JEE Syllabus Basic Concepts Absolute Value Greatest Integer and Fractional Part Functions Graph of Functions Classification of Functions Answers to exercises Concepts & Formulae at a Glance Solved Problems Assignment Problems Answers to Assignment ProblemsFUNCTION Function, into, onto and one to one. Sum, difference, product and quotient of, two functions, composite function, absolute value, greatest integer. Polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions. Even and odd functions. Inverse of a function. Set Theory: Set: A set is a well-defined collection of objects or elements. Each element in a set is unique. Usually but not necessarily a set is denoted by a capital letter e.g. A, B, ... U, V etc. and the elements are enclosed between brackets { }, denoted by small letters a, b, ...x,y etc. For example: A = Set of all small English alphabets 1b, YZ} B et ofall positive integers less than or equal to 10 ,2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} R= Set of real numbers = {x: 0 B (i.e A is a super set of B). Equality of Two Sets: Sets A and B are said to be equal if Ac B and Bc A and we write A= B. Universal Set: ‘As the name implies, itis a set with collection of all the elements and is usually denoted by U. e.g, set ‘of real numbers R is a universal set whereas a set A =(x: x < 3} is not a universal set as it does not contain the set of real numbers x >3. Once the universal set Is known, one can define the ‘Complementary set of a set as the set of all the elements of the universal set which do not belong to that set. e.g. If A= (x: x< 3) then A (orA°) = complimentary set of A = {x: x > 3}. Hence we can say that A U A = Ui.e. Union of a set and its complimentary is always the Universal set and A AA = @ {.e intersection of the set and its complimentary is always a void set. Some of the useful properties of ‘operations on sets are as follows: = A (or (A¥)=A, ANA =6 and AUAE =U{SM-1315-P4-MA- Function Cartesian product of Sets: The Cartesian product (also known as the cross product) of two sets A and B, denoted by A = B (in the same order) is the set of all ordered pairs (x, y) such that x « A and y < B. What we mean by ordered pair is that the pair (a, b) is not the same pair as (b, a) unless a = b. It implies that A x B +B x A in general. Also if A contains m elements and B contains n elements then A x B contains m x n elements. Similarly we can define A x A= {(x, y); x e A and y < A}. We can also define cartesian product of more than two sets. 0g. Arx An Asx... An = f(y, Bay... A)? 8 € An, Bz © Az, +s An © And Mustration 1. Sixty five percent of children in a sport club play football, 70 percent play volley-ball and 75 per-cent play basket ball. What is the smallest percentage of children playing all the three games? Solution: Out of 100 children, Number of children who do not play football = 100 - 65 = 35 Number of children who do not play volley-balll = 100-70 = 30 Number of children who do not play basket ball = 100 ~ 75 = 26. So, the maximum number of children who do not play atleast one game. = 35 + 30 + 25= 90. Thus the minimum number of children who play all the three games = 100 ~ 90 = 10. Hence the smallest percentage of children playing all the three games = 10%. Note: The greatest percentage of children playing all the three games=min(85%, 70%, 75%}=65%. In a small sweet shop people usually buy either one cake or one box o chocolate. One day the shop sold 57 cakes and 36 boxes of chocolates. How| many customers were there that day if 12 people bought both a cake and a box| of chocolates? se i) A survey shows that 63% of the Americans like cheese whereas 76% like apples. If x% of the Americans like both cheese and apples, find the values ofx. Natural Numbers: The numbers 1, 2, 3, 4... are called natural numbers, their set is denoted by N. Thus N= (1,2, 3, 4,5...) : Integers: ‘The numbers ... ~3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, Thus I (orZ)Remarks: ber and denoted by I” or N. rs or natural numt Integers 1, 2,3... are called positive integer eter : tive integers and de ‘a Integers .... 3, 2, ~1 are called negat 4 ts Integers 0, 1, 2, 3, .. are called whole numbers oF non-negative integer Integers .... -3, -2, -1, 0 are called non-positive integers Rational Numbers: ‘The numbers which can be expressed inthe form p/q where p and q are integers; H.C.F. of p and qis 4 and q+ 0, are called rational numbers and their set is denoted by Q. Thus Q -(p p. qelandqe0 and HCF of pa is 1. It may be noted that every 4 integer fs a rational number since it can be written as pit. It may also be noted that all recurring decimals are rational numbers. e.g., p= 0.3 = 0.3333 ‘Then, 10p — p= 3=> p= 1/3, which is a rational number. Irrational Numbers: There are numbers, which can not be expressed in piq form. These numbers are called irrational ‘numbers and their st is denoted by Q¥ (12. complementary set of Q) eg.J2 1+V3 x, v3, 0 vB, etc. Irrational numbers can not be expressed as terminating decimals or recurring decimals. Mustration 2. Prove that logs18 is an irrational number. Solution: 1 Since log418 = +1og23, assume the contrary, that the number log:3 is rational number. => loge3 = © since log:3 > 0 both numbers p and q may be regarded as natural number q =P =3%, But this is not possible for any natural number p and g. Hence log,18 is an irrational number. Real Numbers: The complete set of rational and irrational numbers is the set of real numbers and is denoted by R. Thus R=QUQ’ lt may be noted that NcICQcR. The real numbers can also be expressed in terms of the pales @ point onthe straight line. The straight line is defined as the real number line wherein the ‘@ point relative to the origin (Le. 0) represents a unique real number and vice versa. Real number line: NTN ee er ee a er ee ‘Al tho numbers defi Riitnceteccs acc far follow the order property i.e. f there are two numbers a and b thenOR——E———— 5 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function There is another set of numbers called Complex numbers (Universal set of numbers), denoted by. Thus C = (x + Iy: x © R, y © R} where i (Jota) is a symbol defined as i?