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Congestion Control in WCDMA with Respect to Different Service Classes

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 1

Congestion Control in WCDMA with Respect to Different Service Classes

Joachim Sachs, Thomas Balon, Michael Meyer

Ericsson Eurolab Deutschland GmbH

Ericsson Allee 1, 52134 Herzogenrath, Germany
e-mail: {Joachim.Sachs | Michael.Meyer}@eed.ericsson.se

Abstract – In the Universal Mobile (WCDMA) technology. In contrast to Time Division

Telecommunications System (UMTS) the radio
resource management functions are jointly handled in
two different protocol layers, the Radio Resource
Control (RRC) and the Medium Access Control
(MAC). Congestion control functions are performed
in the RRC layer. Therefore congestion control
requires strong interactions between the radio
interface protocol layers, including measurement
reports which are transmitted, as well as
reconfiguration procedures.
In a simulation environment different radio resource
reconfiguration procedures are evaluated for
congestion control. One aspect is the method which is
used to detect congestion. The system performance is
presented for a mix of traffic with different service
classes.
It is demonstrated how during a congestion, different
service classes can be differentiated. This provides
improved quality of service provisioning for the users
according to their service requirements. By choosing
the best congestion indicator, a good trade-off can be
found between quick congestion resolution and
quality of service control on one hand, and efficient
utilization of the radio resources on the other hand.
I. INTRODUCTION
The Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
(UMTS) is the European 3rd generation mobile
telecommunication system. In a global co-operation of
standards organisations it is being standardised at the
Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), where a
technical specification is being developed on the basis of
an evolved GSM core network and the UMTS Terrestrial
Radio Access (UTRA). The resulting specification is
contributed to ITU for the International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000 (IMT-2000) standards family.
Requirements for UMTS are to support multimedia
services with data rates of up to 384 kbit/s for wide-area
coverage and up to 2 Mbit/s for indoor and low-range
outdoor coverage. Furthermore, UMTS has to provide a
high service flexibility to support both circuit- and
packet-switched services with a wide range of applicable
data rates. Additionally, it must be possible to use
multiple services simultaneously. Hence, UMTS will
make many data services available to mobile users,
especially those currently known from the Internet.
The paired frequency bands of UMTS – 1920-1980
MHz in uplink and 2110-2170 MHz in downlink – use
the Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) mode which is
based on Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
Multiple Access technology, the radio resources in
WCDMA are not as easily “countable”. This property is
also referred to as soft-capacity, meaning that the balance
of capacity, quality and coverage can be shifted towards
improving any of these characteristics for the price of
reducing the other ones. For this reason, congestion
control mechanisms in WCDMA are challenging to
define, since there are no hard limits imposed by the
system owing to the soft-capacity property.
In this paper different congestion control mechanisms
will be discussed and analysed. This comprises the
methods of how congestion is detected, how radio
resources are reassigned and which protocol sequences
are involved.
In section II the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
Network (UTRAN) is described, including the properties
of the WCDMA channel and the protocols which are
involved in the congestion control process. In section III
a simulation scenario is presented and results on
congestion control mechanisms are provided in section
IV. Eventually, a conclusion is drawn in section V.
II. UTRAN
A. WCDMA Channel
The physical layer that is used in the paired frequency
bands of UMTS is based on WCDMA [1]. Variable data
rates can be provided on the transport channels by using
codes with different spreading factors. This implies that
transport channels with higher data rates have a reduced
spreading gain. In order to balance the reduced spreading
gain and still achieve the required ratio of received
energy per bit to the effective noise power, Eb/N0, the
output power level has to be increased. On dedicated
channels, this is achieved by fast power control. 1600
power control commands per second are transmitted from
the receiver to the transmitter, so that the transmitter can
adapt its transmit power accordingly. When multiple
users are transmitting at the same time, each user
increases the interference level for all other users.
Therefore the radio link quality depends not only on the
radio channel attenuation, but also on the traffic load
caused by all mobile terminals in the same and
neighbouring cells. In this sense, the common shared
resource is power. An increase in interference forces each
mobile terminal to also increase the transmit power. This
in turn increases the interference for other users and they
will react in the same way. In general, this converges to a
certain transmit power for all users. However, when the
traffic load becomes too high this can lead to a

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October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
 2

congestion situation. If some users reach the limit of their 3.

