Kanswal 4. Jabreen ShahAnswer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 2 : Kailash Satyarthi Pressure groups Question 6 Detailed Solution The correct answer is Kailash Satyarthi. + Sterted in 1980, BachpamBachao Andolan is India's largest movement for the protection of children and works with government agencies and policy makers to strengthen the system. + Kailash Satyarthi is the founder of the movement. + He is Nobel Peace Laureate, who envisions a world where all children are free, safe, healthy, receive quality education, and have the opportunity to realise their potential. 5a & Tee eean eur paren) Start Complete Exam Preparation CBee an cues Peo eres = ycsint DS cueree (oreo Download App Pato Question 7 View this Question Online Which of the following is an example of a Pressure Group? 1. Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) 2. All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) 3, i Rrvcoe ‘Sangh (BMS) 4. All the above Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: All the abovePressure groups Question 7 Detailed Solution The correct answer is All the above. - A pressure group is a group of people who are organised actively for promoting and defending their common interest. 2 + Itis called so, as it attempts to bring a change In public policy by exerting pressure on the government. It acts as @ ligison between the government and its members. + The pressure groups ajgaiso called interest groups or vested groups. + The pressure ar Ml the policy-making and policy implementation in the goverment through legal and legiti nethods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and so forth. + Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of All India Foodgrain Dealers Association (FAIFDA) are Pressure Groups in Business Groups. + All-India Trade Union Congress (AITUC), indian National Trade Union Congress (INTUC), Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS), Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) are Trade Unions. & ee ean eau paren) Start Complete Exam Preparation pees ects 3) Tea Pcie Cesar Poor Download App Question 8 View this Question Online Which of the following can be considered a pressure group? 1. Members of Lok Sabha 2. Members of Panchayat 3. Cabinet members 4, Members of a Trade Union Answer (Detailed Sollition Below) Option 4: Members of a Trade Union\ al roups Question 8 Detailed Solution The correct answer is Members of a Trade Union. © Key Points + A pressure group is an organised group of people which are active in pursuing common interests. + Pressure groups try to bring a change in public policy by exerting pressure on the government. + The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. + They do not have direct political party power. + They are concerned with specific programs and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members by pressuring the government. + The pressure groups influence the policy-making in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, legislations, ete. © Key Points + Business Groups: FICC] = ASSOCHAM etc + Trade Unions: » AITUC » INTUC » Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) + Professional Groups > Bar Council of India (BC!) + Agrarian Groups- > All India Kisan Sabha < Bharatiya Kisan Union etc + Student's Organisations: G ‘Akhila Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) > All India Students Federation (AISF) > National Students Union of India (NSUI) © + Religious Groups: > Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), oO > Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), = Jamaat-e-lsiami, etc. & + Linguistic Groups: & Tamil Sangh = Tribal Groups ~ National So nicil of Nagaland (NSCN) Tribal National Volunteers > Tribal League of Assam, etc. + Ideology based Groups: » Narmada Bachao Andotan = Chipko Movement. + Anomic Groups: > Naxalite Groups > United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) © Additional Information+ Types of Pressure Groups: » Institutional Interest Groups » Associational Interest Group = Non-Associational Interest Groups » Anomic Interest Groups as iy rere cer Start Complete Exam Preparation onyive oe "ian Crea eam Ga Download App Question 9 View this Question Online > What is the function of political pressure group in democracy? 