= ~1 Itmay be noted that Rc C. The study of complex numbers is not the part of this phase therefore we will deal only with the set of Real numbers. Number Chart: ‘Complex Numbers(C) Real Number) Imaginary Numbers Rational Numbers (Q) Irrational Numbers Integers (1 or Z) Non-Integers. Nogative Integers (1) Positive Integers (") or Natural number (N) Whole’aumbers Intervals are basically subsets of R and are of very much importance in calculus as you will get to know shortly. Intervals are particularly important when you are asked to solve inequalities or to find domains etc. If there are two numbers a, be R such that a < b, we can define four types of intervals a follows: = Open Interval: (a, b) = (x: a a} —— ee 2 = [a= (ax2a} — elt : = (-m,b) = fc x0 and ka> kbifk< 0... inequality sign reverses if both sides are ‘multiplied by a negative number. In particular a < b => a> -b. ms O0 and '>b' if r<0 . i}? ‘Vfx)> 0 and equality holds for f(x) =1 x) 7) . pp |S 2 V1) < Cand ona ols tor fx) Logarithm: 1 Following are some useful points to remember: 1 The expression logx is meaningful forx > 0, b> Oand b + 1 2 bee tog, = fog,b= M2 ons oa , slog, a= [5 Provided both @ and b are non-uity 2e>0 if b> 4 = log,ay > logyay => (34 o OM | O 0 and fx|# 1=> x #0, -1 1. Also, k-1|>0=> x #1 Case a: O 0 = logy k— 1] > logy > 0x 4454 3-15 x-1standx #4 => 0s x2 and x #1 =xe[0, Nut, 2 From 1) and) We have €0 ee b kl> 41> ze Bee 1 or x >11e.x¢ (=, 4)(1, 2) ...(3) (1)a RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function ee = |x lets x -1210r x 15-1 > x 22 oF x SO hex e (-», OM2,~) 4) From (3) and (4), we find that x e (-«, -1) U [2. Hence, x © (0, 1)U (<0, -t){2, @) or x € (0, 1) U (0, 1) U2, «). Remark = The students often forget to test for positive values of argument for which only log has some meaning, You have to be cautious at this point. cl", where a, b,c « R’ and b #1. a(x-1)>2 Prove that a Solve for x: log, The Method of intervals (or wavy curve) is used for solving inequalities of the form = (era (magJP (xa) foo= * (xb) (xb (x-b,) natural numbers and the numbers a}, a,...€%, bj, bz,...bp are any real numbers such that &#D, for any i= 1,2, kand j= 1, 2,3,...,p It consists in the following statements: w ‘All zeros’ of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the inequality should be marked on the number line with inked (black) circles. (i) All points of discontinuities’ of the function f(x) contained on the left hand side of the {inequality should be marked on the number line with un-inked (white) circles. (iil) Check the value of f(x) for any real number greater than the right most marked number on the number line. > 0 (<0, <0, or2 0) where ny, Nz, «2, Mey My, Ma, .-.Mp are ((v) From right to left, beginning above the number line (in case of value of f(x) is positive in step (ii) otherwise from below the number line), a wavy curve should be drawn which passes through all the marked points so that when passes through a simple point’, the curve intersects the number line, and, when passing through a double point’, the curve remains located on one side of the number line, (¥) The appropriate intervals are chosen in accordance with the sign of inequality (the function {1%) Is postive wherever the curve is above the number line its negative if the curve is found below the number lin). Their union represents the solution ofthe inequality. 2 Tre plo wich) vanishes (becomes zero) called function zeros e.g. x = a, «2h points x = bare the points ofthe discontinuity ofthe function fx) _ ithe exponents of a factor is odd then the point called simple point if the exponent ofa factor is even then the point called double pointRSM~1315-P4-MA-Function he answer js non-negative tervals wher a isthe numerator and ett remain open Remarks: Points of discontinuity wil = Ifyou are asked to find the int the intervals closed corresponding f° the oe corresponding to the roots of denominator a The point where denominator is 20r0 OF fun in the answer. never be included in or non-positive then make ation approacs infiity will never be Incuded Mlustration 4. a , . (cosx-leosxi(sinx-5) nxt a ) for which z (cos x—2)*(tanx-v3) — fx>0 @ 1) <0. z Find the value of x © |—5. > Let f(x) Solution: a) cosx > 0 v x = |oosx| = cosx = cosx + |cosx| = 2 cosx f 2 5 2o08,( six-3) (anx—1)° eee (cosx -2) (tanx- V3) Critical points osx = 0=> not in domain 2 aA ai sine 3 = 0 not possible tamc= 1 x= osx = 2 = not possible tanx= V3 x= = Mlustration 5, 1 see Ota) 2-2 ans 8) (e* —e?\/x_ 3)? ~ 0 f>0 (-e)-3) Solve the following inequality forx «(0.24 (i) fi) 20 il) (x) <0 Solution: () fx) 0 0 me de Cleari zn oS ae yxe2.9 2. Se 3w2 Qn 2.2 UK Ofek mee e Cee ans IEG, Fae ara Ra 3 a nit0 006, ce 10946, Ph 46106000, 26560409, Fax 26513942| eso RSM~1315-P4-MA- Function Now sgn of) wil not change around x= 2, €, 8 Then for f(x) > 0 if 1 FR) (six2)(tanx—v8)>0 axe(a 5 Nae 2) Hence solution of ©. (i), (i. Ww). Solve the following inequalities: 8x? +16x-51 | ij Dx DG+4)~ : [7 ey » 2xt 43x? +x CDG + 4) x46) | y Tx? 8x44 ° vw) Quadratic Expression f(x) = ax’+ bx +c, a0 and a,b,c © R: {(x) = ax’ + bx + c represents the equation of a parabola whose axis is ‘pen upward (or concave) if a > 0 and open downward ais if bY ~ 4ac > 0, will touch the x-axis if b? — x-axis if b?— dac <0, Coneave (Open Upward) Parabola (i.e. when a> 0) = If'b?—4ac <0 then the parabola lies above the x-axis. ie. fx)>0¥xeR = ib Parallel to y-axis. It wil be (0r convex) if a < 0. It will intersect with the x- 4ac = 0 and will never intersect with the ~4ac=0 then the parabola touches the x-axis at ~b/2a) and lies above the x-axis for remaining values of xi.e. {(x)>0vx eR. . If b?—4ac>0 then the ‘two real points x, and x2 (x1 < x2 Say) and we can write f(x) = ax?+ Bx + 0= a(x - x:)(x— x2) Here f(x) > 0 x © AR0 then the parabola is cut by the x-axis at iets two real points x; and x2 (x; < xe Say) and we can write A(X) = ax? + bx + = a(x ~ X:)(K = Xa) Here f(x) <0 x € (0, x1) U (X22), x) > OV x (xy, Xa) and f(Xs) = fe) = 0. Let € R, then the magnitude of x is called i's absolute value and in general, denoted by |x|. Thus |x| [-. x<0 Lx x0 Note that x = 0 can be included either with positive values of x or with negative values of x. AS we know all real numbers can be plotted on the real number line, [xl infact represents the distance of number ‘x’ from the origin, measured along the number-ine. Thus |x| > 0. Secondly, any point ‘x’ lying on the real number tine will have i's coordinates as (x, 0). Thus it's distance from the origin is Viz. Hence |x| = VX? Thus we can define |x| as|x|= vx? eg. ifx = -25, then [x| = 2.5, ifx = 3.8 then [x|= 3.8, There is another way to define jx] as |x| =max{x,—x} ‘can be defined as, | Basic Properties of | i= ' Geometrical meaning of x -ylis the distance between x and y \k[>@ =>x> aorx<-aifacR’andx eR if acR™ S [x|-a8 (i) O<|x-1s3 (iv) \x=4|+ [2x -3| = 13x 41 x-3 o Gels Solution: () Since both the sides of the given inequality are non-negative for all x's, when squaring them, we get the inequality (x 1)? < 4, Which is equivalent to the given inequality We then have: x2-2x-3 <0= (x + 1)(x-3)<0=>x € (1,3). Alternate (?) sca i= 8 if x-120 -(x-1), i x-1<0 =x-1€2, ifx—-1200r-x-1)<2, ifx-1<0=>x 1,3) or(-4, 1) =x (41,3) Alternate (ii) We may regard |x -1| as the distance on the number line between points x and 1. Hence, we have to indicate on the number line all such points x which are at a distance less than 2 from the point having the coordinate 1 Desired solution is: (1,3) jx 2 > 1<— 293, (W) fx-3)>5+ so x-3<-Sorx-3>5- Se x<=2 Ox> BX € (-0,-2)U 6,00) (i) 0<|x-4<3. Hore [x—1]>O=>x4+ 1 Aiso, Jx-4] -3 1 e4 (42) (x-2) fe ae ae ial (4) Cr) eS xe Ce 2h [ v @ =) @) From (1) and (2) eas vs (oe axe( st S8h, Soar Solve the following inequalities ) (We = 5x44) - 4) <0> te -xsx |i) x= 1+ x- A+ x-3126 GEST Ea Greatest Integer: Let x ¢ R be any real number. We can always think x to be lying between two consecutive integers namely | and +1 Le.1< x< (I+ 1) (Left hand equality would hold ifx is an integer, otherwise | < x < {'+ 1). That means, we can always find an integer, namely ‘so that the given real number ‘x’ is. always greater than or equals to I. This unique ‘lis called the greatest integral value of x and is ‘symt noted as [x] T.6. KT stands for the greatest integer that is less than or equal to x. 6.9. (PITDEE Lt FAVIEE House 26% Kata Saal Sarvaprva Var, New Bay 016, Ph aa10%000, 26569009, Fox 2651300243 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function poops 2exes Shea raaelo 4 p]=leg. b]=2¢2la>pet+toxetet. Blx sxc hr iaxeth. +1) eg. -1sh]<4 > -1< x<5=xe[1,5) a x-1 blsx From (1), |= 1 x] >x= Fractional Part: We have seen that x > [x]. The difference between the number x’ and its integral value ‘fx) is called the fractional part of x and is symbolically denoted as {x}. ‘Thus, {x} = x-[x] eg. if x = 4.92 then [x] = 4 and {x} = 0.92. We know that, x— 1 < [x] 0<<1 We find that fractional part of any number is always non-negative and less than one. {fx is an integer => x = [x] => {x} = 0 = {{x]) = 0. Basic Properties of Greatest Integer and Fractional Part: = (X= 1, (od = 0, oD =0 wm x= 1 +n)=n+ i) 0, if x € integer. = b+ ee ec if xeinteger Explanation: ‘There will be two cases elther x is an integer or not an integer. case (i): if x «| (integer) => b]=land [x)= -1=> bd + bd = case (il): if 1 1-2-2) = 3K) +269 = 1-5iK)=4 (x) a= $a 1-504) 3 a SS grees 2 -5h<4> —S -E0 ie. wtRSM-1315-P4-MA-Function 16 R 2 &-1=3h) +209 > K=-1>-1sx<0 Which is not a solution as x > 1/2 = x= tis the only solution. eee (i)Wearegiventhatx'—4x+0*920 =x? ax +x- x} +3 =0 =x" seqea th 0s Beat 5 aa ae) se Bee 8 Now x? ~ 3x + 3 =x’ -H+7 +3 ax'- 3x +320 VxeR Now considerx’-3x+3<1 =>x'-3x+2<0 = (=1) &=2)<0 3 1fd=1 ‘Now from the original equation we have x’— 4x + 4 = 0 = (x-2F=0 = x=2 which does not satisfy 1 0 where [.] denotes greatest integer| function. —ii) Solve [x] — 2[x]+1 Til) Solve the Inequality [x]? ~3[x] + 2.<0. My = 3 [x] +1 =2 [x3] + 5, find the value of [x + yl In this chapter we would be dealing with one of the most fundamental concept in Mathematics, namely the notion of function. Roughly speaking, term function is used to define the dependence of cone physical quantity on another e.g. volume 'V’ of a sphere of radius ‘r is given by V ou . This ‘dependence of 'V' on r' would be denoted as V = f(r) and we would simply say that ‘V" is a function of ‘f, Here * is purely a symbol (for that matter any other leter could have been used in place of *), and itis simply used to represent the dependence of one quantity on the other. Definition of Function: Function can be easily defined with the help of the concept of may ‘empty sets. “A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence tt ‘one and only one element of set Y”. Let the correspondence be Y where y = fix), x eX and y cY. We say that '’is the Two things should always be kept in mind: = Amapping f: X -> Y is said to be a function if Y. Itis possible that a few elements in the ‘any element in set X. = Every element in set X should have one a to have more than one image for a valued (A mapping that is multi-valued ping. Let X and Y be any two non- hat assigns to each element of set X, ‘f then mathematically we write f:X—> image of x’ under ‘'(orx is the pre image of y). each element in the set X has set Y are present which are not the image in set 1e images of ind only one image. That means itis impossible Specific element in set X. Functions can't be mult. 's called a relation from X to Y)—e——————_lttt—t—‘“*# 7 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function —_—_—= t+. | cs dyety/: S <7 Not function ‘Not function Let us consider some other examples to make the above mentioned concepts clear. k () Let f: R’ > R where y? = x. This can't be considered a function as each | x € R’ would have two images namely +Vx . Thus it would be a relation. (Let £2, 2) +R, where x2 + y= 4. Hore y =2V4 = that means for every xel 2. 2] we would have two values of y (except when x = +2). Hence it does not represent a function, (il) Let f: R > R where y = x°. Here for each x « Rwe would have @ unique value of y in the set R (as cube of any two distinct real numbers are distinct). Hence it would represent a function Distinction betwoen a relation and 2 function can be easily made by drawing the graph of y=fe). Fig. (@) Fig. (b) “These figures show the graph of two arbitrary curves. In fig.(a) any line drawn paraliel to y-axis would ‘meet the curve at only one point. That means each element of X would have one and only one image. ‘Thus fig (a) would represent the graph of a function. In fig.(b) certain tine (e.g. ine L) would meet the curve in more than one points (A, B and C), Thus Pee ee ete ae ote eves Tes ti are hacemos ton ce if y = f (x) represents a function, lines drawn parallel to y-axis through different Berea rR iso 9k Uf aX stocks ros he came one ecoaly ene sc. ae Domain, Co-domain, Range: Let f: XY be a function. In general sets X ¥ and Y could be any arbitrary non-empty sets. But ee a eg ea void tree, Tom fee t uke Oa vary that X and ¥ are the subsets of real numbers.psM-1315-P4-MA-Function 18 ee Set 'Y'is called the co-domain of the function 3 Set of images of different elements of set X is called the range of the ee lel es range could be a subset of co-domain as we may have fow elements in co- ais ee ite images of any element ofthe set X (of course these elements of co-domain wil range). Range Is also called domain of variation. : Domain of function is normally represented as Domain (f). Range Is represented as Range (f). Note that some time's domain ofthe function is nat explicity defined. In these cases domain would mean the set of values of for which f(x) assumes real values. 