LEGISLATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM OF CHILD

OFFENDERS IN SOUTH AFRICA

By

A MKHOSI
(49685627)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree

LLB

In the

SCHOOL OF LAW

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AFRICA

SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR U POYO

(PORTFOLIO/ASSIGNMENT 03)

2022
Table of Contents
1. Introduction............................................................................................................3
2. Problem statement................................................................................................4
3. Hypothesis.............................................................................................................4
4. Points of departure and assumptions. ..................................................................5
5. Conceptualisation of central research themes......................................................7
6. Proposed chapter outlay.......................................................................................8
6.1. General Conceptualisation.............................................................................8
6.2. General Contextualisation..............................................................................9
6.3. Historic review of the development of legislation in the criminal justice
system of child offenders in South Africa between 1910 and 2022..........................9
6.4. Conclusions and recommendations.............................................................11
7. Projected time scale............................................................................................12
8. Description of proposed research method..........................................................12
9. Preparatory study and research..........................................................................14
10. Conclusion. .........................................................................................................15
11. Bibliography.........................................................................................................17

2
1. Introduction

This research investigates the field of South African public law focusing on the
legislative development in terms of child offenders in the criminal justice system.
South Africa prisons’ are described as the worse in the world, the impact of
colonisation and apartheid on our legislations will be reviewed to ascertained its
evolution.

The child offenders in the Republic prior to 2010 were dealt with in terms of Criminal
Procedure Act, 1977 (Act 51 of 1977), which meant that the children were dealt with
as adults. The legal framework did not make provision or had any considerations of
the children age in its enforcement. Furthermore, the detention centres infrastructure
were built as prisons and not for rehabilitation purposes hence the concerns of any
guardian is justified.

The democratic era in South Africa, brought about change in the legislation, which
was generally punitive to restorative justice. Taking into account the spirit of Ubuntu
and the Bill of Rights; which enshrines the rights of all people in the Republic and
affirming the democratic values of human dignity, equality and freedom. The state
therefore must respect, protect, promote and fulfil the rights in the Bill of Rights.

A desktop review of our historical background, its impact on society and their
behaviour, the state of the prisons in South Africa, case law and how our legislation
intent to deal with child offenders.

Legislation such as the Constitution, Criminal procedure Act, the Geneva Declaration
of the Rights of the Child of 1924, the Juvenile Justice for South Africa proposals for
Policy and Legislative Change submitted in 1994, the Child Justice Act, case law
such as S v CKM, FTM & IMM just to name a few will be reviewed with the aim to
ascertain the progressiveness of or none thereof of our legislation for the benefit of a
child offender and society at large.

3
2. Problem statement

Guardian of a child offender is faced with various uncertainties. Can a child offender
be sentenced and jailed? What is the state of South African prisons and its impact on
the child offender. What are our legislative provision for save guarding a child
offender from the criminal justice system. Are they any provisions in our legislations
to respond to the type of offence or first time offender?

The purpose of this research is to assess the evolution of child offenders legislative
development and its application in the criminal justice system pre and post the
Constitution. The appalling conditions of South African prisons raises concerns on
the impact of children that have come in conflict with the law and who may be
incarcerated. We seek to demonstrate how child offenders cases were dealt with in
customary law, during the colonial stage and democratic area.

In the case S v CKM, FTM and IMM, in these three cases all the children were
sentenced to a reform school. What factors were considered before sentencing. Is
admission of guilt, is the type of charge, is a question of whether you are a first
offender or not? or the outcome of the legislative procedures such as a pre-sentence
report.

Our Constitution in terms of section 28 promotes the protection of the rights of

children.

Children should be jailed only as a last resort and should not have to share a cell
with adults. They should not take part in wars and should be protected during
conflict.

The second sub-section, a very important clause, says a child's interests are the
most important consideration in any matter concerning the child. (The
Constitutional Court of South Africa , 2022).

4
3. Hypothesis.

The condition of South Africa prisons have caused discomfort on the impact it would
have on a child offender in the criminal justice system prior to 2010. The South
African legislation applied the criminal procedure Act in terms of offences for both
adult and child offenders. However, with the introduction of the Constitution various
changes in terms of dealing with child offenders were introduce to promote the
values of the Bill of Rights.

