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    Experiment 6

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    Thái Bảo

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    Experiment 6 Acids, Bases, and Salts Hydrogen gas is produced at different rates from the reaction of zinc metal wilh hydrochloric ae (lef) and phosphoric acid (ight) Jo. Bern/Trey Homondes + To become familiar with the chemical properties of acids, bases, and salts + To develop the concept of pH and approsinuats the pH of coramon acids, buses, OBIECTIVES and salts + To observe the relative solubility of common salts + To write equations that account for observations from chemical reactions “The flloning techniques are use in th Experimenta Procedure TEcaniGuEs mo z isa) jam i = Z Many of the chemical compounds that you will encounter in the laboratory (and in I ture) can be classified as an acid, a base, or a salt. The nomenclature and the formulas Of these compounds were developed systematically in Dry Lab 2. Using the correct formulas in a chemical equation allows chemists to express chemical reactions and chemical systems that are simply understood without writing extensive paragraphs. Balanced equations lead to an understanding of stoichiometry. Sloichiomety: a sudy of chemical However, names, formulas, and equations have little meaning unless there is some _"€2eton using @ balenced equation tangible relationship to chemicals and chemical reactions. To a chemist, sulfur is not simply an element with the symbol S that reacts with oxygen to form sulfur dioxide; it isa yellow solid that can be held in the hand, but burns in air with a blue flame, pro ducing a choking irritant called sulfur dioxide. In this experiment, you will observe some of the chemical properties and reactions of acids, bases, and salts. What does it mean when a substance is identified as being ‘acidic, basic, soluble, or insoluble? INTRODUCTION Acid solutions have a sour or tart taste, cause a pricking sensation on the skin, and Acids ‘um blue litmus red. Nearly all ofthe foods and drinks we consume are acidic; think of Linus: @ commen laboratory lemon juice as being quite acide to taste but milk not quite so. All acids are substances _984-boue icon that produce hydronium ion, HO", in aqueous solutions. For example, the most ver™ Since 140° ise Ht aleched o@ satile of all chemicals worldwide is sulfuric acid,' H,SO,, a diprotic acid producing — woter molecule, H:O-H," acids ore H,0* in wo steps ‘dined es pricing Hn water. H,SO,(ag) + H,0() — H.0*(ag) + HSO-(ag) 6p Dipstee tance hens fe, HSO, (aq) + H,O() — H,O*(ag) + S0,"(aq) cn eet ie Experiment} 103, Hydrated: fons hoving borded woter molecules are hysrated Bases yj Figure 6.1 Phosphoric ccid is the additive that delivers the tart taste in many sof drinks Other prominent “inorganic” acids are hydrochloric acid (also called muriatic acid), nitric acid, and phosphoric acid (Figure 6.1) ‘Some common “organic” acids are acet found in vinegar, citric acid found in citrus fruits, and ascorbic acid, the vitamin C acid (Figure 6.2). Many cations, such as ammonium and hydrated ferric ions, are also capable of producing acidic solutions as well NH,"(aq) + HOD = NH(ag) + HyO%(ag) (63) Fe(HT,0)"*(aq) + H0(0 = FeOH"(aq) + H,0"(ag) (64) Basie solutions have a bitter taste, are slippery to the touch, and turn red litmus blue Our palates are unaccustomed to the taste of bases; think of antacids, soaps, deter- ‘gents, and household ammonia. All bases are substances that produce hydroxide ion, OH", in aqueous solutions. For example, the most common base is ammonia (the second most produced chemical); the most common laboratory base is sodium hydroxide. In water, NH,(aq) + H,0() = NH,"(ag) + OH (aq) (65) NaOH(ag) — Na*(aq) + OF(aq) (66) Sodium hydroxide, found in oven and drain cleaners, is commonly called lye or ‘caustic soda; calcium hydroxide is called staked lime; potassium hydroxide is called eaustie potash; magnesium hydroxide, called milk of magnesia, is an antacid and purgative (Figure 6.3). See Appendix B. AA large number of anions, such as carbonate and phosphate ions, also are capable of producing basic solutions. For example, sodium carbonate, known as soda ash and washing soda (often added to detergents), produces OH" in solution, €O,* (ag) + H,0(l) = HCOS (aq) + OH (aq) OD Salts are produced when aqueous solutions of acids and bases are mixed. The neutral- Salts Newtaitzation reaction: o chemical reaction Benson on ocd ard 9 Bove Tonic Compounds, Reactions, and