6g. ify =f (x) then Domain (F) = KF Q)is ig) = dom t cdo g =: a8) =O? a real number)——__— << domi 9) = dom {dom g, domi) = dom f - dom ¢ iustration 8. Find the domain ofthe following function @ y= log, (cos(sinx)) (i) f(x) = Vsinx +16 - x: (il) f= sin" (2x) + (vy) (x) = logflogsflog-x] Fie a 7 ™) f= sno) (v) f(x) = sin“ (loge + 3x - 2) Solution: (y= (leg, (e08(sinx)) Here 'y’ would assume real value if, Jog; (cos(sinx))2 0 = cos(sinx)2t = cos(sinx) =1 as -1 < cos <1 = sinc =0 x= Hence domain consists of the multiples of x i.e. Domain (y) = { nn: nel}, (i) sine 2 Oand 16-720 = 2nn< x<(2net)rand-4 1 x> 4, 2 wy gat) ‘ ae a+ go) 43220) eae (v)4"+ 8: 13-2" > 0 or, 4" Fe 72342 Poxce, a), (i) sin" logat-x? + 3x2) =o Slogd-K + 9K-2) $1521 s—x9+ x-2<25 xe 4 How to find the Range: There is no specific method fo find the range of a given fun: ¥ =f) can be easy obiaios by expressing x as tncion of ay x car ney Tange of a function y for which x belongs to the domain of the function is the desired then the set of values of 5 "ange. In many cases rang ean ba Sa age ars TaRSM-1315-P4-MA- Function oblained directy from the graph ofthe function. The following ilustrations would make the procedure clear. Mustration 10. Find the range of following functions: 0 [J denotes the greatest integer function. @ (i) OB sas8 Solution =riim 44+x-[x] 1+{x) O<(}<1, - Range= (i) 2+ 4x+4>0->x2— 2 fopeb ear a) > +4xedD20 : 9 S0y*— 10y- 150 -73 * Find the domain of following functions: {2 fe) — thx) = \sinvx = le) thx) = cos i) Find.the range of le) Ha) ae42, 05x54 fb) f= eat f(x) in’x -5 sinx - 6 Find the domain and range of f(x) = log ic {greatest integer function. 2 geet 21D! f Find the domain of the function ff) = 2-5 [x/2] eee Heusen Ineo tiorok as Algebra of Functions: Let us consider two functions, f£ Dy-R and g: D.->R.. We describe functions f+ 9, f=, f.g and {Ig as follows: = f#g:D Risa function defined by (f+ 9x =f)+9(%) where D = DyrD, fg: D> Risa function defined by (fa =f) gx) where D = Dyn, fig:D Ris a function defined by by (f.gx = f(x). a(x) where D = fig: D -¥Ris a function defined by De 3 f(x), = Wig where D= fx: x © Din Da, gfx) x0} IMustration 11. Let f(x) = J6—x, g(x) = Vx-2. Find f+ g, F- Solution: oe (+ aK=VE=x +B, 25x56 Me ies ex Vneeaexee (6a = VB—X VK=2 = (B=x)K-2), 25x06 M_1315-P4-MA-Funetion,Let f(x) = |sinx + cosx|, for x « (0, =| and g(x) = |sinx ~ cosx| for x ¢| ( 5,8 ), then find (f+ g)(x).(f— 9)(x), * and their domains. a4) f g Composite functions: Let f: X > Y; and g : Yi > Y be two given functions. Let a new function h(x) be derived in the following manner. To obtain h(x), we first take the f-mage of an element x « X ‘so that f(x) < Ys, which is the domain of g(x). Then take g- image of f(), i. g(f(x)) which would be an element of Y. The ‘adjacent figure clearly shows the steps to be taken. The function 'h’ defined above is called the composition of f and g and is denoted by gof. Thus (gof)x = g(f(x)) Clearly Domain: fx : x < Domain (f) f(x) -1sx51, A5x<25-45xs1 i)x2s1, 25x53 > xS-1, 2x=6 Let us consider, 1 < g(x) <2, I) 1 2x=6 Weare attic [+47 -2sx<1 [x+3, x=t we ike we can also write g((x)) = (cet), 2x1 Problem of finding out fog and gof can also be handled using graphical methods: Pe as ML Here g(x) becomes the variable that means we ‘would draw the graph g(x). Itis clear that 9(x) <1 Vx €[-4, Mand 1 and f(x) =x+4 eit aa otto) ae SS{ he. off) = 8-25 1 1. y=f(x)= sinx Domain (2 Range [-1, 1]; Period > 2n: Nature > odd; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained —» [-x/2, x2]23 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function 2, y=tkj- cose Domain > (-2); Range > [-1.1]: Period — 2x; Nature — even; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained — [0, 7) 3. y= f()=tanx Domain > R~(2n#1) 2/2, n el Range — (2.2); Period — x; Nature > odd; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained —> (-r/2, »/2). 4. -y= f(x) = cob Domain > Ren, n el; Range — (0,22); Period —> Nature + odd; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained —> (0, n) 5. y=fx) = secx Da c(i? Dade 8 Range + (<»,-1] U[1,.) Period —> Nature — even; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained — (0, n/2) U (n/2 x] a SITRSM-1315-P4-MA-Funetion Range ~ (2-1) U [1.2): in > Ren, n cl, Parad > 2 Nature — od Interval in which the inverse can be obtained -» [-r/2,0) U (0.2/2) y= f(x) =a art Domain — R; Period -> non-periodic; Interval in which the inverse can be obtained — (-2:c) Range — (0, 2) Nature —> neither odd nor ever a> y Y=.) = 8 O R; : Range-> (0, s) Pod von-poods Nature neither odd Interval in which the verso can be obtained > aRSM-1315-P4-MA_ Function 9 -y=logx, —a>Oand #1 Domain -> (0, «); Range > (-, ); Period > non-periodic; Nature -> neither odd_nor even Interval in which the inverse can be obtained — (0,0) fogax (a> 1) logx (0 R Range > |; Period -+ non periodic; Nature — neither even nor odd y 1. y= iod= td Domain — R; Range — (0,1); Period > 1; Nature — neither even nor oddRSM-1315-P4-MA-Funetion y 12. -y=t)=[x! oe Domain -> R; Range > 10.2) Period -» non-periodic; Nature Interval in which the inverse can be : obtained -> (-2, 0] 0r 0, 2) kK 13. y= (x) = sgn(x) f-1,x<0 or sgn(x)=40, x=0 lt, x20 Domain = R; Range — (1, 0, 1} Period — non-periodic; Nature —> odd One-One and Many-One Function: If each element in the. domain-of a function has a distinct image in the co-domain, the function is said to be One-One .One-one functions are als called Injective functions ‘On the other hand , if there are at least two function is known as Many-One. @.g. f: R > Riven by f(x) = x?+ 4 is many-one. Note thatafuncton wil ether be one-one oF many-one You might be inquisitive about methods of determining ¥y-one functions, Well, if you have understood lif you will agree with us that e Feit shall intersect the graph of ett be at least one line parallel ‘Smany-one and vice vernae roi 2 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function zs a4 Note: A many-one function can be made one-one by redefining the domain of the original function. Can you do that for x)= x°+ 1? Methods to Determine One-One and Many-One: i) Let xs, xo € Domain of f and if x; + x2. = f(xs) # fx) for every x;, x2 in the domain, then f is one-one else many-one. ii) Conversely if f0:) = f0x2) = x1 =x2 for every x:, Xe in the domain, then f is one-one else many- one. iii) Ifthe function is entirely increasing or decreasing in the domain, then f is one-one else many- 4 one. iv) Any continuous function f(x) which has at least one local maxima or local minima is many- one. : ¥)—_Affeven functions are many on8> vi) All polynomials of even degree defined in R have at least one local maxima or minima and hhenice are Many one int the domain R. Polynomials of odd degree may be one-one or many- TIC is a