Under the common law, young offenders were punished as harshly as adults
offenders. This was evident in S vs Nkosi 2002 (1) SACR 135; where the Court
imposed life sentence as mandatory for an offender who was 16 year old at the time
of the commission of the offence. His guilty plea, lack of previous conviction and
youth did not assist him. (Dullah Omar institute, 2022)

We aim to demonstrate; the impact of our Constitution, the Bill of Rights values
which are enshrines in our legal framework to promote human dignity, equality and
freedom,1 In our criminal justice system. Including protection in terms of section 28 in
terms of Child Justice Act in 2010; which protects the child from being detained
except as a measure of last resort, for the shortest possible time and the child’s best
interest is always of paramount importance.2 (JJ, 2020)

4. Points of departure and assumptions.

The review aims to analyse the development in laws which deals with child offenders
cases and its application bearing in mind our country social background,
globalisation and democracy.

The South African law is intertwined with its historical map, pre colonisation,
colonisation and pre and post-apartheid. In terms of African customary law, a child
was not defined by chronological age but other characteristics such as gender.
Dispute and transgressions were dealt with in traditional leader’s courts and the
3
institutionalisation of children did not occur. “Colonisation of South Africa caused
customary law system to be over laid by the Roman Dutch and English legal system

1
The Constitution, 1996 – Chapter 2 Bill of Rights.
2
Criminal Procedure Handbook, JJ Joubert (434).
3
Juvenile Justice in South Africa, A Cooper (65-66).

5
“. This system brought about punitive approach to dealing with child justice, where
children, who committed a crime were dealt with as adult.

Sithole and Maluleke in their paper, the adminstration of child offendes cases in the
rural area of Ixopo KwZulu-Natal Province stated that in the industrialisation era, the
justice and punishmnet model of youth justice was based on the free will of the child,
their ability to choose to offend and therefore the level of punishmnet should be
proportunate with the seriousness of the offence committed and not who they are or
their social conditions in which they live. (Journal of the Social Science, 2020).

Various legislation were put in place to protect children from imprisonment such as
the Prisons and Reformatories Act 1 of 1911 and the Children’s Protection Act 25 of
1913. The children Act did not provide any protection as the offenders were heard
through the criminal justice system. However, change in 1930’s when the Young
Offenders Bill of 1937 was enacted in law as Children’s Act of 1937, brought various
changes such as raising of minimum age of criminal capacity, a ban in child
imprisonment and abolition of the death penalty for children.

1992 saw the call by NGO for a comprehensive juvenile justice system with the aim
to divert minor offences away from the criminal justice system which humanises
young offenders.

“The Criminal Law Amendment Act (No. 105 of 1997) introduced minimum
sentences, it stipulated that life imprisonment does not allow for the possibility of
parole, and the pre-parole period is 25 years. This meant that a juvenile could not
be considered for parole until he or she has served 25 years of the sentence”
(Skelton, 2011:426).

In 1997, a committee was appointed to draft the Child Justice Bill, this was enacted
into law on the 1 April 2010 as the Child Justice Act, with the sole purpose to
“establish a criminal justice system for children’s who are in conflict with the law and
are accused of committing offences, in accordance with the values underpinning the
Constitution and the international obligations of the Republic. These values and
obligation are and not limited:

 To entrench the notion of restorative justice in the criminal justice system in

respect of children who are in conflict with the law; and

6
 To provide for matters incidental thereto.” 4. This piece of legislation has brought
the restorative aspect to the child offenders in the Criminal justice system.
This Act provides procedure and guidelines for the roles and responsibilities of all
those that deal with children in conflict with the law. The introduction of diversion as
an alternative sentence and restorative justice are methods to prevent reoffending.

5. Conceptualisation of central research themes

Colonialism  began in South Africa in 1652, came the Slavery and Forced Labour
Model.  This was the original model of colonialism brought by the Dutch in 1652, and
subsequently exported from the Western Cape to the Afrikaner Republics of the
Orange Free State and the Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek. Many South Africans are
the descendants of slaves brought to the Cape Colony from 1653 until 1822. 5 (South
AfricanHistory Online, 2022).

Child offender definition in terms of the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008.

“child” because the South African Department of Correctional Services (1998)

defines children as people under 18 years of age, whilst juveniles and youth are 18–
21 and 22–24 years old respectively.