Equations Soli sls ave for is ieuson, ‘ansidered 100% ionized ecu sols (re O% fonized 104 Acids, Bases, and Salts ization reaction may result in the salt being soluble or insoluble in water. For exam ple, a mix of sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide produces water and the water-soluble sodium sulfate sat: H,SO,(ag) +2 NaOH(aq) —> 2 H,0(0) + Na,SOaq) (68) AA salt therefore can be defined as any ionic compound that is a neutralization product of an acid-base reaction, ‘Sats are ionic compounds. I the salt is Soluble, then it exists as ions in solution; if the sal is insoluble, then it exists as a solid pre For example, consider two beakers, one containing silver nitrate and the second sodium chloride (Figure 6.4). Both silver nitrate and sodium chloride are soluble and therefore exist in solution as Ag*(ag), NO;-(aq) and Na*(aq), Cr'(aq) in their respec- live beakers; no AgNO; or NaCI molecules are present! When the two solutions are mixed, a white precipitate of AgC\(s) forms, leaving the Na°(ag) and NO; (aq) ions in solution. Therefore, AgC! is considered an insoluble salt and NaNO is a soluble salt in water, A proper equation expressing the two separate solutions, combined solutions, and the observation would then be: Ag*(ag) + NOs (aq) + Natag) + Crag) —> AgClis, white) +Na*(ag) +NOs(ag) (6.9) ‘Ako called oil of vitriol, sluic acid production [rumber one produced chemical worldwide cxceeds the number two pradveed chemical ammenia| by a morgin of -3:1 in the United States ‘samuel, Fo that reason, sulle acid is oan called the “ald horse of chemistry.” ‘This is called an ionic equation. A net ionie equation represents only the ions love quafens weit nkecced in Experiment involved in the observed chemical reaction—in this case, the formation of a precipi- tate. For this example, the net ionic equation would be: Agt(ag) + CI(ag)— AgCls) (6.10) ‘Since Na*(ag) and NO,-(ag) are not involved in the observed chemical reaction, they are called spectator ions. Soluble acids and bases are also ionie compounds. For example HCI(aq) exists as H,0%(ag) and Cr-(aq) in solution; no molecules of HCI are present! HCKag) +10 — HyO%(ag) + Crag) 6.11) Bottom line: If an ionic substance is “soluble,” then only ions exist in an aqueous solution; no molecular units of the fonie compound are present! = ; e 5 5 : fH 5 8 é 5 Figure 6.3 Common Figure 6.4 The progression of o reaction between household bases solutions of silver nite and sodium chloride The acidity of most aqueous solutions is frequently the result of low concentrations of pH hhydronium ion, H,0%; “pH” is a convenient mathematical expression® used to express low concentrations of hydronium ion, pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the molar concentration of hydronium ion. =-logith0" Brack placed orund on on exec (612) (Tite he ler oncoton of AL 25°C, pure (and neutral) water has a hydronium concentration (and a hydrox ide concentration) of 1 X 10” mol/L: [H,0"] = 1.0 X 107; pH = 7.0. Solutions hi ing higher concentrations of hydronium ion (e.g., 1.0 X 10 mol/L) have lower pl (pH = 2.0). Solutions having lower hydronium concentrations or higher hydroxide concentrations (0.22, [H,O*] = 1 X10" moV/L) have higher pH's (pH = 10.0), The ‘pH ranges of some familiar solutions are shown in Figure 6.5, page 106. ‘The pH of solutions is often measured with an acid-base indicator. Litmus being red in an acidie solution and blue in a basic solution is one of the more common labo- ratory indicators. Other indicators change colors over different pH ranges. Mixtures of acid-base indicators can also be used to approximate the pH of a solution, Various pH test papers (Figure 6.6, page 106) and the universal indicator are examples of mixed indicators. See Technique 17B. ‘Seren P-L, Sarensen, a Darlsh Diocherit nd brewinasier Is ceded fr Istiaing Wis expresion| Experiment}6 105, Vincent LaRoia/John Wey and Sone SJeaungsoae | Red raln Vinegat Adult heh le Fish reproduction affected 25 ‘Normal range precipitation Rormal range of stream water Couey of Mico Essen abs Figure 6.6 The pH of a solution con be estimated with pH per, such as Hycrion® pH test paper, o stip of paper that is Figure 6.5 pH ranges of various common solutions impregnated with @ mixture of acid-bose indicaiors. A gradation ‘Courtesy of Environment Canade (wns ¢.c0) of colors on the pH poper approximates the pH of the solution EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE A. Acids and Ac Solutions “The chemical properties of a range