rational function then f(x;) = f(%2) will always be satisfied when x; = xin the domain. Hence we can write f(x.) - ) = (X= x2)9(%:, X2) where g(x, x2) is some function in x1and x2, low if a(x, x2) = 0 gives some solution which is different from x; = x2 and which lies in the main, then f is many-one else one-one. ‘yli) Draw the graph of y = f(x) and determine whether f(x) is one-one or many-one. Mustration 13. Lot XR where x)= <1. Find x.) 8 one-ono Faas Solution: For xy, X2 € X, then f(x;) = f(xa) xp+d +4 Post Ppt 7 Oto = =P Ky = XQ OF XX. = 1 ‘we want that other solution is not satisfied which is possible only if x; lies outside (+1, 1), then 2 cannot lie in domain else x; lies within (1, 1), then x, lies outside the domain. Hence X = (-1, 1) or X= R-(-1, 1). Alternative Solution: For a function to be one-one, it should be monotonous in the given domain. That is F(x) should be always positive or always negative fx) = OPH De MOP 1) 2P—P—1 2-4 OP ext (axed Geax? =2 7-1 positive for x € (~0,- 1) U(1, «) is negative for x « (1, 1). hence X can be (~1, 1) or X can be R—(-1, 1). Remark: © HFG) = pleyvatx), g(x) + 0 and f(x) = 0 gi ist SN {(2) = 0 gives at least two distinct real roots on the domain of f,RSM_1315-P4-MA-Function 28 — S Onto and Into functions: fo functions. Let f: X+Y be a function. If each jomain X that is, for every y x= y +1000 = gly) (say) Here g(y) is defined for each ye |, but gly) e N for y < 1000, Hence fis into. Inverse of a Function: IF fe XY be a function defined by y =x) such that fis both, one-one an : unique function g Let xy, xo © A and let fxs) = (x2) S X-2 _ x, -2 = bods => Ka = 8X1 = 2a + B= XK ~ Ska — 21 +6 =X; = Xp = fis one-one, To find whether fis onto or not, first let us find the range of Lot y= Pt > xy-3=x-2 >xly-1)=3y-2 eva x= = yt xis defined ify +1 i.e. range of fis R — {1} which is also the co-domain of ‘Also for no value of y. x can be 3 i.e. if we put ay-2 yo = 3y-3=3y-2 > -3=-2not possible Hence f is onto. Mustration 16. Let f: R R be defined by f(x)= (6"-6")/2. Is ffx) invertible ? If so, find its inverse. Solution: + Let us check for invertibility of f(x): (a) One-One: Let x1, x2 € R and x; < x2 =e" 1) AAls0 x1 < x2 => 2 <1 =e 1) 2200), (1)+ (2) eh +0 ~°0, fx) Le. - «© < f(x) < 80 long as xe(- 0, °) Hence the range of Fis same as the set R . Therefore f(x) is onto. (Can you think of alternative way of showing that f(x) is onto 2) Since f(x) is both one-one and onto, (x) is invertible. (6) To find £~': Let f be the inverse function of f, then by rule of identity fof “(x)= x fe 2 oy of 1) _ 2x 44 2 Se mi aie 2120 3) axavinx? Since e') > 0, negative sign is ruled out. Hence ef") =x+ tex? Taking logarithm, we have f "(x) = In(x +1437 ), What is the domain and range of the f(x)? Left for you to answer. SeTes State which of the following functions are one-one and why ? oR defined by f(x) = -xi R defined by f(x) eet ‘State which of the following function are onto and why ? a » Redefined by f(x) = 2x +3 ~_-B) —f: R'-» Refined by f(x) __9) ” f: R-+R defined by fix) =x" -1 Js the function f: RR defined f(x) = cos(2x+1) invertible? Give reasons. Can you modify domain and co-domain of f such that f becomes invertible? IFEX-> Y is onto and g : Y->Zis onto, then prove that got Even and Odd Functions: iff: XY isa real valued function such tha for allx « D = —x « D (where D (- x) = f(x) for every x € D then f is said to be an even function and if f(— x) yp Be odd function. The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis (ie. if (x, y) lies on the ‘curve, then (~ x, y) also lies on the curve) and that of an odd function is symmetric about the origin (ie. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then (—x, —y) also lies on the curve). Notes: = Some times it is easy to prove that f(x) - f(-x)=0 for even function and ~ {%) + f(x) = 0 for odd functions ‘= A function can be even or odd or neither even nor odd. = Every function defined in symmetric interval D ( i sum of an even and an odd function, xe D => -x € D) can be expressed as a TBAT 6 Pwo ESO, Fac SSPERSM-1315-P4-MA- Function 34 n= (lesen), (H22ste2) It can now easily be shown that h(x) is Lets) (ao 5 to and a even and g(x) is odd _-— The first derivative of an even function is an odd function and vice versa. This Is left as an. ‘exercise for you to prove. =0i.e. if for ‘= If x=0 € domain of f, then for odd function f(x) which is continuous at x = 0, (0) Xa function, (0) + 0, then that function can not be odd, follows that fora differentiable even function f (0) = 0 Le if for a differentiable function { '(0) # 0 then the function f cannot be even imustration 17. Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither: @ fh =x sinx i) f(xy =Ntexa? - Vt-x4x? wy f(x) = bo =") (Hx) = ba (x+Vive) 2 () fo) [sinx-fcosx) wt) = TE Solution: (i) f(x) = (20? sin(-x) = 3¢ sinx = f(x), _ hence f(x) is odd. (ied = VAs 0+ 9? - 1-9) + oF = Vinx — Vie? = (9), hence f(x) is odd (i) (0) = bog (Ee) = log (2) = -f(x), henoe f(x) is odd. a (-x+ f+?) (xtv14x?) ox) = tog (-x+ f+ (xP) Hog | tN ENE? (wf) = fog (-«+ Vix?) w( are fee ' (= 1} =e, ne so (v) f() = [sinx] — [cosx] forx>Oandx< = x x- = 2 fxy==4 "Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd. f = t+a® WYO) = oe i tea “feg= ea ‘hence f(x) is od—_—~S 32 RSM-1315-P4-MA-Function Extension of Domain: Let a function be defined on certain domain which Is entirely non-negative (or non positive). The ‘domain of f(x) can be extended to the set X = {-x: xe domain of f(x} in two ways: i) Even extension: The even extension is obtained by defining a new function f(-x) for x < X, such that f(x) = £00). ji) Odd extension: The odd extension is obtained by defining a new function f(-x) for xeX, such Mustration 18. If t(x, 2 ee for 052 Then find the even and odd extension of f(x). x42 for 2 period = 2 er (i 100) = x feeb] +b} ~. period = 4 z tay gy = Etorsx |sinx]+|oosx| x Since period of [sinx + cox|= x and period of |sinx| + | cosx| is n/2. Hence f(x) is periodic with x as its period. < (iv) fx) = tan [x] © one? x tans I+T] = tan Ux] = 5 bxeT] = ne 5 i 1 T=2~ 2. Period = 2. | PTIGE tea, FLTIEE House 29°, alu Sara, Servapriya Vihar, Tae et ee SE315-P4-MA-Function Find period of following functions (If exists!) oo (f(x) = sinax + tanTx (b)~ fx) = xfx] +005(79). _-}° i) Is the function f(x) = /sinx periodic ? Wi) For what value of a, sinax + cos ax and | sinx| + | cosx| are periodic functions of same fundamental period. 