The juvenile justice system refers to a legal system which is designed to deal
specifically with young people who come into contact with the law.

The Geneva Declaration of the Rights of the Child of 1924 

The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) in terms of
Article 37 and 40. (United Nations Human Rights , 1990)

The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child in terms of Article 4, 16,
17, who become signatories on the 7 January 2000. This charter provides for rights
and defines principles and norms for the status of children; which is in line with Bill of
Rights.

Diversion is the channelling of children in trouble with the law away from formal court
proceedings into restorative programmes in order to avoid the stigmatising and often

4
Child Justice Act 75 of 2008.
5
South African History online.

7
detrimental effects of the Criminal Justice System. This was developed since the
endorsement of the Beijing Rules in 1985. (Traggy Maepa, 2005)

Restorative Justice (RJ) is about addressing the hurts and the needs of both victims
and offenders in such a way that both parties, as well as the communities which they
are part of, are healed. (Traggy Maepa, 2005)

Retributive theory – offenders are punished (normally through incapacitation) as a

consequence of their wrongdoings and this punishment should be proportionate to
the harm caused by the crime. This idea of “the punishment fits the crime” means
that individual characteristics and mitigating factors are not taken into consideration
punishment is seen as morally right within itself regardless of the effects it may or
may not have on the offender (Sumner, 2001, 249)

Deterrence theory – the punishments for breaking the law should outweigh the
pleasures derived from offending (McLaughlin, 2001, 88). Deterrence rests on three
key principles: certainty of punishment, severity of punishment, i.e. the punishment
outweighs the potential benefits and clarity of punishment, i.e. the relationship
between the punishment and criminal behaviour (McLaughlin, 2001, 88).

Protagonists of the deterrence theory assert that the punishment experienced should
be enough to prevent the offender from re‐offending and prison is thus seen as a
preventative measure for further offending.

Ubuntu – an African concept from the Nguni linguistic family. It is a philosophical

belief system which encompasses the idea of “I am because you are”, and “because
of you, therefore I am” (Paulson, 2020).

6. Proposed chapter outlay

6.1. General Conceptualisation

Faircloth reported in the Borgen magazine that South Africa prisons are considered
the worst correctional centres in the world. The challenges recorded originates from
the high incarceration rate to conditions within centres such as violence,

8
overcrowding, human rights violations and lack basic human dignity and post
incarceration impact.6 (Faircloth, 2021)

Safe spaces reported that “Inmates and remand detainees experience extreme
overcrowding and inhumane living conditions, including: poor ventilation; inadequate
ablution facilities; lack of sanitation and privacy; a shortage of beds and bedding;
insufficient supervision and oversight; and poor healthcare provision, sexual
violence, disease transmission such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis. This is below the
minimum standard established in national and international legislation and
declarations, breach of rights as enshrined in the South African Constitution; rights to
dignity, bodily integrity, right to protected from cruel, inhuman and degrading
treatment”.7 (Wasserman). with such backdrop, the fear of a parent is warranted.

Are they special provisions of Child offenders in the criminal justice system?

This research seeks to demonstrates the legislative developmental provision of a

child offender in the Criminal Justice system in South Africa.

6.2. General Contextualisation

The first South Africa reformatory was established in in the early 1900’s for crimes
such as theft and girls were imprisoned for crime such as prostitution and child birth.8
The legislations in the last century demonstrates the alignment requirement in terms
of the changes in the legislation in such as the United Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child and the African Union Charter. This resulted in the development
and amendments to the Child Justice Act, 2008 (Act 75 Of 2008), which increase the
minimum age of criminal capacity for Children now in Operation, where the minimum
age of criminal incapacity is no longer 10 years but 12 years. Therefore, children
below the minimum age of criminal capacity of 12 years may no longer be arrested/
charged by the South African Police and may also not be prosecuted for the
commission of a criminal offence. Such children, who may have committed crimes
must be dealt with outside of the criminal justice system by social workers who may

6
Solving inmate problems in South Africa.
7
Prison violence in South Africa: Context, prevention and response.
8
Juvenile Justice in South Africa, Adam Cooper 65.