1. Government formation 2. Pressurize the government for its own interest 3. Pressurizing the government for the sake of people 4. Making midterm elections Answer (Detailed Soliition Below) Option 3 : Pressurizing the government for the sake of people Pressure groups Question 9 Detailed Solution The correct answer is Pressurizing the government for the sake of people » Important Points + Pressure groupsplay an important rolein the current politica/system in that it is these organisations that attempt to influence public opinion and shape policy in telation to a particular issue.OES eee es CL ee ae eer Oe Joma ee Genet Cares ERO SOL Ey SNe eee) Lemos + Pressure groups try to bring a change in public policy by exerting pressure on the goverment. + The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. + They do not have direct political party power. + They are concerned with specific programs and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members by pressuring the government + The pressure groups influence the policy-making in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandising, petitioning, public debating, legislations, etc. © Key Points + Business Groups: > FICCI » ASSOCHAM etc + Trade Unions: > AITUC » INTUC » Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) + Professional Groups: = Bar Council of India (BC!) ot + Agrarian Groups- C » All India Kisan Sabha Bharatiya Kisan Union etc NA + Student's Organisations: > Akhila Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP) O » All India Students Federation (AISF) » National Students Union of India (NSUI) ‘oO + Religious Groups: & Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), + Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), Jamaat-e-Islami, etc. + Linguistic Groups: » Tamil Sangh » Tribal Groups - National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN) > Tribal National Volunteers > Tribal League of Assam, etc. + Ideology based Groups » Narmada Bachao Andolan Chipko Movement. + Anomic Groups: Naxalite Groups » United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA) ©; Additional Information + Types of Pressure Groups: > Institutional Interest Groups » Associational Interest Group Non-Associational Interest Groups Anomic Interest GroupsIndia’s #1 Learning Platform BS ela Orel ine) (ee Cl es ella) Te on er Download App aeons Question 10 View this Question Online Which of the following statements about pressure groups and parties is incorrect? 1. Pressure groups are the organized expression of the interests and views of specific social sections. ‘ m 2 Pressure groups take positions on political issues. Moc groups are political parties. 4, All of the above. Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : All pressure groups are political parties. Pressure groups Question 10 Detailed Solution Option 3 is incorrect. © Key Points+ Pressure groups: n eres, » Apressure group is an organisation that attempts to influence government policies through protests and del ‘trations. = Itis a group of people anise activities for promoting and defending their common interests. Hence, option 1 rect. = These groups include trade unions, ethnic associations etc. Pressure groups help in improving the quality of government. The information and advice provided by these groups help to improve the quality of government policy and legislation. ‘The pressure groups influence policy-making and its implementation in the government through various methods. They use techniques like lobbying, publicity, propagandizing, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and take a stand on political issues, social Issues and issues of common interest. Hence, option 2 is correct. = They differ from the political parties because they neither contest elections nor try to capture political power. They are bothered with specific issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interests of their members, Hence, option 3 is incorrect. & od India's #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Ree ecg oa Seed Exe) cS) 3) Download App Question 11 View this Question Online > Which is not the function of the pressure group? 1. To influence the MPs 4 2. To protect the group interest ig 3. Toinfluence the public opinion h 4, Tocontestelections rn tailed Solution Below) Option 4: To contest electionsPressure groups Question 11 Detailed Solution Option 4 is not the function of the Pressure Group. Pressure group: + It refers to a group of people formed with the same opinion in order to achieve similar objectives. They are also called Interest groups. + They create pressure on the government with public issues. + Pressure groups vary in size and organizational structure, which may not necessarily represent the amount of influence exerted upon a government's policies. + It is obvious that trade unions, business organizations, and professional associations can exert considerable pressure upon governments. + Example: Bhartiya Kisan Union, Rashtriya SwayamSevak Sangh (RSS), Chipko Movement. zo" © Key Points Pressure groups may use a variety of methods to pursue their require! nha + lobbying state members and the Parllament via petitions, letters, an + consulting with ministers or senior public servants; + hiring professional lobbyists; + campaigning for, or opposing, certain candidates a + demonstrating outside Parliament and governme e + using the industrial muscle of strikes for purposes. * they work as an agent for th: ‘nment and the people + Example: Kisan Andolan currently prevailing in the country. Pressure groups don't contest elections and are heterogeneous groups. Hence, option 4 Is the correct answer. © Additional Information Disadvantages of Pressure groups: + They are self-serving + At times, they are paid, officials + They hurt religious sentiments by supporting one group + They create instability in the nationeo C India’s #4 Learning Platform BS ela Orel ine) (ee Cl es ella) Te on ® aon er Download App Question 12 \ View this Question Online Which among the following is the special feature that distinguishes a pressure group from a political party? —e political stances, while pressure groups do not bother about political issues Pressure groups are confined to a few people, while parties involve larger number of people 3. Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. 4. Pressure groups do not seek to mobilise people, while parties do Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 3 : Pressure groups do not seek to get into power, while political parties do. Pressure groups Question 12 Detailed Solution The correct answer is Option 3. © Key Points + Pressure Groups: © The term ‘Pressure Group’ originated in the USA. > A Pressure Group is a group of people who are organised activities. for promoting and defending their common interest. * itis so-called as it attempts to bring a change in the publie policy by exerting pressure on the government. » It acts as a liaison between the government and its enpoe+ Different from Political Parties; ~ They neither contest el tty to capture political power. Hence Option 3 is correct. > They are concerned with specific program's and issues and their activities are confined to. > The protection and promotion of the interests of their members by influencing the government. + Methods used by Pressure Groups: » The Pressure Groups influence the policy-making and policy implementation in the government through legal and legitimate methods like lobbying, correspondence, publicity, propagandizing, petitioning, public debating, maintaining contacts with their legislators and so forth. > However, sometimes they resort to illegitimate and illegal methods like strikes, violent activities and coruption which damages public interest and administrative integrity. > They can try to influence public opinion and thereby gain an indirect influence over the government since the government in a democracy is substantially affected by public opinion. This technique may be labelled 'Propagandizing.’ » Pressure groups involve a larger number of people. (Even larger than small Political parties) eg. Agrarian Groups, Business groups. & India's #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Re LAR Ku eca rer hor arc aa Decor CreSeairg & Quizzes Download App Question 13 View this Questi Online > Which is not the function of the pressure group? 1. To promote the interest of its own group é be 2. To protect the interest of the group members: 3. To influence the government and the members of the legislature 4, To contest in the election for the interest of the group Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4 : To contest in the election for the interest of the groupPressure groups Question 13 Detailed Solution The correct answer is option 4. A pressure group is a group of people who organize activities for promoting and defending their common interests, Important Points 5 Role of Pressure group ‘ + It acts as a liaison between the government and its members + The pressure groups are also called interest groups or vested groups. + They neither contest elections nor try to capture political power. + They are concerned with specific programmes and issues and their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the Interests of thelr members by Influencing the government. From the above, it is clear that to contest in the election forthe interest of the group is not the function of the pressure group. & Add ‘Types of the Pressure groups- institutional Interest Groups, Associational Interest Groups, Anomic Interest Groups, and Non-Associationalintarest Groups. Few Pressure Groups in India- nal Informati + Business Groups ~ Federation of Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (FICCI), Associated Chamber of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM), Federation of All India Foodgrain Dealers Association (FAIFDA), etc + Agrarian Groups- All India Kisan Sabha, Bharatiya Kisan Union, etc. + Student's Organisations- Akhila Bhartiya Vidyarthi Parishad (ABVP), All India Students Federation (AISF), National Students Union of India (NSU) + Religious Groups — Rashtriya Swayam Sevak Sangh (RSS), Vishwa Hindu Parishad (VHP), Jamaat-elsiami, ete + Ideology-based Groups ~ Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko Movement, Women's Rights Organisation, India Against Corruption, etc. ee anni Becta! Peer ere Start Complete Exam Preparation Pres { aca ee) & Quizz Download App reese Question 14 View this Question Online Consider the following statements in respect of Pressure Groups:Lee ee See ew