‘MODERN PHYSICS, « \EEIR> atomic ste BBE» Photeclech1e fee LE J LEBier matter paves ULE y<+ nucleo physies LEST Radioath vitY lt X- Ray \ EFA postive Ray fej Electronics Le sister" ExT communrcaro ao Photoclellvie effet Frag onl AB bounded OO AIMS > Emmision 0 en take lace frome lal surface Fgh fea lg iat pon i called PET a erm Lhen sufficient % Discovered by Heantz. (week 1) ¥ Law of PEE —stinard $ muliverr ¥ Final Explanation > Erensfein« : [LP ale qo plank quarter’ theoyy Ips eneggy in form of small ocwelsr min ener pockets & photon fransfer £207 eneyy tose elecbwon Ce I, a, Suffierent 40 pemove. the e~ ene out fore mepelSuxdae photon is cibsovbed* properties of PI [2] Photon papve fn Sed do 25 x 2erISEC Gn E00) (deen 2 ain unchenge Lith yn dranshr~ called photor 2 rf IttS phewet Padiaho hotel» pe bine With velocity of Light » Ke Feeqmency OF photon ver prediiumn pele (dh=0)" ; Cn) bh° oe enor define * polo tt Is neutral pay x Rest mom =O gj Mass of photo elasive Mass =k = ms. | k aE - Effedive: mass =fmey = hee. YW a ani Ibl-* du Urv> visible A tomehtUF» Enexyy of bhoton + E=hy=he ~ 12400 ev AAD NOE® Ina peplechon $reLs velo) _ - HavelengthpenetyY ofone photor? aeny “ potalenciyy 1 pp, = 222° Zprlev) So but ap HX Penefrechon power(PP) Lt UL GAL PRY 700A ‘sg00' | 78004" amev| 3.tev [lsev— Enegy Lp Dobe Ge) SES meqae~ ve ovdiy Norerelefr- to Right mass ot photon ¢- % peEE vot possible from Tnx padio ave rien elo? [f+ momentumof photon—r _ mementurn enol XY ney Franstered Pex mie Hime ferunrt Oren di aHor] gource le[-r mtensit” El? Ene dade power of Far “at ot tie) pean beh yadiahon disp buled me hiadion only defend on pouler 2 pediadior Source 4 vee It 1S Sigend from coder Trtensity of Pad on perdi H601 SOU heath of padeHor* Nore Teh ereetf (S of Radicons Fred f Hav Jalo pone > [=f are] ak reel Source = te S |b] Linea Jerdlinds! ce. 1s NOP define Cons ore It Node of sour dime > NOTE [RI NO of photon incident oy sided: per [lent EE Neb = Yh am ee At Zo sder porrrpsource:hl pzsame = _ E ence] Pzsame 3 Yiphxd Ey VEBCYOR Ibi A = same 53 Sma a> (ph) 200 Guay Ja)» Quantum Effcrenc” a vnaapemnntied foe wont OIE = ousped outbid Tio of phoron Ene ear pou? : pos a ee p= dt [acl ees [pressure cocerped on suntese * |g)> 44 sinjace 1s potest = felt feck” Fee Spe 7 ae pane © zo p= B- Bi = “pee uct = = * ahesse pum prans}ere ed tothe gurfeice [bir Foss [alr Te fal force Jd Presse”Ibj— Tf surface 1s pesfesally Absov bing > Ik change, in momentum - gna a Myo -h =o , Aone =~ h. cosor?e _ BR, -B-B= B B~ Bi =o 2 ~ pcos = ii» Momesrtum pansfer to the suxdace a [Been] » abs Prose] lilo Force Fh) = dbil [leg28]| fae = face is half 0% Nore 7 GE Bresainve excerted by perfecelly absorbing SH perfectelly ve Hedhg guxfaces ¥(E)eeSg Pa =(ZIeosé e a ed Pe 78 vio¢- defin xf Se of incident 1s not define consid hovmally a senting ph MES * ap sites} sheet sthioa oF put pore ching 8 a ahi cP, Fn 2 Prachical ecblened A yi of hen © + I satens ty t feck ta, Pao” [ike Pee Jensit) se piaent Reel” 5 La r ge cml, erdabert j=il) Peer 7 ize eq x V6 Vo fire te eu ite Ve aresbeld fe a t rich of valve Aspace. ar Ingensite o& nor of pheten +eperdent JY es unit. fion unl Of Em Nove seh 4 € depenid onfreq but a ved pee 'e 10 of Photon inci af elon ithe a vomnysvorr cle f Lion chenging fren age bu SEMEN 1s shopoeledren © Romain unchar pomain sore: # Threshold fre ne : grief fren for B RV EV => pee is possible: condi tor of PES MVS VoD PE reno possible: aed S 0 is possible ed >A £ not possible HL OE? dde NOpOs le do Treat iewekygth , eee AS possible pax Havel pabove BO de Meh? sich pee 1s not Posen Jitile effec of pororial Jaj-ron pby2 evo por different yoy plates pa $P2,4 punt of POS, 1s vot ty ocelot pect b 1H Pe ofe Lich 1S ironed, BrP” [bre ont Oxs, pots O71 pa were Pe peet pith por PCO Y se Heo olny pot' pe ler ree fe ht ra i teas eer ccxapnsrg Se wy game fee. os diff RE , fone: of - . cunipgimels Jape Hiker 28" vecached “ picte- fe onde fite al te7 emote phat pien oe epee ao become weg PI i poroonral: potential fosteP prot Be 2 eve photo’ f + femal AB a at stopping Pot pee pares place’ Stoppi . depend on uve OF E us oping Pet 1S ped eden to mmknelt] Recsoa— ov, chang? anqensitY purty Of RTE Recboe™ put recy lemma” ae» thed’s Lihy steph) pot unchorge Mphzoeeasit” yee VEE e yee ae yen ved pe otarrcheng pheds % oncharg!”; 4 prequency ) ENEY, of gnedent A a Ove pote fo SEE photo o dent bee ve Why Req vlenehon —» pasts of, paxpile nature. of Radiation prone Mer? Parmar cht" Diffeavon, liter 14 exhlain pre on the ppasyicde r PEED aren porn DHOLEN EE ¥ Dual nature of Light , “a nave-r Refleden pet dion Air ‘ may viewers [ii J» Photon froms: ‘4 vy 1182002 2” t el, (one te isfy TS a ey 70" iJ» Theve is no melee ipa tneidend ot photon 8 © me eres geod Boss) OE liv