of acids, bases, and salts are observed, Chemical (ionic and net ionic) equations are used to account for the observations. The pH of selected acids, bases, and salts are estimated with pH test paper or universal indicator. Perform the experiment with a partner. At each circled superscript ©Din the pro- cedure, stop and record your observation on the Report Sheet, Discuss your observa- tion with your partner and write an equation expressing your observation. Caution: Dilute and concentrated (conc) acids and bases cause severe skin burns and irittion to mucous membranes. Be very careful in handling these chemicals. Clean up all spill immediately with excess water, followed by a covering of baking soda, NaHCO, Refer 1o Laboratory Safety and Guidelines on pages !— 1. Action of acids on metals. , Place a small (~1 cm) polished (with steel wool or sandpaper) strip of Mg, Zn, and Cu into separate small test tubes. To each test tube, add just enough 6 Mf HCI 10 submerge the metal and observe for several minutes. Record your observations on the Report Sheet b. Repeat the test of the three metals with 6 M H,PO® and then again with 6 M CH;COOH® 2, Effect of acid concentration on reaetion rate, Sct up six small clean test tubes containing about 1% mL of the acid solutions shown in Figure 6.7. Add a small (1 em) polished strip of magnesium to each solution and observe. Explain your observations. Account for any similarities and differences between HCI and CH,COOH. What effect do differences in the acids and the concentrations ofthe acids have on the reaction rate? © Disposal: Discard the acid solutions in the Waste Acids container 106 Acids, Bases, and Salts 14 MICH, COOH ,00H 3m Hcl J— 0.41 a Ho oot M Ho SMCH, COOH & = 5 = Figure 6.7 A sotup for testing the effect of different acids and ocid strengths on their reactivity with a metal CLEANUP: | Rinse all of the used test tubes twice with tap water and twice with deionized water. 1, Reaction of aqueous sodium hydroxide with acid. Place ~1 mL of | M’NaOH in small test tube. Test the solution with litmus. Add and count drops of 6M HCl—afier each drop, agitate the mixture (tap-tap-tap) and test the solution ‘with litmus—until the litmus changes color, Record your data! 2. Dissolution of sodium hydroxide. Place a small “BB-sized” sample of solid NaOH in a clean small test tube. Hold the test tube in your hand containing the NaOH 10 detect a heat change and add drops of water to the sample. Test the solution with lit- ‘mus paper and record your observations® Dissolution of sodium carbonate. Place a small “BB-sized” sample of anhy- Adrous solid Na,COs in a clean small test tube, Hold the test tube in your hand con- taining the Na,COs to detect a heat change and add drops of water to the sample. Test the solution with litmus paper and record your observations® 3. Disposal: Discard the base solutions in the Waste Bases container Boil 10-20 mL of deionized water for ~5 minutes to expel any dissolved gases, specifi- cally carbon dioxide. Set the water aside to cool. Clean 10 small test tubes with soap and water and thoroughly rinse with deionized water for Parts C and D. A well-plate ‘may be substituted for the test bes. Ask your instructor. 1, pH of water. Add ~10 drops of boiled (but cooled) deionized water, unboiled deion- ized water, and tap water into three separate test tubes, Add 1-2 drops of universal indicator to each, Account for any differences in the pH® 2. Estimate the pH of acids and bases. Place ~10 drops of each solution listed on the Report Sheet into separate test tubes and add 1-2 drops of universal indicator {o each, Estimate the pH of each solution. Write an equation showing the origin of the free H,O* or OH in each solution 3. Estimate the pH of “common” solutions. By the same method as in Part C.2, use {est tubes to determine the pH of vinegar, lemon juice, household ammonia, deter- ‘gent solution, or substitutes designated by your instructor! 