MIL Oe aa OMEES Sor vers (i) Can influence the government regarding their particular int (ii) The policies pursued by these groups will provide co (iil) In order to influence the government, they require a number of members. e (iv) State Centred Theory assumes th: ips do not have enough popular support. Which of the above st OS 1. (and (ii) \ ) and (ii) (ii) and (iii) 4. (and (iv) Answer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 4: (i) and (iv) Pressure groups Question 14 Detailed Solution The correct answer is (1) and (Wy). © Key Points Pressure Groups in India + Alarge number of pressure groups exist in India. But, they are not developed to the san as in the US or western countries like Britain, France, Germany and so on. In India, pi groups are organized around religious, regional, and ethnic issues. So The policies purst ‘these groups will not provide common benefits to society. Hence, oamne Pressure Groups ~ Role. + Interest groups seek to Influence public policy in the without being ready to accept the responsibility of public office as well as (0 hold direct responsibility for ruling the country. Hence Option (\) is correct. A + They are concerned with specific prograt ind their activities are confined to the protection and promotion of the interest embers by influencing the government. + They seek to promote, discuss, , and mobilize public opinion on major public issues. In this process, they educate pe widen their vision, enhance their democratic participation, and raise and articulate various issues. + These groups try to bring changes in public policy, + The pressure groups resort to such activities to influence governmental policies. They do not require numbers to do so. Hence Option (ill) is not correct.+ State-centered theory (or state-centered federalism) |s a political theory that stresses the role of the government in civil society. It holds that the state itself can structure political life to some degree, but doesn't facilitate the way power is distributed between classes and other groups ata given time. Hence Option (iv) is correct. + Some Examples of Pressure groups in India : ° Business Groups ~ ASSOCHAM, FICCI, etc ~ Agrarian Groups - All India Kisan Sabha, Bhartiya Kisan Union, ete » Religious Groups ~ RSS, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, Jamaat-e-lslami, etc. India's #1 Learning Platform Start Complete Exam Preparation Eo Dosen researc Download App cs ere rain) ( acs Question 15 View this Question Online Match List | with List |! and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: List! List Il Pressure group A. Narmada Bachao Andolan 2. Long-term movement | B. Asom Gana Parishad . Single issue movement} C. Women’s movement 4. Political party Fertilizer dealers association| 1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B B,2-A,3-D,4-C 3. 1-C,2-D,3-B,4-A 4. 1-B,2-D,3-C,4-AAnswer (Detailed Solution Below) Option 1:1-D,2-C,3-A,4-B Pressure groups Question 15 Detailed Solution Ina democracy, different kinds of organisations work behind any big struggle, These organisations play their role in two ways. + Direct participation in competitive politics is done by creating parties, contesting elections and forming governments. However, every citizen does not participate so directly, other than v) voting + There are many indirect ways in which people can get governments to listen to their di their points of view. This is done by forming an organisation and undertaking activitl mesic promote the interests or viewpoints of people. Such groups are known as pressure groups’ »* Important Points + Pressure groups are organisations that attempt to i » But unlike political parties, pressure grou power. » These organisations are forged when ith common occupations, interests, aspirations or opinions co rder to achieve e common objective. = For example- Fertilizer d ciation + A Movement attempts to influence politics rather than directly taking part in electoral competition. It’s a small organisation that depends on spontaneous mass participation of people than an interest group. Single issue movement ~ A Single-issue movement focuses on a single issue that seeks to achieve a single objective within a limited time period. For example ~ Narmada Bachao Andolan began in response to the construction of the Sardar Sarovar Dam that displaced a no. of people. » Long-term movement — A long-term movement focuses on various aspects and involves more than one issue, unlike single-issue movements. For example ~ the women's movement and various environment-related movements that came up in response to the various questions raised in society. * A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the government. They agree on some policies and programmes for the society with a view to promoting the collective good. For example- Asom Gana Parishad (Regional party- Assam). 0 policies, directly control or share political Thus, the correct match Is 1 - D,2-C,3- A, 4-B.