be EtensHer all Caton ofpec yw} 640 veto inthe fenehe — kebmin=® ™ ofe™ Era gx pain CER= Rewove heen — ree eal fo Rema On vein g ero, aurfad, cyosshe , a nmi e ‘possibee Bi ote * pequived ene7g. 19 pernove the. 2 if that’s hy Be qo game feed !S di man values p mn « i L proud wen “R) Caloin = , Lark foe” thé efen FE Hoy k funchoal tl Jo ke i raekal Surface Eph = hY Lo Ain mn j= hve ote = Tie a a greondg of POF vow hy hve 3 pee possible Bishi eee rs lencuj> ner possible. K-Gaax = bh ~ W Eph = hy he = Btenev 7 a rus" yin 12400 ev bo Al? KEmax eb mevinak = eve me = ge exeWork functronad pend on nethve of surface p TP MACON A" dem: fzrrapintty lal-r LA BA Moment b2ev YY Yolmnin = G3] ofa 1K NOTE % [be dz bloc J» _ eres f ~block, [clr Temp t > Hook funchion’ # as A fe. % Freq: Samé (7 all Medium but evetength& velocity over 23 ealther? gpopbr Pot x predium Fo Mediu x Tf polychvornadre hg ht jneidenponsame me is defined free ax fregamin waweler! : i va Sve SVS “A dts dr trers'yG) = te prewuengy (1) = corst snr of Photon t +“MATTER WAVE’ Wave Associated birth moving ba ropaly blewve 0% trobable Have: pp Décbregali Mrbothess —b Every baspicle @vtin nature Rel nadure (Have 4 pete le) 3 Haveleryrh of ght d= “alte 3 eS “Ea TEE oe vycle* Have. % De~ b presce?? dual a eee we vee 2 d=O eae Vin vange of &'- # KG KeEponsier = dere’ e fap P= lime Rarer eo hyo pare jr erraclee F difereeaeel en gh state eh "Gb of Havelength of Have walle = size of ob aw pratle <3 Repfledie) Len pechline av bop" H Bf Hayelength of Have size of obs Tf Navelengthot waveld)< Size oF oheredle 2 pe Nore begat principle 1s applicable on ra micro OS sielies Seathenle but ly He acs 1S proved only for mice panicle: x ie ctrcly Proved iy diredioti meh ee gee a pature of particle bee tive mature of free BnB Taemsen Sh oP pee ee ge AE pandend Rese Standowd [ri eleden pee DGB = 288 Ol jpece= Ee av = OE eee fe “02286 4 aap Best bp > Trea or Dewten pa a= Javoutlv} tb s¢-particle + = [Ae= 22202 a eet Jae) EE Ce) e fpazrele = P d xX, F bit of de- beggeel’ Hlavelength associated Lith en yh aeweon 3 cepa. Hhen Its move With port por [is Same momenta ead comme velo” [tiger somere et " I Oe ne 3 de ides de A= 7 = Saw ca E 7 Ee == iv, livie avd seme 2d = h ce [erie = NOTE? Tn Same & nditton de bragali piavelery th of move 1s Mox gina me ore paw Hele rage ofa aa ¥ ‘Gpandavd pesult for prewdvedl porte [E[-> mewdoni+ re * [gl Thevmal Meudon} > gra fusion RR energy OF: ig very hgh thal’s Hhy Moderator 15 equved fo”, Med ‘ated EU? “err behave OS ages™ ecules —>| polrearncon st . #t epee * eaexad S7/e jure. Ph add ches «hee = he pO = perl) a fwphoton en geg tO, Graph =e Eo = mec? = or stiney (e)ph =e epn = keph fa —— pthe [rhe condition Ist 9 eledron $ photo Move [Pes arb] [P=] [IL |-> condition 20d ~y de~=Aph > ree reel fore TL condition axd=> Fern ica] Te eajali ba velength he xfe= de> Tite de Piel eo =dPh cazme > dz deh lame 3 de motion of chnde. vyiele In@nce of Mas jeld+ "e ve0 pF a0 Rest BAe? wee | fg Wir O=2 ¥ @ floss? see —— We reams sped vee 2 x xxx [D}> aaes 038° eno . a Bbth matter Have casefimi-* yrDsC exp perfor Ake D neondt st Ny »i))) hi & Fi thlenation of Rutherford eens se FI Electron Rotate © und sand phe uch J UI pas “Ale aves i als ove ina agame, reed jsrerbi, erates i E484 ee fend insta life ceyihor peth is a ™ ee aa ies? anv ~ 24) HK ne2 Bp Rn > Pere? AE Devise Devison- (nevmer E/ , n— (nermey Exh > prauieally prove Have. nade aF par hee, gen posed ATE ea ve goad by son oe Feonshudion f HeckY Electron meident, On Wee om scat’ nettle Dlr ic Si . phe. ce maleney”’ ” 5 Cleon i Ce prac Thevmioni e Ve eae 3 dane fori Elegron emission 4 % Field emis! formed ot $2” a at 5 volt Exp: Resi ese 43 ene? rer fave stv . odifoeron ets” see = ae order" ¥ 66a" cleo ge” pot* Zz A} ” psino =" Yhaax = Dat 4 GE? at Amar ae ogee et a ax jaa <‘NUCLAR PHysx¢S’ IT [-r Nucleus. = prton t neuter Feel Mn = pba xe tan wou area] [A] Nucleon z Kass =MP FE agear ited meee] aoa mu Sh Jelesuftrar™”) wo = H06 ega2 5h =a [paved J Spin quandum ne =; sf __— shin angular nomerttom = ach af sue ie Formation of breton vf as igcxpbanbr set part cw 28 trison 3% Quark bavtiele upguerk =Sub = 2S jownquaric = aden = S. de Fo ¥ Proton 2 ups) pt (deunguartd) ore quark petit = p2e)tt -E)= OTe ext St} fre ja O = 2(t38)+ rs) ot 62 iy dee jae % Newon = 4 (upauark) + a pdownseart) rage “Ul zy 21 (t3E)t* ees) phe Nore gy Inastel y by maun; - og proten ISS f 4 neato convert in e Peniee* He quiside We radne S pepance of pL ot gt nel. yee antinuteine) . ‘o “phi even does nor OP spin angle one aa n esse matcconcsnn a oes Pe Lhase Spi gua ke called eubine S Ang neuen * fable parnele (Ss “weufror? ucleus— f proton = Netw mest uns [2h+ pebresentation of ni Za no 0 Ae Nood nucleon = z yinal® A “2 a ae 2X Nn> 4 )31—> Tbe