Measurement Report

RRC
transmit power they cannot follow the power control RRC
4.
Radio Resource
Assignment 6.
process any longer. Therefore they perceive a lower

Control

Control
Eb/N0 and an increased error rate on the channel. 5. RLC RLC
5.
RLC retransmission
B. UMTS Radio Access Bearers

Measurements
control

Measurements (Interference Level)

Measurements
Control

Control
The UTRAN provides radio access bearers for data
services. They offer a bearer transport between the MAC MAC
mobile user equipment and the core network. These radio

Control
access bearer services can be configured very flexibly in

Measurements
order to support the quality of service requirements of a

data service. A given radio access bearer is defined by a
set of parameters, like maximum bit rate, bit error rate
and transmission delay.
Four quality of service classes are defined for UMTS:
½ Conversational Class,
½ Streaming Class,
½ Interactive Class,
½ Background Class.
The Conversational Class is used for conversational
real time applications, like e.g. voice over IP or video
conferencing. Requirements are a low transmission
delay, a low jitter and a low round trip delay.
The Streaming Class is used for real time streaming
applications, e.g. audio or video streaming. The
requirements on the transmission delay are less stringent
then for the Conversational Class. However, the timing
relations between data packets have to be preserved and
therefore the jitter must be low.
The Interactive Class is used for best effort data
services which are following a request-response pattern.
Examples for such services are WWW traffic or telnet.
Requirements are a low residual error rate and a low
round trip delay.
The Background Class is used for best effort data
services with no requirements on delay. Examples are file
transfer and e-mail.
For each radio access bearer a link is established and
all radio interface protocols are configured with
appropriate parameters.
C. UTRAN Radio Interface Protocols
The UTRAN radio interface is layered in three
protocol layers:
½ the physical layer (L1),
½ the data link layer (L2),
½ the network layer (L3).
The relationship of the radio interface protocol
architecture is depicted in Fig. 1.
The radio resource management functions are split
into two parts which are handled in two protocol layers.
The Radio Resource Control (RRC) layer is responsible
for assigning a pool of radio resources to each radio
access bearer and reconfiguring the radio resources. The
Medium Access Control (MAC) manages this pool of
radio resources instantaneously. So to speak, MAC has
short-term control over the radio resources and RRC
defines the long-term guidelines for MAC.
Control
2.
L1
1. L1
UT RAN UE
Figure 1 Radio interface protocol reconfiguration
1) L1 – Physical Layer (PHY)
The tasks of the physical layer comprise to perform
forward error correction (FEC), error detection and
interleaving. Further tasks are the multiplexing of
transport channels, spreading, modulation and radio
frequency processing. The physical layer is also
responsible for frequency and time synchronisation and
closed-loop power control. The power control
dynamically adapts the transmitter power to the channel
conditions, so that the receiver always receives the signal
at the correct power level. For that the receiver informs
the transmitter with power control commands at a rate of
1600 signals per second. Another function of the physical
layer is to measure transmission values, e.g. transmit
power, interference power, signal-to-interference ratio
(SIR), block error rate. These values are indicated to the
Radio Resource Control layer, which uses them for radio
resource management.
For the physical layer, a set of Transport Formats (TF)
– the so-called Transport Format Set (TFS) – is assigned
to each transport channel. A Transport Format can be
described as a combination of channel encoding,
interleaving, bit rate and mapping onto a physical
channel. The Transport Format Set specifies those
Transport Formats which a radio access bearer can use on
a transport channel. The physical layer multiplexes one
or more transport channels onto physical channels. When
transport channels are multiplexed not all possible
combinations of Transport Formats of the different
transport channels may be applied by the physical layer
at a certain point in time. An authorised combination of
Transport Formats that may be applied simultaneously is
referred to as a Transport Format Combination (TFC).
The set of Transport Format Combinations that can be
applied by the physical layer is called Transport Format
Combination Set (TFCS). It is a subset of all possible
Transport Format Combinations.
For example, a transport channel 1 (TC1) and transport
channel 2 (TC2) shall have the following Transport
Format Sets:
½ TC1: TFS1 = {0, 8, 16, 32} kbit/s,
½ TC2: TFS2 = {16, 32} kbit/s.
Then a resulting TFCS could be:
½ TFCS = {16, 24, 32, 40} kbit/s,