9
refer the child to a children’s court for their directions 9. (South Africa Government
News Agency, 2022)

6.3. Historic review of the development of legislation in the criminal justice

system of child offenders in South Africa between 1910 and 2022

Correctional Services Act 111 of 1998 & regulations and related  

Prisons and Reformatories Act (No. 13 of 1911), which decreed that children and
young adults should not be imprisoned.

Juvenile justice in the pre‐colonial, colonial and apartheid periods therefore reflected
the ideologies and broader societal practices that existed in South Africa during
these different eras. Juvenile justice policies and practices increasingly differentiated
between race groups as the apartheid state took shape, and when the anti‐apartheid
struggle began to involve increased numbers of children, young people were often
dealt with through violence and repression. (Cooper, 2015).

The post-apartheid period was known for its restorative justice, “Ubuntu” concept,
which promoted reconciliation, restitution and responsibility through the involvement
of a child, a child’s parent, family members, victimsand communities in child justice
processes.”

In terms of the development of new legislation, child justice in the democraticera was
catalyzed by South Africa ratifying the United Nations Convention onthe Rights of the
Child (1989) in 1995. The Constitution of South Africa, the African Charter on the
Rights andWelfare of the Child was also adopted by South Africa in 2000 and the
Child Justice bill was adopted and enforced 2010.

The 1996 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa states that children have the
right not to be detained except as a measure of last resort andfor the shortest
appropriate period of time; they should be separated from persons over the age of
18 and treated in a manner and kept in conditions that take account of their age. 10;
this is confirmed by section 7(1) of the Correctional Services Act 1998 11.

9
Minimum age for criminal capacity increased, SAnews.gov.za
10
The Constitution of South Africa, 1996.
11
The Correctional Services Act 1998.

10
Section 29 of the Correctional Services Act of 1959 stated that the detention of
children awaiting trial should be minimized as far as possible, and that only children
charged with serious offenses,who are between the ages of 14 and 18 years old,
should await trial in prisons.

In the African customary perspective, fathers are responsible for their children and
accountable for their behaviour – good or bad.

“Among the Bafokeng it is not customary for a child under the age of twelve, whether a
boy or girl, to appear in court, even when the charge relates to an offence committed by
him, or when compensation is claimed on his behalf. The child will be called before the
family court.

Traditional Leaders and they headmen played the role of mediators in family matters,
whether civil or criminal. This was evident as the courts were held in public,
everyone participated and punishment was based on an agreement by the
community.

During the apartheid era, Children, especially black children were the main victims of
human rights violations under the apartheid regime. (Mosikatsana, 1998)12
Mosikatsana reported that between 1984-1986, children between the age of 11-18
years were affected as follows; 11000 detained without trail and tortured and 18000
more arrested on charges arising from political activities, 17300 held in police cells
awaiting trails.

The Correctional Services Act 29(1), A person under the age of nineteen years who
is accused of having committed an offence shall before his conviction, not be
detained in a prison or a police cell or lock-up unless his detention is necessary and
no suitable place or detention mentioned in section thirty-seven of the Children's.
Act, 1937 (Act No. 31 of 1937), is available for his detention.

(2) In deciding as to the suitability of any place for the detention of a person referred
to in sub-section (1) regard may be had to the nature of the offence with which he is
charged and to his age, sex, race and character.

12
Mosikatsana T; Michigan Journal of Race and law 1998.

11
6.4. Conclusions and recommendations

South Africa’s new Child Justice Act is a monumental achievement, both in terms of
its final form and the persistence of civil society organizations working with
government to achieve this end product. The ethos of the South African transition,
one that was permeated by a spirit of peaceful reconciliation, combined with the
growing momentum of an international restorative child justice paradigm, were
structural antecedents that led to the production and particular form of the final Child
Justice Bill (Skelton & Tshehla, 2008).

7. Projected time scale

Chapter Expected date of submission

Submit draft research proposal 12 September 2022

Introduction 14 September 2022

Problem statement 14 September 2022

Hypothesis / Aim of research 14 September 2022

Points of departure and assumptions 14 September 2022

Central research themes 14 September 2022

Proposed chapter layout 11 November 2022

Projected time scale 11 November 2022

Description of proposed research method 11 November 2022

Preparatory reading 11 November 2022

Conclusion 11 November 2022

Bibliography 11 November 2022

Submit for examination 11 November 2022

12
8. Description of proposed research method

The qualitative research approach was followed through the interpretation of

documents of non-empirical research design by reviewing legislation, case law,
journals and observation of the application of the legislation.