of nucleus ; a jar zsetmapic nucleis—> 2 = Np zsames A= itkvent ©* : [blo T sobavit vucleus-r NO of wong So Ay ye og proponditerent Esobowie EK ge? cad Jojnr Esotovie/ssonedtent pe te game = Ae a oe oS -6 = E Ger gel wea =f ]semeD ton $ neutson Is oppostie igebar Hireh hes 0 phos. called mivvesy Ucles* jrwy vencles—> Lf no" ot pro; 2 NOTE These. i % neuron x |d [> miver nen’ Ape MeHiapher- nudeus~e difleerne. cf M [on-re euives proton 15 5ame* pot > th pose hita [Fl x wopess ‘Sosfer nuckut—* HM Tsosfer nuckas~+ Having Some pos ofatorn oe Same 70" of eg—e Hx (2) $0O9 FG, 46002) # ESE) > Same no: 0f €* CQ a Oy FIEND mys gitslioe > electron” wees Tp[-> Fsveledwenic lite size of nudeus-+ Jaj—> Roding Radiud 07 prose" nu A) uso fe cube sycot me (al faucet WS) ipa = Mycucleom emetern * [dee Density > > 2 (4, 6E# Aya density (d) = mossof Nucleus = MOSS Tab of MUS Exes 3 he Nore Density oF snudleus, iS Sameefor ot pucks. (2 ndiberdnt tore mossney) © As nuclide POF have sharp boundy ThE Vadume of Re °7 7? way she devrator pomnthegyen values i hh hile Phot-of afo is very Smedly ae as most of ys ye wucleay shin > ‘cimnidarr Fo 63 THULON Tino, wopaeaboud hel cum axis & they posses & peemanent xrggulerr moment GY hence ‘phe comple Nuctews fot some Angee mornentam=aris 2013. jass Energy Relator =m secret] _velosof light pout of nash Wich 1 converte IIOP to Mos jpg mags dees f sys Nok ote» Ale go Erengherr1 Syste Velease EVEY ji rags meveese’ ed absovh Prey 14S dk Eregy crespendinyg so fhaas | més we yp lasuyne® 2 ee” nq wet ge Ee Sede Hor Larne €= gssmey ce lar es Se 2 T—9 protons wap = tare => fp 9 ae 2 fn > sre rey a=] jaurory » Mon = Mer = Be |___» Ree fr electron moe = 9° wpxdO TEP, = fore 8p Fan © 8 | _-+ positron, Inez & = Remy od i a vpez me Photon» “morn ob RMEoh eit —— oan, Ipi-r pelative end Total 0, 7 x cae weet (te) / ad revale ft aear, ie est ot ae ent aft pelanvre” herd on a Basic escent” ser ayn clos pconfgnedibofnee fn gpesiPren)* a bene photon i a anit ba rap ele! pro rover FE 4d - NOTE? * pair ie ene 1g conserves * hinimum equ yrn anuclear fs own En aimomentin Spr, emarnura ne, Shi” > mom’ Fides energy REIN SPincerved MEANS) gcc = 410 MEV (ar photon) fellovied® we Kibe= FY ppp =o BEPHINIM fo 24 bale bed iver vot pos ble par rPessible Eph <2 Oe MEY ph < lhe cote Hee % Eph >s-02mev = © Pe efor Vow ae gee atemre eat but Pal preduct vy rsnudlear event: w PElitle pee ploabadetion ees Electron 4 positron come, came cle inliale @ when release. onesyy inform of oaision: sex garkaliate each Ne mm pair arhaliaon Hurt y-photon eve emiped £N10VE 1.8 m1 eum conserved or” oppositedivecion (paler tineo™ mo: onvert into bree” 4 tm pair anhaliation masse rocesof pair production . errs peverce b Aprhnox & min weleose of cingle photon pac anh pain welease ener #0700" e- [wofect all Hh 16 psig’ inh ly ee) -» photon transfer #5 4007, eneyyy re the clechron He — 95a 42° lite pee pit iss appelene 20,7570 infate effet 's called PEE* ye elosncally piehe# pransheved 2° pot of iv[-r combtenetfed! +> photoncoll 1 encxay plavelength eipe doves pace” “ee Ont me] gs defect (40) > pass of nuclers (s ‘ghighlly Les then vir ossdefee (rt Ayn = Pnucken = Pucks op EI Jull-> Binding Ente war Required rey ‘ove. phe. nucle nu Remore Phe ve hendin frowoss deh” BE = ame= ‘aval 932) Mey) ro Than G tirbron nuclees is Zee" nore» Bre of freer inding energy pox nucleon fue lal—r AVOI® eneyy reu® Pinu] ed forrerneve the- jviil 8 single nucleon fem ules 4 ¥fg-e. ame*= op baz pone re A ijNOTE? x stability of wucleus x (6 “) ¥ (BE Jrooy fas 98 BEY, Keele * most stable nucleus 1 PrT 3S res® x) ” Elewvend 0 > we Kon ” yy Radiant ve. Sevres 7 s pb/ 8! Lose en of Radioactive Ser1s_ 3 spahilidy of wucles —> [re ¢ eae nang Energy Carve curve bi 8 mete ( Ce a hz 8 Ca Ase AeSé cleus: ee (BE) of Ertermediote spucleus iemmore. them hear? Yi eerer pean qoo9 comparanle MCE puclers BA jpooey rouclers Spit im tae 2 Ere seathion 1's called fiswon ere i ham ae! i In A ‘20% Mh ove than 2° im, eee heme bate "Aine el on both vies (EE olen rameret rn Reet ene Roe Ie aan ne 1g) ok Might mu dt od pact oF fe" "cay, is ered! ae digs nul euch 5 MIO ayer weriseen PD ae ape ches es aicay me SK ris eyeble ek ‘ rsefeose. 