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October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
 3
thus excluding the combinations of using 32|16 kbit/s and
32|32 kbit/s.
The physical layer is configured by RRC when a radio
access bearer is setup or reconfigured. The TFSs and
TFCS are then assigned by RRC. A detailed description
of the physical layer can be found in [1] and [6].
2) L2 – Medium Access Control Protocol (MAC)
The MAC layer is a sublayer of the data link layer. It
provides logical channels to the RLC layer. Logical
channels describe “what type” of information is
transported. The MAC layer maps logical channels onto
transport channels. Transport channels are provided by
the physical layer to the MAC layer, and they describe
“how” information is transported.
Furthermore, MAC is responsible for the
instantaneous radio resource management. This is
achieved by selecting the Transport Format for each
transport channel, taking into account the instantaneous
source rate. In this process MAC also has to prioritise
between data flows of the same user equipment. MAC is
limited to the TFSs and TFCS which have been assigned
to it by RRC. MAC multiplexes packet data units from
RLC onto the transport channels. The instantaneous radio
resource management is handled every transmission time
interval, e.g. 10 ms.
Furthermore, MAC is responsible for managing
common transport channels, which are not considered in
the analysis of this paper. For further information refer to
[5].
3) L2 – Radio Link Control Protocol (RLC)
The RLC layer is a sublayer of the data link layer.
There is one RLC connection per radio access bearer.
Higher layer data is segmented into packet data units of
sizes which are suitable for the radio transmission. On
the receiving side the original data format is reassembled.
The RLC layer provides three different data transfer
modes to the higher layer.
The acknowledged data transfer mode is a guaranteed
service. All higher layer data is transferred error-free
over the radio interface. This is achieved by
retransmissions of erroneous RLC packet data units. This
mechanism is also referred to as automatic repeat request
(ARQ). An efficient radio access bearer configuration
can be achieved by finding a good balance between
forward error correction in the physical layer and ARQ in
the link layer.
In unacknowledged data transfer mode, no
retransmissions are performed. The transmission delay is
reduced, but the delivery of higher layer data cannot be
guaranteed.
In transparent data transfer mode, no specific protocol
information is added to the packet data units and
therefore the protocol overhead is minimized. No
retransmissions are performed.
The RLC connection is configured by RRC when a
radio access bearer is setup or reconfigured [4].
Wireless’99 | 4. ITG-Fachtagung "Mobile Kommunikation"
October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
4) L3 – Radio Resource Control Protocol (RRC)
The RRC protocol is located in the control plane of the
network layer. It handles the control plane signalling
between the user equipment (UE) and the core network.
It is also responsible for the management of radio
resources, comprising establishment, reconfiguration and
release of radio access bearers. It is the task of RRC to
control the requested quality of service and perform
congestion control.
Several radio access bearers can be assigned to the
same user equipment. The task of RRC is to manage the
available radio resources among all radio access bearers
of all mobile terminals within the cell. The radio resource
management procedures are performed in the RRC entity
on the UTRAN side of the radio link. The appropriate
information is then transmitted to the RRC entities in the
mobile terminals. The other radio link protocols are then
configured accordingly by the RRC entities.
RRC controls the parameters and settings of the
underlying protocol layers RLC, MAC and PHY, thus
selecting the radio access bearer processing [3]. It signals
to MAC and PHY the Transport Format Set and
Transport Format Combination Set for the transport
channels. Additionally, the RLC data transfer mode is
assigned.
D. Congestion Control
In contrast to other mobile communication systems,
the radio network controller in UMTS does not
permanently control the actual uplink data rates of the
mobile terminals. As described in the previous section,
the RRC in the network assigns a pool of radio resources
to the radio access bearers and MAC manages these
resources instantaneously. Thus, the mobile stations
choose their data rates – within the limitations given by
RRC – independent from the radio network controller.
Due to the movement of the mobile stations, the
characteristics of the radio channel and the traffic
transmitted by all applications, overload situations may
occur in a system. In such a situation the interference in
the system increases rapidly, leading to a reduced quality
of service or call dropping.
A fast detection of an overload situation can be based
on several measurements, e.g.:
½ in the sender by monitoring the transmit power and
the power control commands,
½ in the receiver by monitoring the interference power,
the signal-to-interference ratio or the block error
rate.
The congestion can be resolved by reducing the
interference level. This can be achieved by reducing the
allowed data rates of one or several radio access bearers.
As stated before, the radio network controller in UMTS
does not permanently control the data rates of the radio
access bearers. Therefore several steps are necessary to
react to congestion. First the congestion needs to be
detected by measurements, which have to be signalled to
the RRC layer. If the RRC entity in the UTRAN
recognises congestion it reconfigures the radio resources
 4
in order to resolve the congestion. There are several
possibilities to reconfigure the radio resources for one or