1) Drawing the graph of y = (x) + b, BeR, from the known graph of y= f(x): {tis obvious that domain of f(x) and f(x) + b are the same. Let us take any point x in the domain of fe). Yee = f0%0)- ‘The corresponding point on fix) + b would be f(x) +b b> 0 => f(xa) + b> f(xa) t means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at a distance “b’ units above the point on f(x). b <0 = f(xa) + b < f(x) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at a distance "b’ units below the point on f(x). ‘Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the positive y-axis direction (ifb > 0) or in the negative y-axis direction (ib < 0), through a distance |b units. il) Drawing the graph of [y] = f(x) from the known graph of y = fix): patie soa, Pitaestann 20 ata Surat Sarvapipa Vr, Nw Dal -140 O16, Pe albS00a GODODIOS FOS SeccSpee "WTR PEE Waa Hl Srl Sp Vr a Da -8 OP ¥o008 DSERVE Serer weesRSM-1315-P4-MA- Function = It is clear that [y] = f(x) would make sense only when f(x) is an integer. If f(x) is not an integer graph of Iv] = f(x) would not exist. As such first of all we would locate those points which make f(x) an integer. To do this we draw lines parallel to x-axis passing through different integral points lying on the y-axis til the entire graph of f(x) is covered up. The procedure is made clear in Figure (a) and Figure (b). iil) Drawing the graph of y = [f(x)] from the known graph of y = f(x): fe) =3 =2 f=1 f)=0 ~ fx) =-1 Itis clear that if n < f(x) [-1, 1], => the inverse mapping would be fs [4,1] > Ew, wi]. Note: ‘= It is clear that atleast one root of the equation f(x) - f(x) = 0 would lie on the line y = provided the root exists. Mustration 20. ‘Draw the graphs of the following, | @ — y={sinx} @: ‘Visens. | i) wl=cosx ™ — y=cos fx) where x € [0, 2a}. a ee RITDEG LA, PTIEE House, 26-4, Kaly Ser Sarvneripa ” Vihar, New Dei -110 016 Ph 46106000, 26568403, Fax 2681304239 RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function Solution: 0 : (i) a (wv) Draw the graphs of the following function. D fol x 6 £5, 5) : til acom, ox UPS i) [fj] =2+sinx x [0,25] __ [,] denotes the greatest integer function. iv) f(x) = [sin x{ + |cos x\J x « R_[,] denotes the greatest integer function. v f(x) =a" (a> 0) « . : % 4 e40 = ERS TOENERCISE ssw 00 Exercise 1. = w Exercise 2. i) xe (1, 3/2) Exercise 3. @ xe (-4,-3)v(@r2,52) © Gi) xe, -1)UC12,0)U (12,0) (Wd W) xe F2,-6)U 4-1) (1,0) sy Exercise 4. Wx € (0,1) (1, 85) 0 (5124) (4,2) Ci) Gil) xe, }U[4, «) Exercise 5. M xe(,3)4 @ (i) x e{1,3) ) Exercise 6. ()(@) (2nn)?| i RSM-1315-P4-MA- Funetion 4“ / oe Exercise 11. i (i) (@) 2x (b) 2 i] (i) Periodic with petiod. 2x (ii) a=4 | i Exercise 12. ; i 0 ' i | (0,2) f : 20) | @0) i) f(x) x aE ~nA (0}0) Jad 2x ) ytRSM_1315-P4-MA-Function PERE «CONCEPT FORMULA AT GLANCE _ 6S aa A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that ly one element of set Y". Let the correspondence be ‘f = f(x), x eX and y eY. We say that 'y'is the Image of ‘Let X and Y be any two non-empty sets. assigns to each element of set X, one and on! then mathematically we write f: X > Y, where y x! under (or x is the pre image of y) Domain, Co-Domain and Range For a function: XY ‘Set is called domain of the function ‘P. Set ‘Y’is called the co-domain of the function f ‘Set of images of different elements of set X is called the range of the function f. Algebraic Operations on Functions () If f and g are two functions, then the sum of the functions f + g is defined for all x. domf dom g by (F + g) (x) = fix) + g(x). | Gi) Similarly we can define product fg and quotient fig as following: for all x © dom fn dom g, (fa) (x) = 10.) o(8) f) ) and for ax € dom f dom g— {x a0) [Ex = { 1 E)oa= 2 (ii) If kis any real number and fis a function, then kf is defined for all x c dom f by (if) x = f(x). Composite Functions Let us consider two functions, f: XY; and. g : Yy->¥. We define function h : XY such that h(x) = g(f(x)). To obtain h(x), we first take 0, 2x4 eNO = fx: f(9)20RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function pl Domain and Range of Some Important Real Functions and Their Graphs ‘Aconvenient and useful method for studying a function is to study it through its graph. To draw the graph of a function f: X -» Y, we choose a system of coordinate axes in the plane such that to each x « X, there corresponds the ordered pair (x; {(x)) which determines a point in the plane. The set of all points {(x, f(x)): x eX} Is the graph of f. We consider some examples of functions and their graphs. Function Domain and Range Graph of Definition 4. AConstant f:R> (0) Slee Function defined by f(x) See TEROR fr, 2 The Identity defined by f(x) = x Function oe 3. The Absolute f:R (0,0) SG Value Function defined by f(x) = [| ag te 4, The Exponential f:R> 0.) E Ae Function defined by f(x) = 6" pet 5. The Natural £:0,0) 9R Logarithmic defined by f(x) = In x ae Function 6. The Greatest ERoZ Integer Function | defined by f(x) = [x] the greatest integer < x 7. The fractional R10, 1) part of x defined by f(x) = {x} 8 Polynomial f0) = ax" +a" +. tay act ay Functions Where ap, @....8 are real numbers, ay + 0. 8. Rational 1082), wore p(x and 5 e ; ae a) (x).are polynomials in x. Domain is R={: qx) =0} es SSSRSM~1315-P4-MA-Fun, ‘one-to-one Functions (or injective Functions) A function t's sald to be one-to-one if it does not take the same values at two distinct points in its Gomsin. Thus, ix x3.¢ dom then x, # x) <> (44) # fez), Alteratively, fis one-to-one fix) = th) <> X= x, Remarks: ') Areal function is one-one nts domain f(x) > 0 for al dom f or f(x) < 0 for 0) > 0 for alt Ce i ae iv here fis derivative off 0) can vanish at ca . Some points but such points must not fom A function fis: “many-one” ifitis Not one-t i) fo-one.RSM-1315-P4-MA- Function fe ‘Onto Functions (or Surjective Functions) A unetion f : X > Y is said to be onto if each element in Y is the image of atleast one element in x. Thus, for an onto function f, range of f = codomain Y. ‘A function fis onto if itis not onto, i.e., range of X such that for each y < Y, g(y) =x if and only if y = f(x). The function g so defined is called the inverse of f and denoted by f “. Also if gs the inverse of f, then f is the inverse of g and the two functions f and g are said to be inverses of each other. Remarks: Let f: X > Y be a bijective function, then i) dom inge f' and range f = Y = dom f" £1:Y + Xis also bijective i) # fof(x) = x for all x < dom f and fof “(x) = x for all x < dom f' iv) The graphs of y = f(x) and y = f(x) are always symmetric about the line y = x for a real function f Even and Odd Functions IFf: XY is a real valued function such that for all xeD = — xD ( where D = domain of f). If {(-x) = f(x) for every x < D, then f is said to be an even function and if f(-x) = -f(x), then f is said to be odd function. The graphs of even functions are symmetric about the y-axis (i.e. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then (-x, y) also lies on the curve) and those of odd functions are symmetric about the origin (Le. if (x, y) lies on the curve, then (x, -y) also lies on the curve). For any function f, f(x) + f(-x) is always an even function and f(x) — f(-x) is always an odd function. Thus, any function y = f(x) can be expressed uniquely as the sum of an even and an odd function as follows: i _ [00+ fx) f0¢ ye I. { Remarks: For two real functions f and g i) f¥giseveniff and g are both even. PUITHGE Lea, FLITIEE House, 29-A, Kalu Sara, Sarvapriya Vibar, New “ ath 50 06 Ph 46104000, 26860003 Fax 26513042———————————- - Bs REM-1315-P4-MA-Function 46 = f+ gis odd iff and g are both odd. f + gis neither even nor ‘odd if one is odd and other is even. il) fgiseven if both f and g are even or both odd. fg is odd if one is even and the other Is odd. iil) __fogis even if atleast one of f and g is even. fog is odd if both f and g are odd iv) fis even = f' is odd and fis odd => f' is even. fis odd [f(t)dt is an even function for any 3 « R fis even => Jamar is an odd function. aah, a ¥) ___IFfis even, then it cannot be one-one. An odd function may or may not be one-one. Periodic Function ‘A function f : XY is said to be a periodic function if there exists a positive real number p such that (+ p)=f(s), for all x < X. The least of all such positive numbers p is called the principal period or simply period of f. All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the domain as the same pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain. Remarks: i) _ If (x) Is periodic with period p, then af(x) + b where a, b < R (a = 0) is also periodic with : period p. li) __ IF f(x) is periodic with period p, then f(ax + b) where a, b & R ( a 0) is also period with P period ja ill) Let f() has period p = : Un (m, n < N and co-prime) and g(x) has period q = r/s (r,s « N and co-prime) and lett be the LCM of pandgq ie, t= LCMof (mr) HCF of (ns) © : ene there does not exist a positive number k (< t) for (%), else k will be the period. The same rule is applicable Then t shall be the period of f + g which f(k + x) = g(x) and g(k + x for any other algebraic combinat i tion of f(x) and g6 iv) If fis periodic and g is non-peri ie Periodic, then f(g(x i ¥) If fis periodic with period T, then # is eae wine po vi) periodic function cannot be one- poe ‘one,RoM-1315-P4-MA- Function —— a s0venPromuews (ae Subjective = Ne Solution: For f(x) to be defined the following three inequalities must be satisfied sin‘'(logsx) 2 0 => 0 15x <2; cos(sinx) 2 0=>x eR; 2 flsr= 4 xi? —2)x| 50 => x= 1 or-t <. Domain of f will be {1}. Problem 1. Find the domain of the following function: fx) = sin“ (log, x) + Jcos(sin x) + sin” (= Problem 2. Find the range of following functions sin? x+sinx-1 sinx-cos x+3V2 = ssn xeT ayeig oD oes Os at mt) ton E | (i) f(x) = (tan)? + Tae Solution: ae X+SINX=1 gigg letz=simx >-1<57<51 (i) Le ae (ety = ex —sinxs2 and y= gato 3 y-2-Y Htiz+ @y+1)=0 (4) 3-20 2 3+ 2Ni1 ke ear, Since zis real => (A) Now Cased: If both roots of equation (1) is greater than 1 i.e. x;> 1 andx2> 1. > Xit%22 and ae -1)>0 Steytory< =ye(t3) Case Hl: hx) <1 andxe<-1 Sms x22 and (K #1) (e+ 1)>0 --(B) "ITAGE Le, LITRE Howse,20-A, Kala Sora, cs ‘Seg Var, em ah 110 016 Ph 4O8008, 2669683, Fax 2651902eee _ RSM~1315-P4_MA-Fun, men 1 S feyst andy> Tory <- 4 e(C) syed Casedli thx, <-1 and x2> 1 = (ey +1) 2+ 1) Seyi «..(D) 3-24 ‘| 7 2) (ety = gy Hone > Basio(x2) +9 > 152-3515 252<4> y>[1,4) Range of f(x) af 160 = (an + Vinx? tax 2x fog = Now Let a(x) = tan‘ - Vitex? M+ x’ oe =9'0)= —— a € mesa) i G.ept * **"* = 91%)> 0 >F%)>0 for x «0, 0) - = f(x) s an increasing functions. So range of f(x) is (fo), lim £(x) z bea Note that f(x) is an even function so attai 'W) Since (x) = Va? cos?x +b? sin? x + (a? sin? x +8? cos? x) Lety = Va? cos? +b? sin?x + [a sin? x+ 6? cos?) ayeatspten [= cost 8% six) (asin? x can?) salt b+ 2 Jat? (sint ins the same values for x € (~, 0} x5 costa) sa abt) +042 (a a sin? x cos? x xo0s? x = a+ b242 Now, 0s sin?2x< 1 ath? 1+a?-2a+6-2a<0 = (a-2) +3<0 Which is not possible, Therefore function is not monotonic. Hence, no value ofa’ is possible Problem 6. The funetionsf and g are given by fx) = (x) and a(x) = 5 sine; (where (and [, denotes fractional part of x and greatest integer x respectively), then find the range of gof. ‘Solution: got) = 9) = 4 sino 1 ; Finds = 0 range is {0}. Problom 7. 110) = 64 + nd te 4, are the roots of 4x+ = 2, then find f(a) + 16). Solution: fox) = 66x + 4 = (4? 1 x x f= (0:4) ~ax4{ test f{a)=2-3x4x2=-16 10)=2-3.4.2=-16, Problem 8. as ‘ (ey Funston |: R-» R where R isthe set of eal numbers, Is defined by fix) = 2X2 +6x-8 Find the interval of values of a for a+ 6x— 8x7" which one : ‘Fis onto. Is the function one to one for a =3. Justifypsm-1315-P4_MA- Function tt Solution: ax? +6x=8 _ as 6x—8x" = (a+ By)x? + (1 — yx (8+ ay) =0 since xis real, 36(1 — y)? +4(o. + 8y)(8 + ay)20 > 9(1+ y? — 2y) + (Bay? + B4y + ay + Ba) 20 => (9+ Bay? +( a? + 46)y +(9 + Ba) 20 +f) Since ~ 0 > a>-9/8 and (i) D<0 = (0? +46) -[2(9 +8a)}" <0 => (a? +46 + 18 + 16 a) a? + 46 - 18 - 16a) <0 = (a? + 16a + 64)(a? - 16a + 28) <0 => (a +8) (a-2)(a-14)s0 > 2s as14 3x? +6x-8 “Bx? 46x43 Let For a= 3, {(x) f(x) =0 =>x=-14 Thus, f (-1+“S= A => fis notone-one for a=3 Problem 9. 1 f(x) is a real valued function which satisfied i{x+3) 100+ fxs 0+ (ed and |f(x)| < 2x eR, then prove that f(x) is periodic. Solution: 1 Letx=x+ = XEKtD asad (eed) -t( oS) ttre (3) 100 <16-94(3) adding we get f(x + 2) + f(x) = 2fix + 1) => f(x + 2)—f0c + 1) =flx + 1)—f(%) = © (et) Sik +1)-fK)=0 xoxtt f+ 2)-f(x+ 1)=¢ xoxKtt fox +3) —1(x + 2) f+) =f) = adding, (x + n) —fx) = ne MQ] <2 = If + n) - foo] <4 but for c not = 0 7 INE Ld, FEETIEE House,29-A Kau Sara, Sarvapriva Var, Mew Dell 110 016, Ph 46106000, 26569499, Fax 26513942 iRSM-1315-P4-MA-Function, ee wo can find sufficient large n for which on > 4 ; hence c = 0 : => f(x + 1) = fix) = periodic wth period 1. ; Problem 10. wit) ty) = f(xffav? +yVI=x2 thon prove that 4 — 38) + 98) = 0 Solution: =-y f(x) +x) = £0) x=0.y 24(0) = (0) = f(0) = 0 =f) =-f%) hence f(x) is odd (1) ind, y= sind {(sino) + f(sine) = f(sin20) {(sin20) + (sind) = f(sin30) = 3f(sino) = f(sin30) = f(-sin30) + afsina) = 0 (using (1)) = fldxo — 3x) + 31) = 0 Problem 11. Find the domain and range of h(x) = g(f(x). where ft) = {, BSG) ena oto = 55°, and [J denotes the greatest integer function. : Solution: { [F&)]. -nSf(x)s nee) =aton)= | [0% Aes [ant(), —0? 