00, inane igciven > case“-r Of Rest mosh Enenig on pp reed) Reac dontday = BS+0OKE yr = KELSO an 20 omev" oo = 078 esa Tr "bart nuclear peadiod- peathion rx RileSE ene nucleon oo Teor = 2 ing 13°5 |2J-> Fission ex frst T peleoke Eveey bev Hiss? & Apbrox 17° of Moss convert In convert moss of B&, shed nuckon 198 ad Bs pur?) The material * z ke +3(0 ¥ Fisioble 1s Beis? ‘piss #[p=tkK4— fy atte tegen lee So nm wats on, boon. the hea”, rucler uf ‘yh eucliey thd Fhefragment ve petigs terms hen eo telly fesere * ve beled ny vetoes tS Fhepner Ivalice B onothe belong 70 wnodeee” ave fous eactva, newdror 6 exited 24 goon oS . et fears foorred: ioe 2 _Difealy in chain feochen. Ik+ Tn a naloval vemiana vaio of eerie E50 thet ge GEO ne ZI woes 39 F Remired enews for fasion cf ees Gugmev # lessthan gev bub Enert of ge Second: neutron fg 2- prev" os aba bility of neuron absorbHon 18 6 99 74 duetohyght aca ght KE of neutren Move with Ver a clecity (ae m[see® % deakout frove fisRemoval Athon + lal-> To I cxease. probably ; eae frobabrlry of collision bith ag Concenpeden 2: increvense Aravch proces) Cc UO cendewios of 7 ° Unaniumrs coz (mer) ): concentr! , de Sage, eek l- Te decrease mel ; enexy of neut Dzo(Be: ‘ dren, Substance )2.0[Best moderedtoy) , Hao Bao, Purapn nce ped ber) > bthy 2 —? x2 bihen comparable masses body collide elastreelh 2, MASS of-dewsen 161 Sapo b PI entuy max enexyy Pronstey Ferkesple es place. Ve order of mass of neutron thet bihy (#4 By neutrons y Haze istbest neutron (wn) modevator{me) SIGEF fe qarmeu e mse ahinzomu _ sakes 00> gWtcaamn fa) eo) 4) ae! Fa Hao ig not a bes A aimed thats Hhy Icl-> Te. opin gene Pneuhen (7 a fisse ble neler passable full degen OS & eyead 28 % Me Tread (ets (LEDS veachon beoz compound Al 2 Ler 36 seanop pay terberte muceavchain vette nucle v3 forrrs fonvert tt Se 7” pludertarn’ ia Rioe+ * pall chain Reader 1S oP: Lev of. ruben produce pier bee = ae H Vadsorstion oH oe velume oF psfconfwled chary = ®, urn Reathor 7 nite ” b Urcondrelled che Fe a> Nudleay Reacher: ee ow Bi co onfeal Rod —+ Cadena strep 4 oa ied “eo, pace Baglin x pusrblé predordol—> WB ROB Oe Molle radial» pose) gate? ralfore post radon 7) X Ph» pert Podiation abeober. # preedyg Ceudkos ce “ Eo preencudivense 9500 9st—"* ; ee Plution Reahory —F Prescen® of High femmp $10 hood : a —radleus cone. nse d for Meornper Ble pros uoletlerb {iP Releose Eneeyy per fusion 3 grey [owcon tir per nuckon tL He Peadyov) [liil> condition Of fusion peathor os, gpabjlityet ras: ela Lit us Ht vol ofenuens pr Ak or phan <5 Brahe ce, bus proton propor (5,20 We. sb rravijational Ee re tnce pubiail wigs ree cetlled oP 05, oN hae onathey ot, force is iso ethan eledstH we 14 eae force CD have 507 8° preg str es \ forces + Propes Hes nucleo’ forse pce ie a fil renexalhy pig obfratve naduve free ot pyr rele = phe OT dberdl on.che mace force Bi 2 peur of Hh Re dentl ome a phente o av fore pip but mee 1S: Move Mo Fe SE eh 3 SIM tele nae ere Ben < Pro ? e-fiapere Cf am) x donot obey Jaw! of by 5 EGS ae i wy ‘super boot7or Egy |lif | xe1snen intend fee OE Aqiv jr Te ison ~ congervalve force” poly nuclear fever depord 071 507) oe doesnot O orc Sie ee et Ja Agila Ht is gporg est force gn 4 yatuveel forest fuck tH Ranges = TIS tO nempe ety vii Je unllive, gevyrtaligned 2) velathres bebe Pree force Phy donot etn haye ciny rua poss ate . -» then the 215 ance. bry nun: is no (ther [vali hen the dister clans is ess Ha fermi th 4; become ‘spreongally Pepubive: lix]> net force bw profon-potenin stable srucleuglevetclis chro NVC. poutside \nucleyg 1S Repulsverree tale [een ee Dever edd SOUT) WS z as nucleus s niz> wacky un ot ZF nuclear Reachon (ne valesop e-sn this peed!) 5 O--©—@ * f acegoing Paabacto 7 pycing Rasiatis product Provrle) ctor t et Target t pik Paget ruelevs ruched G- Value of a nuclear Rear PRE, Se +,0 Key — (eest) a ) ke G= kept ke, HE Tf moss of £4 conser voHion of EV® ie foare ro we? fore ther fo ab E EI$ mb ms>mp pmo > 907 cungonie Fee” KE me trag < mp me 34so? End exgor!e peeetior g- equation- - wdber Pare --- ge Kee fh si ----@- corn Tay ek ruckus 7 it a particle. 2 outgoing particle pep pebore 4 le: Creth Bebe CHU From Momen turn conserve ; B= Bee es B-R AWB pre =P RED aa RR pes zme (kee)mais ‘mM! ot Rests It obits | in fuse parsicle ma firme, caleulate. Ha body a cones of fragments of the body Tehran of $= fe mt ee md rE. pane om By ae fo phere MOBS: NoreE* Jr he of fragment aver rrverselly fufessnel ets analysis oppieble in nuclear ae nome me Hore parts then Wem if af nudtus is converkd 17 2 equadion g paves unknonsrs” This Habth iment rHSSIY eEnny need v0 BAA antinudrino particle daniiy oe en g momentum Where, aig” Heles nudrino + 2 xeasonot bixth oF nufrino SHE Threshold eneyy of an Endocngic Fend/ion To in(Hade, an e daeggetite Incoming parpide must be, reccker than a phyeshald \ is 5 Should pa fovercome._the # OV ve. ch OS rye ako "tel to provide fuE fo the product nuelt £ mo fom fot of fersticle. 