more mobile terminals [3]:
½ Limiting the TFCS of the transport channels. This is
achieved by sending the RRC message Transport
Format Combination Control from the UTRAN to
the user equipment. The TFCs in the TFCS can thus
be temporarily restricted, excluding too high data
rates. The advantage of that method is that the
message does not need to be acknowledged from the
user equipment, since all TFCs are still valid and the
message size is comparatively small. Even if the
message is lost, the unlimited TFCS can still be
used. However, this method is not as flexible as
when a completely new TFCS is used.
½ Assigning a completely new TFCS to a user
equipment. This is achieved by sending the RRC
message Transport Channel Reconfiguration from
the UTRAN to the user equipment, containing the
new TFCS. The message needs to be confirmed by a
Transport Channel Reconfiguration Complete
message, before the new TFCS becomes valid.
½ Reconfiguring the whole radio access bearer. In
difference to the previously described transport
channel reconfiguration, this method includes a
complete reconfiguration of all the protocol entities
of the radio access bearer. The RRC message Radio
Access Bearer Reconfiguration is send from the
UTRAN to user equipment. The message needs to be
confirmed by a Radio Access Bearer
Reconfiguration Complete message, before the new
radio access bearer becomes valid.
If the congestion detection is based on a measurement
from the user equipment, a measurement report has to be
transmitted from the RRC entity in the user equipment to
the RRC entity in the UTRAN prior to any of the above
mentioned congestion control schemes.
In the presence of radio access bearers with different
quality of service configurations, the congestion control
is performed according to the service class. For example,
only radio access bearers for Background Class traffic
and Interactive Class traffic are reconfigured, while real
time services keep their configuration.
III. SIMULATION SCENARIO
A simulator is used in order to analyse the
performance of congestion control algorithms in UMTS.
The simulator comprises all protocols of the radio
interface, RRC, RLC, MAC, a WCDMA channel model
and traffic sources generating e.g. IP traffic. The UMTS
core network and external packet data networks are not
considered. Objective of the simulations is to analyse
congestion control methods, including the influence of
the protocols which are involved. Hereby users with
different types of applications and thus different service
requirements are assumed.
The RRC layer is responsible for connection
establishment, connection release and the radio access
bearer reconfiguration in case of congestion. It handles
measurement reports from the physical layer and
transmits them, if necessary, from the user equipment to
Wireless’99 | 4. ITG-Fachtagung "Mobile Kommunikation"
October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
the UTRAN. During connection establishment RRC
assigns a Transport Format Combination Set to the user
equipment according to the requirements of the
application. The congestion control mechanism triggers
the reconfiguration of the transport channel when a
congestion situation occurs. This reconfiguration is done
by assigning new TFCSs to the mobile terminals as
described in the previous section. After the
reconfiguration, the reduced data rate leads to a lower
interference level.
RLC is responsible for the segmentation of higher
layer datagrams into RLC packet data units of size 10
bytes on the transmitting side and the corresponding
reassembly at the receiving side. A selective repeat ARQ
mechanism is used.
The MAC layer selects the Transport Format Set out
of the Transport Format Combination Set according to
the RLC queue length.
The physical layer includes a WCDMA channel model
and the signalling of measurement reports to the RRC
layer. The WCDMA channel model calculates a Eb/N0
value at the receiver for each transport channel. The
Eb/N0 is then mapped to a block error rate, which has
been derived from dedicated physical layer simulations.
These simulations include the effects of multipath fading
and closed loop power control, which are therefore
included in the block error rate. The calculation of the
Eb/N0 is based on the received signal power, the
spreading factor and the interference caused by all other
active mobile terminals. In an iterative process, the
transmit power of all active mobile terminals is adapted
until each reaches its target Eb/N0 unless this is prohibited
by the transmit power range. This process is performed
once at the beginning of each transmission time interval
of 10 ms and the Eb/N0 is then assumed to be constant
over that transmission time interval. The target Eb/N0 is
chosen as 3 dB corresponding to a block error probability
of roughly 13% and the transmit power is upper bound
by 27 dBm. The delay for physical layer processing and
transmission has been set to 15 ms.
For the simulations a single cell system is assumed
with a certain number of active mobile terminals which
are initially randomly distributed within the cell. Two
classes of mobile terminals are distinguished according to
their type of application:
Class A: This type of UE has a single delay sensitive
real-time connection. The Transport Format is
set to a data rate of 16 kbit/s. The generated
traffic consists of constant rate IP packets with
a packet size of 100 bytes. This type of traffic
is generated e.g. by a voice over IP traffic
source.
Class B: This type of UE has a single best effort
connection that is not delay sensitive, e.g. a
WWW session. The Transport Format Set is
chosen to allow variable data rates between 8
and 32 kbit/s. The IP packet size is 1000 bytes.
In the simulation scenario a mixture of mobile
terminals of both classes are assumed, where 25% of the
terminals are of class A and the remaining 75% of class
 5

