STEP 2 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION GERUNDS: SUBJECT AND OBJECT Corer Gerund (Subject) Verb ‘Smoking causes health problems. Notsmoking is. healthier Gerund (Object) You should quit smoking, We suggest not smoking, Gerund as Object of a Preposition Preposition Gerund Rieyou against smoking in public? Iplan on quitting nextimonth. Iminfavor of permitting smoking. GRAMMAR NOTES: ‘Agerund is the base form of verb + -ing. + Smoking is bad for your health. + lenjoy having a cigarette in the park. + She’ against allowing cigarettes at Bast Fon Geruno BE CAREFUL! There are often spelling smoke smoking changes when you add -ing. permit permitting die dying Form the negative by placing net before the + Not exercising is bad foryou. gerund, + The doctor suggested not drinking co + She happy about not working today. 324 UNIT23‘gerund isa vert that we uselike a noun. ‘A gerund can be the subject of sentence. Itis ‘always singular. Use the third-person-singular form of the verb after gerunds. E CAREFUL! DoNOT confuse a gerund with progressive form of the verb. 'b. A gerund can be the object of certain verbs. Use a gerund after these verbs: admit consider keep cesist ‘advise deny —iike’ risk appreciate dislike mind start avid enjoy miss stop caritstand finish quit’ suggest Pvc onenuse go + peundtn deste © Neuter suchas shop tin, ig, Finn, andcoroia igi aoa Usea gerund after prepositions such 2s: about before for on ‘against between in to at by of with/without ‘Thete are many expressions with prepositions, You can use a gerund after expressions with: + verb + preposition adviseagainst believein __counton + adjective + preposition ofiaid of bored with excited about BE CAREFUL! Use a gerund, not an infinitive (to + base form of verb}, after expressions with the preposition to: lookforwardte beopposedto objectto REFERENCE NOTES Eating junk food makes me sick. Advertising cigarettes on TV is illegal so Drinking alot of coffees unhealthy. roc Fam He is drinking coffee right now. Jiang avoids hanging out with smokers, Have you ever considered quitting? + I dislie sitting near smokers in cafés. We finished studying and went out. Did you miss smoking after you quit? Dr. Ho suggested not staying up late. Let's go swimming in the lake. | went shopping for running shoes at the mall Iesall about getting fi. = im against smoking in public. ‘You'll mprove your health by quitting. lim forbanning tobacco ads. { believe in taking care of my health. tim excited about joining the health club. Mook forward to seeing you. Nor: | Jook forward te-see you. For spelling rules for verb + -Ing, see Appendix 21 on page A-10. For e more complete lst of verbs that can be followed by gerunds, see Appendix 13 on page A‘. Fora list of adjectives followed by prepositions, see Appendix 17 on page A. For alist of verbs followed by prepositions, see Appendix 18 on page A. Gerunds: Subject and Object 325STEP 2 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS Subject Verb 1 decided (not)towrite to Anni You advised John —_(not)toborrow money. it He asked her) (not)toarrange a date, GRAMMAR NOTES 336 (Object) Infinitive ‘An infinitive is to + base form of the verb. Form the negative by placing not before the Infinitive, ‘An infinitive can follow certain verbs. ‘Some verbs, such as the ones below, can be followed directly by an infinitive. agree forget remember ‘attempt — hope sh begin eam seem cantwait manage tty decide plan volunteer fail refuse wait ‘Some verbs, such as the ones below, need an ‘object (noun or pronoun) before the infinitive. advise encourage permit tell allow force persuade urge convince invite remind warn Some vers, such as the ones below, can be followed by: + an infinitive + an object + infinitive ask need promise choose pay want expect prefer would ike REFERENCE NOTES She decided to join a health club. + She decided not to Join the math club. | agreed to have dinner. He wants to make new friends. xs + ese He decided to take a dance class. He hoped to meet new people. She refused to go out with him. + Shetried not to be late, eRe oar ITE invited Mary to eat with us. | reminded herto come, She told me to call her. ‘They wamed us notte forget, asked to come to the meeting, mcr + oe asked them to come to the meeting. Fora list of verbs that are followed by infinitives,see Appendix 14 on page A. Fora more complete list of verbs that need an object before the infinitive, see Appendix 16 on page A-7. UNIT 24STEP 2 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION INFINITIVES Infinitives of Purpose {use it to call my fiends. Infinitives after Adjectives and Adverbs ie isnot She spoke They worked i Ws She spoke ‘Adjective / Adverb hard expensive quickly slowly fortodd forhim ‘Adjective/ ‘Adverb easy cheap slowly (Enough) (enough) forodd enough —forhim They didivtwork quickly GRAMMAR NOTES Use an infinitive (to + base form of verb) to ‘explain the purpose of an action, It often answers USAGE NOTES: a. In conversation, you can answer the question Why? with an incomplete sentence beginning with to. b. We usually do NOT repeat to when we give more than one purpose. 346 UNIT25 (For + Noun / ‘Object Pronoun) (For+Noun Object Pronoun) left at 9-00 in order not tobe late. touse. tobuy. ‘tounderstand, tofinish. [A: Why did you go to the mall? B: | went there te buy 2 new phone. ‘A: Why did you go to the mall? B: To buy anew camera phone. + Iwentto the mall tobuy a phone, eat lunch, and see a movie. ‘Not: went to the mall to buy a phone, eat lunch, and te see a movie.Informal writing we often use: ‘a imorder to + base form of verb to explain 2 purpose b. inorder notto + base form of verb to explain, negative purpose USAGE NOTE: In everycay spoken English, we Often express a negative purpose with because + a reason. You can use the infinitive after adjectives and adverbs, ‘Sometimes we use for + noun / pronoun before the infinitive, Use too before the adjective or adverb to show the reason something is not possible. Use enough after the adjective or adverb to show the reason something is possible. Notice the word order in sentences with: + to0 + adj.