4| + cost 2 +45) Since x + 1/22 1/2, [ted] =00r, U as sin* [e es | is defined only for these two values. when |e + 4 = 0 f(x) = sin"0 + cos"(-1) = x when le 4 = 1 =5(x) = sin + 0080 = = ‘Therefore range of f(x) = {x}. Probiom 3. The graph of the function fix) = fog, (x-+ Vx? +1) is symmetric about (A) xoxis (©) y-axis (C) origin (O) line y = x Solution: x)= 09,1 V9) 108, — Pom ~ RIT si, PITRE own 2A Kala Sra Seraprva Vihar, Ma Deb 110016 Ph 46106000, 26569993, Fav Za SSRSM-1315-P4-MA-Function 2 fo) =f) f(x) is odd function. itis symmetric about origin. Problem 4. €08X here x is not an integral muttple of = and [J denotes the greatest integer mae function is function (A) an odd function (B) even (C) nelther odd nor even (D) none of these Solution: cel 2) 5-8 = f(x) is an odd function. Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 5. 18100) = Vx, als) =% and h(x) = 4x— 8 then Baa ioe (8) fogoh(x) = Vx -2 (©) hogorts) = Vx -8 Daa oe ‘Solution: gohof(x) = ath( Vx )) = o(4 Vx - 8) = vk -2 fogoh(x) = f(x 2)= vx=2 hogofix) = x -8 hofog(x) = 2Vx -8. Problem 6. Iff(x) + 211 —x) =x7 + 2 V x ER, then f(x) is given as (x2 (8)? -2 (D) None of these Solution: By replacing x with (1 —x) in the gi z {(1—x) +241 -1 + oe expression = f(1 =x) + 2f(x) = (1 xj? +2 Now fox) + 26(1 — x) — 21 — 2 eee ae ee 2-2-2 a 3 fle) =92 = 4x +4 fe) Hence (A) is the correct answer, ae a anni cg aa TRF “aNT TH ee problem 7. If f(x) =V4—x2 + , then the domain of f(x) is sin x (A) [-2, O} (8) (0, 2] (C) [-2, 2} (D) [-2, 0) solution: fx) = V4- (47 20>%< 4 5-2 0 when sinx <0, |sinx| = -sinx = -2sinx > 0 = sinx <0 if| sinx| =sinx then 0> 0 not possible 2. Domain is [-2, 0). Problem 8. Domain of the function f (x) = x is [sin(In x) -cos(Inx) (A) (6, e725) (8) (014, of) (Cee ee es) (D) none of these Solution: For domain sin (In x) > cos (In x) and x > 0 Sn ann+ = R such that 0, x ¢ rational Eo, x ¢ irrational ‘ r= { xem g6)-\ Se iores , then (f= g)(x) is (A) one-one and onto (8) neither one-one nor onto (C) one-one but not onto (D) onto but not one-one Solution: x; xelmrational Let ho) =f) -90)= 1, x ¢rational = the function h(x) is one-one and onto. Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 10. 2 2 If 1x) = — f(x) and g(x) = F(x) and F(x) = ((3)) +(o3)) and given that F(5) = 5, then F (0) is equal to a5 (6) 10 (Co (0) 15 (RO he ee a TMI Lea, FLTIEE Howse 29°, Wal Sara arvapiy Vb, New Dell! O16 Ph 46106000, 26568403, Fax 26553042, eS EERSM-1315-P4-MA-Function Solution: f(x) = A(x) and f(x) = (x) = £00) - Fd) + £00) . 0) = a ae Stix)’ + (FOF = 6 => (HX) + (9) =¢ =>F(x)=o = F(10)=5. Hence (A) is the correct answer. Problem 11. 2x-1 24-1 _ 9, and Pis the subset of S, If Sis the set of all real numbers x for which "=a then P can be w($-) of?) © (5. 3) (0)(0,) Solution: 1) Prete ax 2) BE 4 BKt4x 2x{xe A) 1 1 (a xeco-u(-3, ofS. ) ae-(3, 2) ana ( Hence (B) and (C) are the correct answers. Problem 12. Let ff-2/3, 2n/3] — [0,4] be a function defined as f(x)= V3 sin x — cosx + 2. Then f (x) is given by mes wet >0 (D) None of these. Solution: W095 sinx-cxsx+2=28h(x-£) +2 J Since f(x)is one-one and onto, fis invertible. Now fof “(x)= x => 2 sin (+0-2) sain F(x)—2) = X_ ( Dee) S 3a! Boys aat& |). 5 =f) = sin 3-1} Because Hence (B) is a correct answer. ‘Also using sina + cosa = w/. fyeSe (nao "W)= 5 cos Bano (2) Hence (C) is also @ coméct answer 2 (TN cea, Fre = : Lee 46106000, 2650040, Fax 26513042 +2=x $1 for allx «0, 4)st 1-2sin? x , (f(x) 20, Vx eR and (0) = 1) then f (x) is a periodic function with the (8) 2n (0) none of these Solution: f(x) . f(x) = cosex Jfr(@)#(%) dx=[oos2x ax => fx) = [sin2x) Fe = 1%) = J(sin2x) +1 = 1(«) is periodic with period x. Clearly 2z is also a period. Hence (A) and (B) are the correct answers. Problem 14. {(x) is a real valued function, satisfying (x + y) + —y) = 2f(x).f) for all yeR. Then (A) f(x) is an even function (B) f(x) is even if (0) (©) f(x) is odd if (0) = 0 (D) f(x) is even if f(0) = Solution: fc + y) +10 ~y) = 2 100. fly) => {(0+0) + f(0-0) = 2 f(0). (0) 2ff(O)]? = f(0) = 1 oF £(0)= 0 0, then f(0 + y) + f(0-y) = 2 (0). fly) | =f) +f) =0 = fis an odd function. ‘Also replacing y = 0 inthe given expression , f(x) = : => f(x) would be odd and even simultaneously. , IF £(0) =4, then f(0+y) + (0 - y) = 2 f(0). fly) {(y) + fl-y) = 2fly) = fis an even function. Hence (A), (B), (C) and (D) are the correct answers. .WxeR Read the following comprehension carefully and answer the following Problems (15-17): 4 -2 (4 =f O f period 4) 90) = f(t) =at and g(2) = A. 2 Problem 18. Which of the following is true? (A) gis even function (8) gis odd function (C) gis periodic if #0 (0) none of these Solution: Consider g(—x)= f f(t)at ° Put—ty=u = -dt= du =-ft(-uau=—Frruyau (+ fis even) a 0 = g(x) => gis odd. Hence (B) is also a correct answer. Problem 19. The Value of g(x + 4) — g(x) is equal to (A) a1) (8) 9(2) (C) 4) (D) none of these Solution: xs x The value of g(x + 4) — g(x) = i f(tyat - f(t) =dt Q a 4 os x = Jfctyat “ J f(that—[f(t+ 4)dt ° ° ° putt +4=u xe A = frat J fetyat— J fu)eu=914). a 2 4 __ Hence (C) is also a correct answer. Vinny New Delhi 110 016 Ph 4600000, "RITA Led FIFTIES House, 29-A, Kal Sara Saree V "26569009, Pax 20SEaBa2 a neeRSM-1315-P4-MA-Function 60 — A i in domain D, Problem 20. paola monotonocally increasing functions in D, then f(x) _ ‘Statement —1: If f(x) 2! (x) is also increasing. because Statement -2: For two increasing. s (A) Statement -1 is tf (©) Statement “1 is True, Statement -2 is True; Statement Statement-1 “ (C) Statement -1 is True, Statement -2 is False (D) Statement -1 is False, Statement -2 is True 100) and 9(%) increasing in domain D, f(x) + g(x) is always function, True, Statement -2 is True; ‘Statement-2 is a correct explanation for rue, i-2 Is NOT a correct explanation for (x) + 91%) oes F(x) + gx) since f(x) and g'x) are both greater than zero hence h(x) > 0 v x. Hence h(x) is increasing. Let H(x) = f(x) - a(x) = HX) = F(%) — a(x) since f(x) and g/(x) are both positive but f(x) may be greater than or less than g‘(x). Hence H(x) can be increasing or decreasing. Problem 21. 1(x) is a polynomial function satisfying f(x) . fly) = f(x) + fly) + fixy) - 2 vx, y eR, it is given that f(1) = 2, (9) = 10, (4) = 10k; + ke (ks, ke 1) then ke is Solution: poi 1 Putting y= ©, we have 1(2)=100+1(}a1-2 ee (2) 1o+1(2) x x By taking a polynomial function of n® degree and on solvi fx) =x°+ 1 orf) = +4 mae eet fx) 2—x°+ 1 (~ it doesn't satisty (3) = 10 for any n) f(x) =x" + 1 = n= 2 (using (3) = 10) f(x) =x +1 = 4) = 17= 10(1) +7, Problem 22. Let X be the set of positive function such bate aoe than or equal to 8 and let f: X > X be a ‘Solution: ' ¥24.If (8) = 8, then the value of (20) is. Putx=4, y= 4 = (8) = (16) x=8,y=8=1(16) ) X= 16, y= 4 = (20) =1(64), = £(20) = (8) = 8. Problem 23. HA) = (= 491 (x — 2/20) oy 209) (x. Pm)! tot y= £101) ——— Foon’