B. The session arrival and session duration are cell a degradation of the service is perceived. The reason
exponentially distributed and the call duration has a mean for the degradation is, that in a growing number of cases
value of 120 s. the mobile terminals are not able to transmit at the power
In the scenario as it has been chosen, the two service which is necessary to achieve the required Eb/N0 against
classes A and B are differentiated in the congestion the larger interference introduced by other users.
control mechanism. The users of class A have only one Consequently, the block error rate increases which leads
TF in the TFS that provides a single data rate of 16 kbit/s, to a higher number of retransmissions in the RLC layer
so the data rate for those users cannot be reduced. For the and the IP throughput decreases.
users of class B the TFS contains TFs for several data In contrast to the mobile terminals of class A, those of
rates. In this way, the users in class A – having a harder class B see a degradation of their mean IP throughput at a
service requirement – can maintain their service level for much lower load. This is depicted in Fig. 3 for the same
a higher traffic load by reducing the quality of service for interference thresholds as in Fig. 2. With increasing load
the users in class B. Nevertheless, during the time it takes an increasing number of mobile terminals with best effort
to resolve the congestion the quality of service of the service are reconfigured to lower data rates. The
mobile terminals of class A is also reduced. Therefore a paradigm of the applied method is to provide to class A
fast and efficient congestion control mechanism is users the required service and fill the remaining capacity
required to achieve a high cell capacity, while still with traffic of class B. However the service quality of
maintaining a good quality of service according to the users of class A shall not be degraded owing to the traffic
service class. of class B. From Fig. 2 and 3 it becomes obvious that this
Note, that in this example, no priority scheduling in paradigm works better, if a reconfiguration of the data
the MAC layer can be applied for service differentiation rate of the mobile terminals of class B is triggered at a
of uplink traffic, since each mobile terminal has only one lower interference threshold. However, the total cell
single data connection of either class A or B. In capacity is not utilised as efficiently as with higher
downlink, the same network node is responsible for the interference thresholds. This can be seen in Fig. 4, where
transmission to all mobile terminals within a certain area the accumulated IP traffic of the users of class A and B is
and thus the knowledge about the traffic volume and depicted. With an interference threshold of –93 dBm the
service classes can be exploited for scheduling. total throughput in the cell is up to 15% increased
compared to an interference threshold of –95 dBm. This
IV. SIMULATION RESULTS can be explained by the effect that reconfiguration is
For the simulation results presented in Fig. 2-4 a performed more conservatively. On the other hand, at a
congestion control mechanism is applied comprising the very high traffic load a high interference threshold can be
following steps, as indicated in Fig. 1: In the UTRAN the less stable as can be seen in Fig. 4 for 20 mobile
interference level at the receiver is measured (1). When a terminals on average in the cell. At this point the
certain threshold is surpassed a measurement report is interference is already very high, and the resulting high
signalled to the RRC entity (2). RRC makes a decision on block error rate delays the reconfiguration messages
reassigning new TFCSs for one or more mobile terminals which are transmitted.
(3) which are then sent to the user equipment (4). On In Fig. 5 a comparison is drawn between the different
UTRAN and UE side, the radio bearers are reconfigured options of reconfiguring the radio resources, which were
accordingly (5) and a confirmation is sent (6). presented in section II D. The reconfiguration delay
The mean IP throughput for mobile terminals of class A specifies the time interval between the moment that
versus the number of active mobile terminals is depicted congestion has been detected until the radio resources
in Fig. 2 for different interference thresholds. It can be have been reconfigured. If a radio access bearer or
seen that up to a mean load of approximately 12 mobile transport channel is reconfigured, a RRC message is
terminals all users of class A can keep their requested transmitted from the UTRAN to the UE and
data rate and only with still further increasing load in the
18 35
Mean uplink IP throughput per mobile station [kbit/s]
Mean uplink IP throughput per mobile station [kbit/s]