15 2°? of incoming Pav’ hele. rust be et e =) >19l z sone >z /al (2 met yh 2 2/91 £ ate twee l engi t a’ Artie geocuon (ener Rekose), Be by wich ney Rebetel or, decay of of & B ov vexY ENS” | — oor ereh emission harge with presser Ny zeis oe lear #02 wnt 1 Ppotend jo Svemeun Une 2 Tonge on any oFhe mes etch, Broccel Chae, ia poder xe 7 oncebt aPbLY aan (Mind AA ave peer Hey F She nnvcedl rnenes)* we Kandom preces tlie Soppsin mean, oe tome conpqreten femmes $A a SOK Fein never er ed Fate SUI duxivg decey yaho— e vequred value fee stability Breriven yive emission che eee Jeeay tp meuntain 2 Bia te ‘9 yeti is grectber than th panes}lace> s [2j-» ZF np verte! is lesthan + Je vequlred pace fo spobiliby KdV) B decay % en feptuve HRS e tace os [5|-7 During padioahve yeatyon 0% 7 yp veation & nucleus 1 Apher quantum state emit YH comes dower guanten ‘$1 - inp xeemisson zn aunstobl des bahia SSE a Es pre parte: KE O a erie eEne pave notcome the barrier of nu obs 28 ton ie acpledin, Hit ee ected gece pe me ruck article »caluis/e ene perfehly COMES ob) collide. suth uckugeralt parother ia Je ene ve The zgmey ore ey parte pexporr 2 Bs tlaste then it’ our he nar [ema maces = a 3 penny ane predut. roy, os | ROmATS m/f predy tl Ap = 22% fra y) -(2) io ¥ oe nearwng Protonsa a. ue KE of Daushter nucleus energy <-partiele ZD= nucleus 2X) 4 oyet 2-2! +e (4g -vale) a a*)s " B= KE gt Ck) eg =p REx = (0 a)9 KEp = Gre) = (Ys HE KD REDS He # * Cniejer -mulay fosmula an distribute. dog =A+ BIR Rooter % peleoke re stl z in form of KE SE 19 d Penge: pare transky © X- particle. font ee /) de r nu as ofa 1 “gpemanirg fe out v * ie: Le peg velaciiy of Page RX (tx) x Ve, s Be Ee of nucle LC : Vary nucleus 4 niucleu§- te In «-decay— ar A ‘ apesunen me “of prolen ¥ neudron cha ngaby gameamount * Spvatio /nerense- piled (oon? [B]2 Br emission fe peas laeeven) ex ort prom nuclees a é leo called & Mich 15 con i s No ie. of gore 15 oF dine come ey bs x pr emisgion rs explain Tee area rua see ve prjon £ neutron. ff proton ¥ Somirpprnler as secre Bow, F16CL peste Hie pt emission Gl: r+ (nub) 7—— 0 fs paren? ve fle er rH is particle Mhose allthe proper th 1% similar te NOTE MF ‘s Ne electrons but /7 hos cachasge OF Zab x0 Cy, BE Atomic no 4se° xX rast ne doesnot arse: Ayah tee, [4 women thyone] UCN proton inside the nu cles conver PSC Into neuten P07 +* se Newdren vemain inside the. ruckus & pessPeny 18 € x possbon 1s envied Yo anprneteh/n0 but It hes Ne * here sph axparpicle. Hhose. proper tet sli jin TH 18 always < be cau Aye ecreane 3 4 i Be pl vd [g = (me —y — Me) Sha mostopn uch pte = Masset px eaten eer? wmeke = messop oo lii] > B 6s 709 C28) oy 2?) on? — qHt+ _7€° pT Cantiechive) Ano 2Xx*—> pelted t zee tV¥ x ; , nerertEn this €4 yedion Spin guerre a , he, thats Ube pal oS ele. 1s not off cable xf He pial HIER yHele (S egooiAl HUET Spin congenestion oO — anothes re Orce charge. SMa OO ig EOD ‘ ee guanine no LYE astle ig celled eur vine 7 “ & Anpinedtr/70 ’ More oper Heo anemadgring— . WT teas 6 rpucleus fhe OE peers el les es par tcle line Photon; other. Robarepench | x reisrot ry exes magmtel . 4 In Remission fetal re x dude very Leh pease tnphmader | ts ae eer remopn or hes B rostect rer meutren|_ x4 = xe Ehren ie eae > ee af aie Ot 5 many een ae pope me = ans 0; en Xr MOL 70° doesnt change: sett ee pvahto foe (hts by? x eEney: sperm of Be avpele 7 pif every} of Bop tee- wich 1S ‘omiped fron SO a Radia hve gubster & 1S exthlan pr ph fen , mromendun? Coniseyveionn Ae ie e/P ["" herile Energy s becom ig cond mbeS, 7 B+ b~ dewey ny 15 & Shen tev : Seedveal proces” et Wore Aleve Fecal Wt br be Rebs we expe $ sfin enguar embed ue > difencaget Prborncle:of nucleus then ruckus ent B eee bighenceyy re hen AY yy eel weltase Deana qedion WIE yohay bile, Zoey PPI en te ? of ; es re x Boistion OF vzporticle,'s faked place art LON emibing A0% B-fovhhe- i x Emission of bpparticle vob danes MINE S/multenie' " . xe Emisnon of 2 fertile simultridy 707° , ‘assi ble frown Same MULE” Exo Plenty covey ovder Of ages yemiieon: 7 Yk xX > we Se ii hy Y PK pyyX py % > ok B/N X > Bry X KMRL eppkrve— phe ruckus Ba proton & oy) AY W ae AE Elechon Repos. oT et pulls om eT feshell -anside covnbines with thes 27 fo t voto * Ee Atomic no° ¥ by 2° % Mano: dosnot charge, ¥ Dato t * pt byt gnt byt Nore * 7 fall the vacamey cvecthe NOTE FO rays canbe. emitted » fom }e-shell + AEX, we rucleus coon oily pull Rbirasthens oes of nuclt* din KrShell, Ke % ke tine.