1 Estimate the pH of each solution. Transfer ~10 drops of each solution listed on the Report Sheet into separate test tubes and add 1-2 drops of universal indicator to each, Estimate the pH of each solution as in Part C. Identify the ion that causes the acidity-basicity of the solution Disposal and Cleanup: Discard the test solutions in Parts C and D into the ‘Waste Salts container. Rinse the test tubes twice with top water and twice with deionized water. ee B. Bases and Basic Solutions 1m, iv “Anhydrous salto sat having no Inydroted water molecules ins solid Breture (é C. pH Measurements [4 [ [ Couey of Ther Fisher Si D. pH of Salt Solutions (é Experiment 6 107 ge Ctin/Alary E, Reactions of Salt Mixtures Universal indicator provides an ‘epproximate pH of ‘en aqueous solution ‘The Next Step 108 Acids, Bases, and Salts is (Uh UP Ie Table 6.1 An Organization of the Reactants fora Series of Reactions ‘Test Tube No, Reactant Solution or Preparation ‘Several crystals of FeCo6H,0 in 2m of water or 2 mi oF 0.1 M FeCl ‘Several crystals of CoCI-46H,0 in 2 mL of water or 2 ml of 0.1 M CoC ‘Several crysis of NaCOs in 2m. of water oF mL of 0.1 MINa.COs ‘Several erystals of CoSOeSH.O in? mf water? mLof 0.1 M CuSO, ‘Several ental of NaPO,o12H,0 in 2m of water or2 mL of 0. AFNG;PO, ‘Sevetal crystals of NIC a6H,O in 2m of water or 2 ma of O.1 NCI 1 4 5 6 ‘This clean, small test tubes, Label them in accordance with the number designations in Table 6.1 1, Test solutions. Set up the test tubes (Figure 6.8) with the reactant solutions or preparations listed in Table 6.1. Volumes of solutions only need to be approxi ‘mate,’ Note the color of the cations in solution. Your instructor may substitute, add, or delete chemicals from the table. Figure 6.8 The arrangement of 6 small, labeled test tubes for test solutions 2. Reaction mixtures of salt solutions, Puts of reactant solutions in Table 6.1 are combined as shown in Figure 6.8, Look for evidence of chemical change. Record your observations on the Report Sheet, followed by net ionic equations. Ask your instructor for assistance if necessary. Use clean dropping pipets or Beral Pipes to slowly make the following solution transfers: a, Transfer one-half of solution 2 to solution 1 in test tube 1 }. Transfer one-half of solution 3 to the remainder of solution 2in test tube 2. «Transfer one-half of solution 4 to the remainder of solution 3 in test tbe 3. 4. Transfer one-half of solution 5 tothe remainder of solution 4 in test tube 4. . Transfer one-half of solution 6 to the remainder of solution Sin test tbe 5 Disposol: Dispose of the waste solutions, os identified by your instructor, in the Waste Salis container CLEANUP: Rinse the test tubes with tap water twice and with deionized water toviee, Discard each rinse in the Waste Salts container. ‘The acidity and basicity (and pH) of endless aqueous systems are informative to most everyone, from the existence of acid indigestion to alkaline soils. Design a systematic study in which the measurement of pH may account for the properties of an environ- mental system, (e.g., a watershed, soil samples, citrus fruits, tc.) 5The volume of e small Samm) fest be is about 3 mL Experiment 6 Prelaboratory Assignment Acids, Bases, and Salts Date Lab Sec. Name Desk No. 1, In.an aqueous solution, ‘8, name and write the formula of the ion that makes a solution acidic, 'b, name and write the formula of the ion that makes a solution basi. 2. a. Muriatic acid is used to adjust the pH of swimming pools. What is the formula of muriatic acid? Does the pH of the swimming pool increase or decrease as a result of adding muritic acid? Explain Battery acid is a rather concentrated solution of sulfuric acid. What is the formula of sulfuric acid’? ‘3. Aqueous salt solutions often are not neutral with respect to pH. Explain. Milk of magnesia is used as a laxative and to treat upset stomachs. What is the formula of milk of magnesia? . Washing soda is often added to detergent formulations to make the wash water more basic. What is the formula of the anhydrous form of washing soda? Does it increase or decrease the pH of the wash water? Explain. Experiment 6 109 5. Three solutions have the following pH: + Solution 1: pH 7.4 + Solution 2: pH 10.6 * Solution 3: pH3.7 ‘a, Which solution contains the highest H,0* ion concentration? . Which solution isthe most ‘¢. Which solution is the most basic? 6. Metallic ions with a higher positive charge are more strongly hydrated and tend to be more acidic in solution. Comparing 0.12 M FeCl, solution to a 0.12 M FeCl, solution, which solution would have a lower pH? Explain. ic? Refer to equations 6.9 and 6.10 as guides to complete each of the following steps. 1. Nickel(I}) chloride dissolves in water to form a light green solution. What ions are present in solution—that is, ‘what is “swimming around” in the aqueous solution? Write the formulas. ‘c. When solutions of nickel) chloride and sodium carbonate are combined, a green nickel(I1) carbonate precipitate forms, What is the formula of the precipitate? See Appendix E.

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