16
30

14
25
12

20
10

8 Interference limit = -95 dBm 15

6
Interference limit = -94 dBm 10 Interference limit = -95 dBm
4
Interference limit = -94 dBm
5
2 Interference limit = -93 dBm
Interference limit = -93 dBm
0 0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Average number of mobile terminals
in cell
Average number of mobile terminals in cell

Figure 2 Mean application data rate per UE for class A Figure 3 Mean application data rate per UE for class B

Wireless’99 | 4. ITG-Fachtagung "Mobile Kommunikation"

October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
 6

250
200
UE triggered bearer reconfiguration
180 UTRAN triggered bearer reconfiguration
Total uplink IP throughput of the cell [kbit/s]

160 200 UTRAN triggered TFCS limitation

Uplink reconfiguration delay [ms]

140

120 150

100

80 100

60
Interfere nce Lim it = -9 5 dB m
40 50
Interfere nce Lim it = -9 4 dB m
20 Interfere nce Lim it = -9 3 dB m
0
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Ave ra g e n u m b e r o f m o b ile te rm in als in c ell Average number of mobile terminals in cell

Figure 4 Mean application data rate per UE for class B Figure 5 Mean application data rate per UE for class B
is acknowledged with a complete message, thus resulting that an extended TFCI field can be used, increasing the
in two messages which are transmitted over the radio size of the TFCS to 1024 [6]. This reduces the probability
link. In the simulations the size of the reconfiguration of having too few TFCI values to apply TFCS limitation.
messages has been set to 30 bytes leading to
segmentation into several RLC packet data units. If the V. CONCLUSION
congestion detection is based on measurements in the The impact of the WCDMA radio channel of the
mobile terminal, an additional measurement report has to UMTS FDD mode on radio resource usage has been
be sent to the UTRAN prior to the reconfiguration. An described. Congestion control methods have been
example for that is when the detection for uplink discussed with different radio resource reconfiguration
congestion is based on transmit power information of the mechanisms and congestion detection indicators.
physical layer in the mobile terminal. Therefore a third The choice of an optimal threshold for the congestion
message over the radio link is introduced, thus adding to indication measure allows to find the appropriate balance
the reconfiguration delay. The reconfiguration delay is a between efficient utilisation of the cell capacity on one
significant measure for the congestion control, since hand and quickly resolving congestion and maintaining
during that time interval a congestion is leading to an the quality of service for the data services on the other
increased block error probability on the radio link and hand.
thus an increased number of RLC retransmissions. This Simulations have shown how users of different service
effect is depicted in Fig. 5. For a higher traffic load in the classes can share the radio resources according to their
cell, the reconfiguration delay increases due to the service requirements. Results indicated that it is possible
increased number of retransmissions. to shield traffic flows with strict service requirements
Another option to handle congestion, is the limitation from best effort flows. Radio resources provided to best
of the valid TFCS by means of an RRC message effort service traffic can dynamically be adapted to use
Transport Format Combination Control. This is a short only resources not required by traffic with strict service
message, which needs to be transmitted only from the requirements.
UTRAN to the mobile terminal. In Fig. 5 it is shown that
the reconfiguration delay for TFCS limitation is much VI. REFERENCES
shorter compared to a transport channel reconfiguration.
[1] E. Dahlman, P. Beming, J. Knutsson, F. Ovesjö, M.
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new TFCS and is therefore more flexible. In the
meantime it has been added to the UMTS specification

Wireless’99 | 4. ITG-Fachtagung "Mobile Kommunikation"

October 6 - 8, 1999, Munich, Germany
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