~ sedi daw er, Diginsegrecion fot H Rutherfond Dis infegredtion yet dv = AN Disimagyytion A= aC#)| unit Sees half life. Me ate NoTE—M Decay const adeifror Quantity s 1S indeper oychemical ch gee axe For Stable. ruckus Jeo Tpre iy, 06S A 4 Relation byw Achy * 7 x Disavive ™ #H ACHYE. puckus 2 ee MOTE, ¥ AC NOTE a prgacHve rules hug Bes ae nye Total no of rm weet tim *¢ putherford-sodi julie. IX move the Padioattive $2 uo ox poave nucdusGnt —— Awe nucleus oe. [iy = ecay [pisinagralto%] const 2 at, hoi aaj rrounbh* anbife. depend on nadtuve of substan re Jem, prety He: 07 OF other phgsiecel T= e nucleus ple T panen ctst=tooFl pee) x?) spate ieee og ot Hime 2 . eyed HE" ctl Oe ert Hime: Adve MOS f cxcponentt ig pisactive. MOB Socpowren Helly of ‘sanple. verreu unchange— Sua fg appbeable of decay covet W foster! ple.Te * Tema Te Gue cresyl YO bliss of © hte % tpeve value explain ore of _ H Special cording, <<< 1 (cheek Pate) rea et Z EE e € P= z pea xt Ba ax27t 1 nln-2) (0-4) - ~~~ pa be ee ASLC DEFEMA TION lite pol fe (7% tp) file Meo Life (7, litt Adivity (R) fiv/—> speafe AGF (bs) + Time in puch abe snuchu Perrose [iJ Holt Jfé of Forel value: le given og F% a Woe TF halt Life of sample's at+= DB? Mae ae tek, NEW wo: of half dives = t_=n| we Sef | | reToniil Meon.life > Time ae Seana sin pieh active nucleus verre 1H es value. ov disintgreve- sy as eR p of Initiecl > Sum of Lives of all nwlet Treen Fofel no of NUK! Im > T/2 +The, = 0° 643% = b9 B74 I a more the 447+ 72 *Tm = = 244 Tt/2 iit] AcHvrty ( R) > Disinkgradion pale of Radi i Bip oot ops(arsinkgeation persec] * 1culeurl) = 3° 4x10" X pradicall unit Ruther fers # 1pd = 10° BL x1 mens 3FRd depend on ww alive substance” jsink pi = Disiniggred x NOE Achvity herd ere will went) = wt weteuntRajes areeve RAS of Substenes J exponensially ls guanaty] MOB" Jive Shere eivity > ACHE of agm-sarple: ein» Ry gh achivedy Remain Lyre Primes wore unchange- ult — 226 '¢ 2cu/gr) Tp stondewd Re Spe AH HY of Raetna — He Poh based on Rodieachivil? a coset —> rf tinge if in fermsod ealf Life Active pevtl's comphele- pee “yp, .. Ys 48 Tif ty Haag te TE 4 % Time In a ie > += * Active value offer yy * wcngpne ko [rnbobilin ot AB = fer #] abikito ppsurvivell Prbabiltt (PS ui seeing ow [naein fo pote igeh OO x Probe siping det mean Life coger— rf time's given indems of ve ie kes = oy Ss Fas Xo 5 ae xn =e oF mean Life: % Trme. inte! mean Life = fe x active value Ate Gy mean Lifes X =, tn) * pisadve ») ” * ap/artx/ Paes ”eee eager + cuvben decing ov Redeadr Beit Tn most of the. element wnyfrggen aap fer WECY!7Y cosmic. Rays (neutrons) conver} them into carhon (1#) bieh 15 padia ive. element Tm alfthe Live element» theres ts 4 fred yes of ett 07% Wich vemein const dll the Mamet cs alive 1 BL p Lhe 1+ becomes dead » ett diginkgrevts continue pats ret cle decveases Thy decreased Kon’ is uged te fire the aye @ povtrculax Rock & TPIs Known os carbon dewt'y) * nek wo 14. ae we Living body ov eo -(£9) ejve WAdee Age of somple yo san (ME bgeel A) ¥€Tiyn of Cis 5750 09 SF30 VS" % Taiz of K fs L29°S * dap, of BIS SYrS NiCr case Redoecve. brameliny onget Tf vadioactive subsiemee disivtey by Ne 4 disinteyetion yale of Semple 15 4 Goole adaiton of rdditor of Tndivisu . by diferent process (3* Absovbiion of Radntion oy, ApsorPH0n of “7 Td” Tn knsty of Radiation exponen telly toyed Phrekess of mertesiel« x t Hcg to H cofficient= ~ [t= Foe- peuth pepe dex Ib; i ats eye = Yop. = OSSF lil-ryalf life = Taf2. = 2:98 ip nalf life ” yp = 23 “Al Ln Wis mean life = 2 41d fille 42 ont Je opptalh hfe: lie ge x32 ty Ly20 (Fe) Me ap = (any? penetresion pow” [RBA racop ght 1’ 24 a o‘y- RAYS! uxe photos PR unephaed frows claire eocee # Reverse. Of Poe : ne x When highly energene e8 Ldectremamehe diate et se tte ee gi maynehic prs" are. Made. fo SKE peoserl dorged, ndev or ora’ fo 1004° Hes ; [LI Kowngion exh “sort inwiiible: Rede In@nce of by A poten diel go poser veuble podiedioys is emit few emrede- iyieh tg celled 27° Ecder [15> vom of ty olorred garcbitame Basic. yequivment of xy be “a Jal-> e~ preduch puree. ~ f ae [rrevethen askvhty) Jobe ccAcelevaing Jel sh Pxbety of farget vigh or] pgp thoreal Jighatre [ace] igh os B + cavaph bi, imensity & Hevelength of Padiectio? ¥ There. Hos 2- pevelerpth, below) Lehre jeug opted? his devin Hod jelength pigment”) yodration H nadred O18 cdtoff Hav a evap ithe wesee there rs cont & x TfHE obsewe the. viedo ‘ave two Hype, of V on phe opher!S oor Hon J farm of peak When hij) ar ne hugh Ree thE xe Oph cenclol , ae pornaocusell clechomagnche fheoy ony “fecclee DPOF aug 7UdKote glade danen p Hee photo? ave embed: aw eee Pas jd REE ee Ke > hye, see es hh Ug 2 kes “KEP1 Su ‘ Phopor py stceettive callibvon e” Lo otom bith Lost Enexgy Speen some pave Of Hs IF occa A ett rt vit Tf accleveding valtageacvoss coalidge pubersve! KE of er susp Before Nitling the. forsee Lm = eV f pheneun a Lease oll It ke te Photon pliph highest Cneoy As dibreoted e ima single calbinon gcresspon ding o/s dass only one Photo? ome nit ‘Bose =u =F] x a ute Have Sengih = Amin evs Levelength Lill very % ¥e athe Hers il hve dsr ney thelr he he = Zerg Em(PVE) a a Range of V2 =0 -°O % Venvi = Berg =0=> dmax = mou zeaVv # vee berg )mex =Emt 1200 _4e min = “ay (oll) only depend on anode. potential Fao ard nadur eof 1g” seplancthion Of = stis independent Pom ray % & ib ff Explanation 07 producto of. chavarastotste 7 peaks —* a hen Aighly enegele € eniers intoan dom there 5 alto som. possibility that it collides inh an en