+- for + noun/pro. + infinitive + adj. enough + for + noun/pro, + infinitive Remeussn: We don’t need the infinitive when the ‘meaning Is clear. Fora: He acquired itin order to stay connected to the world. Inromwat: He got it to stay in touch with his friends. + They use a GPS in order not to get lost. + Tse a GPS because I don’t want to get lost. sm + Itseasytouse, ves + We worked hard to finish on time. + It easy for Todd to use. + It easy forhim to use. + Itwas too expensive to buy, (tewas expensive, so couldn't buy it) + Itwas cheap enough to buy. (it was cheap, so could buy it) Nor: It was eneugh-cheap to buy. + Its too hard for my son to understand. + Its easy enough for Jana to.use. ‘A: Did you buy a smart phone? B: Yes. Its finally cheap enough for me! (ts cheap enough forme to buy, ‘More Uses of infinitives 347| MINN After You Read Al Vocabulary: Complete the sentences with the words from the box. anxious discouraging project putoff task _ universal 1. Have you finished your class yet? 2, The problem is People all over the world experience it. 3. [get very before a test. 4, Don't writing your essay. Do it today! 5. Shopping for dinner is my least favorite 6. Its , but I won't give up hope! B| Comprehension: Check (v) the reasons the article gives for procrastination. DL. being lazy 11 2. not enjoying the task 1 3. not understanding something 1 4, feeling anxious about the task 5. not having enough time 6, not getting enough sleep 07, feeling depressed (1 8. thinking your work has to be perfect TEP 2 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Eva enjoys going to the park. : Eva wants to go to the park. "She prefers taking long breaks. ‘She preferstotakelong breaks. [She stopped studying. SE aap perso ‘Starting a projectis hard. Wes hard to start2 project. "She's worried about finishing her paper. 358 UNIT26GRAMMAR NOTES: ‘Some vers, such as the ones below, are followed by a gerund (base form + ing). avoid deny —_—‘keep consider enjoy postpone delay finish quit ‘Some verbs, sucivas the ones below, are followed by an infinitive (to + base form). ‘agree expect* plan arrange fail promise* choose" need* —_want* decide offer would Ike “These verbs can also be followed by: object + infini USAGE NOTE: Wo usually do NOT repeat to when there is more than one infinitive. Some vers, such as the ones bel followed by a gerund or an infini the same meaning. begin hate prefer cantstand ike start continue love BE CAREFULE some verbs, such as the ones below, can be followed by a gerund or an infinitive, but they have a very different meaning. stop remember forget Eva avoids doing her work. She doesn't enjoy studying. She keeps making excuses. Todd arranged to leave work early. + He decided not to keep his appointment. He plans to make another one next week. We expect to start the project soon. + We expect them to start the project soon. He plans to watch TV, read the paper, and call his friends, Nor: He plans to watch TV, to read the paper, ‘and te call his friends, Jeff hates studying. on Jeff hates to study. Eva stopped taking breaks. (She doesn't take breaks anymore.) Eva stopped to take abreak, (She stopped an activity n order to take a break.) ‘Todd remembered reading the story. (First he read the story. Then he remembered that hedid it) ‘Todd remembered to read the story. rst he remembered. Then he read the tory. Hedidn' forget.) Jeff forgot meeting Dana. eff met Dana, but afterwards he didn't remember the event.) Jeff forgot to meet Dana. eff had plans to meet Dana, but he didn't meet ther becouse he forgot about the plans) (continued on next page) Gerunds and Infinitives 359‘A gerund is the only verb form that can follow rereson preposition ora phrasal verb. + He's worried about writing it, reesan x + He's looking forward to finishing it. aren + Jeff doesnt fee! like working on his paper. Pasi ve He won't put off starting it anymore. ‘To make general statements, you can use: + gerund as subject + Writing a paperis hard. + it + infinitive + Ishard towrite a paper, ‘They have the same meaning, REFERENCE NOTES For amore complete lis of verbs followed by a gerund, see Appendix 13 on page A-7. Fora more complete lst of verbs followed by an infinitive see Appendix 14 on page A-7. Fora more complete list of verbs followed by a gerund or an infinitive, see Appendix 15 on page A, Formore on gerunds after prepositions, see Unit 23 on page 324, and Appendices 17 and 18 on pages A-7 and A‘, Fora list of transitive phrasal verbs, see Appendix 4 on page A-3, USS Ta EXERCISE 1: cover the Grammar Al Read the paragraph. Circle the gerunds. Underline the infinitives. Like many students, Eva is a procrastinator. She keeps putting offher schoolwork, ‘When she studies, she often stops to go for a walk in the park, She wants to improve her study habits, but she isn't sure how. Eva decided to make a list every day of tasks she needs to do. She always remembers to make her list, but she often forgets to read it. It's vel discouraging, and Eva is worried about getting bad grades. Last night Eva remembered reading an article in the school newspaper about a support group for procrastinators. She thinks being in a group is a good idea. She likes sharing ideas with other students. Maybe it will help. 360 UNIT26