Identified the procedural challenges in terms of child offenders cases

The document review will include the assessment of the approach used by the
execution and judicial in the application of the legislation in child offenders cases.
This will include the approach used by customary law, colonial, apartheid and
democratic era such as the Nkosi case and the appeal. Is the age, type of offence or
whether first time offender or not.

Identified the legislative framework development from 1910 – 2010

This is a historical research desktop review, which will assess South African’s
legislation relating to child offenders from 1910 to 2010 when the children Justice Act
was promulgated to assess the evolution of the criminal justice system in relation to
child offenders. We will rely on journal articles, case reports, legislation and internet.

The review will include the legal framework assessment of the legislation in the
colonial and post-apartheid era. Various legislations will be reviewed and not limited
to the Constitution, the Child Justice Act 75 of 2008, Children Protection Act 1913,
Children Act of 2005 and the handbook of juvenile delinquency and juvenile justice.

The impact of the Child Justice Act and its effectiveness

The Child Justice Act is the current cornerstone act in South Africa for addressing
child offenders as it makes provision for rules and responsibilities of all stakeholders
in child cases. We will assess its effectiveness by reviewing case law and success
rate.

Resources that we will be reviewed includes and not limited to journals, articles,
legislation and case law.

13
Previous conviction

Does previous conviction have impact on the sentencing of the child offender?

Seriousness of the crime

The impact of the seriousness of the crime will be included as part of the aspect to
be considered for sentencing aspect.

9. Preparatory study and research.

 A Skelton, B Tshehla, (2008). Child Justice in South Africa . Monograph 150,

29-34. This article provides an overview of the South African development of
child justice in south Africa

 Bekker, J. (2008). Commentary of the impact of the Children's Act on selected

aspects of the custody and care of African chidren in South Africa. Obiter,
402. This journal provides a commentary on the impact of the children’s Act
bill.

 Faircloth, J. (2021, December 16). Solving inmate Problems in South Africa.

Retrieved from Borgen magazine.com:
https://www.borgenmagazine.com/prisons-in-south-africa/. This article
provided an overview of the conditions of prisons in South Africa.

 Wasserman, Z. (n.d.). Safer spaces. Retrieved from www.safespaces.org.za:

https://www.saferspaces.org.za/understand/entry/prison-violence-in-south-
africa-context-prevention-and-response

 United Nations Centre against Apartheid; McLachlan, Fiona. (1985-01-00).

Children in Prison: South Africa. New York: United Nations, New York. This
article provided an overview of the conditions of prisons in South Africa.

 Manby, J. W. (1994). Prison Conditions n South Africa . New York: Human

Right Watch . Retrieved from
https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/southafrica/index.htm This article provided
an overview of the conditions of prisons in South Africa.

14
  Cooper, A. (2015). Juvenile Justice in South Africa. This writing provides both
the historical and current of child justice policies in South Africa.

 G Makou, Ina Skosana; Ruth Hopkins. (2017, July 18). Daily Maverick.
Retrieved from dailymaverick.co.za:
https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-07-18-fact-sheet-the-state-of-
south-africas-prisons/ - This article provided an overview of the conditions of
prisons in South Africa.

 South African History Online . (2022, June 1). SA History online. Retrieved
from www.sahistory.org.za: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-
slavery-and-early-colonisation-south-africa - Defines South Africa history.

 United Nations Human Rights . (1990, September 2). United Nations .

Retrieved from www.ohchr.org: https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-
mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child. The untimate base of the
change in the legislation of children offenders in South Africa. 16 june 1995.

 Traggy M, R. J. (2005). Beyond Retribution. Monograph Series, Feb.

 Paulson, S. (2020, September 30). ttbook.org. Retrieved from The bes:

https://www.ttbook.org/interview/i-am-because-we-are-african-philosophy-
ubuntu

10. Conclusion.

Children are vulnerable group and therefore should be protected. South Africa justice
system has never separated the criminal justice system dealing with adult and
children. The child offender was treated in proportion to the offence, this is as a
result of South African historical background.