of the ator deneecm Knowhs, ott Of shell « , r the shell”, his wig a caeaney (S seled cveeued in Sell 3 wich & fiend by Higher oder © maping.ronsitienS foo. lower stage vadatron emitted duving these ofrernpiiton is Known of chevarberisHe xy\ cx VAy NOTE Ene “Od (& yet Ex) ave not pound fem Bohr model: shell: mf els knocked out from c- z Le, lp, bor hVix = e-em POSS (et hve = 2 -& fs. ea fara hop tesers 8 fspraxe X Dr asame fren sen (BY) eve lng Ba same eves (Kone ) Hevelona tA Of ke premeition. Ee evelength of chavacterstl 6279 Vinetint Je gon Aceretg HE a phey defend ory 071 farget bedevil eapve voor 17" of + sqase sit oselgy's Co? putt! em S7SHERT* ¢@ wm [ee EF Abr Se geveening const Le) tt screen const (S) He expleined Sereen'Y . qnakes a Pransren from & hergher Shell yo tower shell for > eS! ese a vacancy 15 or Hfecre pucleay haved by & factor 7? known of iy const Tn shell there ig only one ©)? bych belonas fo 50 for Reine EH CAVE nuclear‘depend 071 series but both ere Hnddlendend here (a! depend o mn fra a fom ad-no- oF pied «R= = Pedebeyy const = Jv = a(z4) #) ea 39124 afch =US OEY ver (eb) Cie FF s ia berg = 4 =r let) Gr Zz a ast és coho = geh =(2-6)" _- 2) ga tsb [eb)” (se ys 2x20 B24)” (& z) = aot is te )ev aot poor [i crystalline solid con cause: ¥ R—> Inferafomnit. distence In Osi Ansa ray to diffradt palling. solid sof pee op ee‘postTIVve RAy! [1] > Milliken out deeb expr Lim» By M0: dpexh proaiialy prove. guonteater” a Td |bl-r £#o Fu > 6an vt | b= Ny pees vf prevent »y we fl skrenvye. ae fe the= rg th “y= éanva-O Be separ oor 2028 Ze = ng -nyg) t aay AIMS 96 = Garg HEY __ padi of P08 aN Vas Terminal vel m@ee. 2 of, Vis Terminal velo rene of. cleric. eld: viseousconst* Jal azo sb-0 Pe strixe, oF bolt P° IbLe #0 2 BH? xe + yf hy? GD 7 Bt roel [ee] a bl [ee eFo 1 B#OLE" - stringed wine P! ye eh oe] = fre}' JATOMEC STRUCTURE Gpechum of @ proton phen a bed) igheated events Radiation hich ph ave. ie: against consist of Vos rots, Have. le ec lengrhy herr these traveler a eivlnaded scale} then, this part 15 56 led spectrom Of Meter Pr cose. of Hrawert eedion Cf 6582. af then “ines denoted the- spedvam of Wdagor- verdicchion #860 A" quag obserbed rAhESe- Bohy Medel o: Hyde eon lipe ctor This rode! wos develbed model Hee ee ich const of 26~ Ht Sfecificelly por hydmgor © ee PH om > pets ai Nore although bake del se proce or Inge vn Sipecctorn StS Tie. fo sian in ne ofShe ecirure gt (F ‘toe nie Ve yooh ay mm quarter meghonres the. prue- patuse of ub The rue picture | a from affeuy sich isdiferert oe Bohy ng 2 funder x 15+ postulate # Moss of Xe is orbiting ! Me wrecessors ip pucleus is very Je narveuler ovbit® ee farce isaiven 4 22% = mv —O gree ay " * a ie A a ay ot postulake : 2 postal il seomemtum of 5 sngral, woul A por wthovbit i mofo cealdvrot howe value ale fo HHS doo rot orbital engulax movment postulate at sebinle Mev) aveurd +h emit any kindof 22> promagneties PA ae Be postal pert ze (fer nth orbit) Te ege stable ovb" wjodion erg oF E 1s const: wes trv Ereval = wet PE const fy astakeorby wenn by aa he nent Absoxbtion wn aeey fan shechwm% Rodis of evbs + neji Am ze se yelocity of 7! x Hi} cuvvent in nth orbit 2fF 3 [iiLa rime perred of nth orbit % ri litiJ-> Argulay momentum(os) of = Jivor magnetic. Drducnin BY), < 27 Ivj—-» magnene momedifie) xX cuwent =2 = 2 ve e Time peved =7 5 25 ew =e¥ . 2 wpe Heh ok Hear ene : : De 2 x els TA EXT < 2. Xp Total enewy in nth ovbrt pect. 2 ee a Oe pe kh et, 62 bl = = ier = i KE= 42|P4 ake . En = Tore en 2K +PE ALE = 2 En = 23625 ev = hhe He Different enegy evel =3 & ae pen) ene Beh 2sih-aper H-adom~ n e7 inlawer ener, _r Whenever ct jernal Source, ae Excitedtion of ein an etorn - iP esetbadion o er inanasm OY Jroun aground seule get Some “7 Y from ex devel » Fius, process /5, “ceulled cxupetion’ ed 5 eociied Steute: make. ofransipti wea sition 40 a ene upper ov, heyher Seng Hale, Gf esis termed Fox Ex —Hydregen oom For exitahon fon=2 Le tsb exerted. stele! ben Gt = zo" Foy excl to iteding $0 caiied SE oe Must i be used fo excite the OP, : ie can use follow? Lau) lal Conservedta7 of bineaY momeriunt ation of EPCOT" [pln conser va ror We” pin encxy needed 70 vemove THE err trround Stet: “et Tonisadon bot” ig the rain pot phoyh vibich am €7 Must ach yell before, AKA callision ith the © of H- ud itTH Spectval kine of H- ah al te of H-atom web owt? ye inn ‘ x por y max ne: of “pea 2 will have denteetspearel dy fo "el = ThEREP TE therm of S$ < of eleoent finger 2, gine, NOTES**¥0 fue elemer Homer ev 4d ” tee dderrtiecd sibed of finger” i oka osigeb ts fatomd for fre % In H-atom an co yumps fro SIX ena Fe ae ies ees tafe etme Pred tumping in careers SHI cach other vel fois exoned SHE. veh enn eo Poe o/s4 c MEIUNE CATON SYSTERN nformetion fon] of Pronsyps ion of Thouf- Brovtion: wv aysfem hewe s-hesic pars gration beh profagede: the. with vic, comm wnieeton, Hoo COMMUnreaban-r EFS pret to onothey place, bP Each BOF cern oh is source. of T2407 fe distant end phe information fron? communication ty wr Tyrfovrattor1 dwards # channel. Til>_pecives-> 1118 devie chamel With fransnnied prpansmikee rifesr # vecerver {iti} communientin channel pe is medium in byw Prarsy> # veceivey Hich Popagnte 2 raul fomone: Mace fe another face” mx FE eo] Transm iter ec. Hath weve Classification of comnmunscedion SSO on the. basis of Injovmedion [2 I> voice communicaHenr£y weg teen? padios mobile y relephore ry mobile: [21> pidure- commun CHO pases mile fransmishion) wacky PBT [sl-> Dectement commen catior]? [le code. Communicedion gt Deer 5 of sgnal > Jif» Analeg communicado? like digiterl tarnmnunicotor” (zoHz te 2oKez) on the besis of channel * ena bases Co) STI [1}— bine Communicate Jal Two wie Commun icah?*) [b+ co- 9x? y Jere optical fibre nar caer? Jol» ixeless comme es nnd BAe: Poobayeen [pla ores fbb» sey Have popaget??. Jepr Shace Hewe poopogetio® on the bas!on On the basis of modwldin (milz fo Cot 2. he eats nella bers asin Got #8] requency Moduli [ill -> Phose, modulation orn) 3 [apo message. Signail—> only electricity Hick contain the, bnforrnetion- why f= vmess git] Zhe fo 2oKHE plave. birch propagate Phe. Iai-» carvier Nave» rp Is Moh frequen” [ace 2 fo amor othe: lace tithe ‘dug foxPon) message Signet from one = veces (eet #4 M2 to (oh. of Ft Modulation —> Tt 7S process oF of Super impest i) of dows frequen 7" signal (x0H2 to kHz) over gh freqers cavvler Lave (He fooH2) 0% variation Pn Ample 07 fo the. SJ signal fy Known fregecrey ox phase modulate” of cavviex Have gfe Modulation is 5-HHE smnplitede. of carrier Lave. akete mesonel [Lb AM fetal ey ay) oy perfing the. BlaS 2. g Freb const Jerj>_mressage 83 vel eel] a pe |b}? coir love Name Cearinasnnt Jet) [cj aca Mave re Ve- Vero WePez te (tt Pp = fatal Power 2e? Pe = Power corey: oy Ge potrs FS fo frremgmitiont AM Have, fem Kodie Statin, [aloe pony > tochange nshe premiere pal by Rep? he ampli [i> Messesesimal Ve = Ven cogtemt ) Jie EM have Her] =e KX EM yadio 15 PRE © mae An eon 1g know Ase #ny unt ged Signals Krawn eS Comparision bjs front AM ane % COSFOF AM yadio. steton !S x CoStOP FM adie stavion IS VEF A? cots beoz. FS fremsmh FY beow. 8 fro we eke SVR complex CH 1g Hod comple em Arm we ave. oddng em EME ATE adding HE sgnal (bse the. Synal(veloe) inppreerey)* in Amplitude, (vole) x Less freqwmeney ford Hiath!s de Move. frequen” bord curd?n's yeqivred SY wequived SO 647 fronsm/t we con Pransinrtt Less 7 of Signeds moxe no: oF SI9h a tine: ee x Here. VISE wth tal? % flere nese compte? & Neve. Voise. CovmmrON Wg not Cay SUT ty Fseay soquelity ° of Snel 18 very cnecd: signecl is not SO. ocd “ ae Hate x Ronse of Ft yadio 1 More: # Ronge’ ae is yadiorsXx Fox cnoed. vece ptt : ception of signal heyght Of arene raugt be fe] fe Need of Modulewtort ap To incvense phe power of 8 [at To incvense the power of Signa vel» thers ble. Shift the. lows#ied- phan Fed ofstgmecl 1S $ So hower OF over Nigh fred. arvie™ Hewes Signal 18 # So we cm sprang rp the SOY spel aver Longer” USP E Lirthour distovte™" |bI- 76 make. the height ofankne ya hes oKH2) x Before meditation (zen + to 20 dae = 3x28 = 3xtb™ =s50k™m F "“a0Kfe hepghr of Anne Ae =F “6 kM a After mredalation (2 fotatz) Wise oene 3x28 = 30 pegpreontonn (1) f gerne =pym: Ic} To averd phe mixing & noe & sigal—> NoISe pvorce both are dies i same frewceny 7” anges SO) ange farce of “Tntexfoence ble fret I pts age} ‘modulate. thE aignal (voice) preg gar be voice robe 1s, # SO fess hare. of mixing finkrprone: |dl> To averd te rig of Sone pch are pronsmittd yan df prangrolifer > en dange 7° + of ails ave dees mm short VIC (29H2 Hane) ini) Us §0 19%! he D ferfre aU " es hee ied ofanpefeer ange Coe ee) fers chance rosin: Piet ab tse aap tiveless conmmunieahond a propose ww Tstthe formofe™ h “ Jo orund Hay get) la e& Pr| feo tbh) phew oVe jnfernedho™ Cast, promsmritt oP anfenee in SIS we, 50 EIS OM J yezavrce there en ge dspace hw phen» anfena fo vecev YY Pehle upto deh] ) aL] [a=Jzee] than add:HF Sky Nove propaga ve. pwpggation) —» Here ysignal Lem) ore pongraped from Prosi! M2) anfennes founds the sy 24 ws Sele back: Fam zenesp hens by Tar: Phenemena- founds recevr7 “ndonentregse 5 sek sphere have fvel: ™ Ks nz) ofl froteres 2 veprorted from 1” rf ott Sine those. signe! have feet Si ae a Tanosphere_(mot pefleced) Fr” cef-lector 7 roviasphee a's wed as a tt ‘Eavth oP Pevineal preg le) > mrax.foer: OF Sh uae. propagation up nn “The vefeaien from Jonasphere. L doch phere og Tet afk place. #45 value Signal rs. yeplecd » x dthend pn jon density af thar jer 3 we aemax fon dent? (22) esi ‘sky euave. Papgxt?? "5 be