From customary perspective, it’s evident of the protection provided by the elders to
ensure any behaviour that is contrary to the law are addressed with the aim of
restorative and not punitive approach. The influence of colonialism, apartheid has
demonstrated it effects through the aim of the regime on the racial aspect and its
law. Furthermore the shift into democracy and the global influence drove the change
and adaptation of UN charter and articles and protect the right of children offenders

15
from the harsh and unmanageable correction services based on the crime and it’s
decree, the criminal age capacity of the offender and the Constitution which is
enshrine in the bill of right.

The Child Justice Act has ensured that child justice matters are managed in a rights-
based manner and to assist children suspected of committing crime to turn their lives
around and become productive members of society by engaging with the child in
restorative justice measures, diversions and other alternative sentencing options.

Globalisation, the end of apartheid era and beginning of democracy as provided the
adoption of the Constitution of South Africa, which has enshrined the Bill of Right
and therefore promotes and affirms the democratic values of human dignity, equality
and freedom, which the state must protect, promote and fulfil.

As observed in the Nkosi case on appeal that human dignity, right and freedom are
of vital importance as child offenders had to be dealt with in line with the section 28
(g) of the Constitution.

The child offender age is a mitigating factor in the mitigating process and this was
confirmed in the Mpofu case, which resulted in the reduction of the sentence.

16
11. Bibliography

Ann Skelton & Boyane Tshehla, Child Justice in South Africa (2008).. Monograph
150, 29-34

Adam Cooper, (2015). Juvenile Justice in South Africa.

Bekker, J. (2008). Commentary of the impact of the Children's Act on selected

aspects of the custody and care of African chidren in South Africa. Obiter, 402

Faircloth, J. (2021, December 16). Solving inmate Problems in South Africa.

Retrieved from Borgenmagazine.com:
https://www.borgenmagazine.com/prisons-in-south-africa/

G Makou, Ina Skosana and Ruth Hopkins. (2017, July 18). Daily Maverick. Retrieved
from dailymaverick.co.za: https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2017-07-18-
fact-sheet-the-state-of-south-africas-prisons/

Manby, J. W. (1994). Prison Conditions in South Africa . New York: Human Right
Watch . Retrieved from
https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/southafrica/index.htm

Mosikatsana, T. L. (1998). Children's Rights and Family Autonomy in the South

African Context: A Comment on Children's Rights Under the Final
Constitution. Michigan Journal of Race and Law, 343-349

Paulson, S. (2020, September 30). ttbook.org. Retrieved from The best:

https://www.ttbook.org/interview/i-am-because-we-are-african-philosophy-
ubuntu. Concept of Ubuntu

South Africa Government News Agency. (2022, August 25). www.sanews.gov.za.

Retrieved from SAnews.gov.za:
https://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/minimum-age-criminal-capacity-
increased

South African History Online . (2022, June 1). SA History online. Retrieved from
www.sahistory.org.za: https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/history-slavery-and-early-
colonisation-south-africa

17
Traggy Maepa, R. J. (2005). Beyond Retribution. Monograph Series, Feb

United Nations Centre against Apartheid; McLachlan, Fiona. (1985-01-00). Children

in Prison: South Africa. New York: United Nations, New York

United Nations Human Rights . (1990, September 2). United Nations . Retrieved
from www.ohchr.org:
https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-
rights-child

Wasserman, Z. (n.d.). Safer spaces. Retrieved from www.safespaces.org.za:

https://www.saferspaces.org.za/understand/entry/prison-violence-in-south-
africa-context-prevention-and-response

18
ACADEMIC HONESTY DECLARATION

Declaration: .............................................

1. I understand what academic dishonesty entails and am aware of UNISA’s

policies in this regard.
2. I declare that this assignment is my own, original work. Where I have used
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3. I have not allowed, and will not allow, anyone to copy my work with the intention
of passing it off as his or her own work.
4. I did not make use of another student’s work and submit it as my own.

NAME: .............Albertine Mkhosi........................................................

SIGNATURE: ....................................................................................

STUDENT NUMBER: ...49685627...................................................

MODULE CODE: ..LEM3701...............................................................

DATE: .......09 November 2022................................................................

RESEARCH THEME SELECTED: ...............................................................

RECEIVED FOR ASSIGNMENT 01: ...70%...............................................
RECEIVED FOR ASSIGNMENT 02: ...............70%....................................

19